Toxicity of insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its natural enemies

Efficient chemical control is achieved when insecticides are active against insect pests and safe to natural enemies. In this study, the toxicity of 17 insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the selectivity of seven insecticides to natural enemies of this insect pest were evaluated. To determine the insecticide toxicity, B. tabaci adults were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion, methamidophos, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenitrothion, fenpropathrin, fenthion, phenthoate, permethrin and trichlorphon at 50 and 100% of the field rate (FR), and to water (untreated control). To determine the insecticide selectivity, adults of Encarsia sp., Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion and methamidophos at 50 and 100% FR, and to water. Groups of each insect species were exposed to kale leaves preimmersed in each treatment under laboratory conditions. Mortality of exposed individuals was recorded 24 h after treatment. Cartap and imidacloprid at 50 and 100% FR and abamectin and acetamiprid at 100% FR showed insecticidal activity to B. tabaci adults. Abamectin at 50 and 100% FR was the least insecticidal compound to the natural enemies Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. The present results suggest that abamectin at 100% FR may decrease B. tabaci field populations but can still be harmless to predators. Implications of these results within an integrated pest management context are discussed.     

防治金银花尺蠖幼虫高效药剂的筛选及应用评价

为筛选防治金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu幼虫的高效、低残留杀虫剂,采用浸虫法和浸叶法分别测定了13种杀虫剂对金银花尺蠖幼虫的触杀毒力和胃毒毒力,筛选出高活性药剂,并对筛选的药剂进行田间防效试验及检测其在金银花中的农药残留量。毒力测定结果表明,甲维盐对金银花尺蠖2龄和4龄幼虫的毒力最高,触杀毒力LC_ct50分别为0.291、0.391 mg/L,胃毒毒力LCst50分别为0.081、0.275 mg/L;多杀菌素、氟铃脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺药剂对金银花尺蠖幼虫也表现出较高的致毒作用。田间药效试验表明,有效成分用量2.25 g （a.i.）/hm²的甲维盐、有效成分用量11.25 g （a.i.）/hm²的多杀菌素对金银花尺蠖幼虫均有极好的防治效果,药后7 d防治效果分别为96.39%和93.13%,表明甲维盐和多杀菌素是防治金银花尺蠖幼虫的特效药剂。残留检测分析结果表明,有效成分用量6、12 g （a.i.）/hm²的甲维盐喷雾处理3 d后,金银花中农药残留量分别为0.0219、0.0725 mg/kg,7 d后分别为0.0070、0.0168 mg/kg。     

Topical and residual toxicity of six pesticides to <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Orius majusculus</Emphasis>

The toxicity of six pesticides (four insecticides and two fungicides) to Orius majusculus (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) adults and nymphs was determined using different exposure methods. Mortality upon topical exposure to abamectin, endosulfan and spinosad at recommended field doses ranged from 56% to 100% after 24 h. However, in leaf residue tests, toxicity to both life stages decreased significantly, ranging from 0% to 33% mortality. Benomyl and copper salts + mancozeb (fungicides) were much less toxic to O. majusculus, with less than 15% mortality of either adults or nymphs in topical and residue bioassays. In persistent toxicity tests, insects were exposed to the same three insecticides for 4 days; mortality varied from 38% to 100%. Egg hatching was not significantly affected when abamectin, endosulfan and spinosad were topically applied. Number of eggs laid per female in choice and no-choice tests did not differ significantly from the control. The insecticides did not show considerable repellent effect in the choice tests. Topical, residue and systemic uptake methods were also compared to determine the differences in the toxicity levels of imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide. However, 100% mortality occurred with all methods.     

异色瓢虫耐饥能力及饥饿对其捕食槐蚜功能的影响

试验结果表明,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫和成虫在饥饿条件下寿命最长。不同饥饿程度的异色瓢虫3～4龄幼虫、成虫的捕食量均随槐蚜密度的增加而增加,对槐蚜捕食的功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型,经χ ²检验,各圆盘方程理论值和实测值拟合较好。同一虫态不同饥饿程度的异色瓢虫对槐蚜的捕食情况无明显差异。饥饿48 h的异色瓢虫3～4龄幼虫、成虫在24 h内对槐蚜的捕食作用主要集中在初始阶段,即本试验的0～6 h内。     

Topical, residual and ovicidal contact toxicity of three reduced-risk insecticides against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on potato

BACKGROUND: The goal of the research was to gather efficacy data required to introduce reduced-risk insecticides in sustainable control programs for European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, on potato. RESULTS: Laboratory tests confirmed that sprays of indoxacarb and novaluron at recommended field rates are as effective as spinosad against neonate larvae of O. nubilalis. However, there is evidence that higher rates would enhance the inhibition of chitin synthesis by novaluron. The three insecticides showed ovilarvicidal activity when applied to O. nubilalis egg masses 2 days prior to black head stage. The ovicidal activity of spinosad and novaluron was almost twice that of indoxacarb. At the recommended field rates, the residues of the three insecticides displayed contact toxicity to O. nubilalis larvae. Spinosad residues 16 h old or less provided the highest immediate (24 h after exposure) contact mortality, followed by indoxacarb and then by novaluron. Also, residues of spinosad had faster contact efficacy than indoxacarb, which had faster efficacy than novaluron. CONCLUSION: Spinosad, indoxacarb and novaluron have ovicidal properties, which could enhance O. nubilalis management programs. However, the contact residual toxicity is limited in duration and would likely only play a minor role in O. nubilalis control.     

Toxicity of selected insecticides to the two-spot ladybird <Emphasis Type="Italic">Adalia bipunctata</Emphasis>

The toxicity of pirimicarb, imidacloprid, dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, flonicamid and spinosad to the two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata, was evaluated in a laboratory study. Susceptibility of fourth instars and female adults was assessed by measuring toxicity via residual contact and ingestion through feeding on contaminated green peach aphids (Myzus persicae). Flonicamid and spinosad had no lethal effects on larvae and female adults. Pirimicarb was harmless to the predator by ingestion exposure but showed some residual toxicity at high concentrations to both larval and adult stages. Imidacloprid was highly toxic to the larval stage by residual and ingestion exposure but caused very low adult mortality when ingested through contaminated prey. Dimethoate and lambda-cyhalothrin were highly toxic to both the larval and adult stages of the ladybird. Our findings indicate that pest management programs in agricultural crops using dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin and, to a lesser degree, imidacloprid, are detrimental to A. bipunctata, whereas pirimicarb, flonicamid and spinosad are more compatible with the use of this predator.     

几种栽培措施对玉米纹枯病和小斑病的影响

栽培措施能直接或间接影响玉米病害的发生。本文研究播期、密度和施氮量等几种常见栽培措施对玉米纹枯病和小斑病发生的影响。通过2012-2013年连续在四川简阳的试验结果表明,供试的10个玉米品种中,春播和夏播玉米纹枯病的病情指数差异不显著,平均病情指数分别为23.42和23.54。但玉米小斑病的病情指数差异极显著,春播玉米和夏播玉米的平均病情指数分别为24.39和86.96。45 000株/hm2和67 500株/hm2两种密度的试验结果表明,密度增加会加重纹枯病和小斑病的发生,但差异不显著。对纹枯病而言,两种密度下都以目前生产上普遍采用的"1.0m+1.0m"等行距栽植时病害发生最轻。对小斑病而言,常规密度45 000株/hm2下,等行距栽植的病害要轻于宽窄行栽植的,高密栽培67 500株/hm2下,等行距栽植的病害要重于宽窄行栽植的。在供试的6个施氮水平下,未见施氮量与玉米纹枯病和小斑病之间有明显的相关性。综上表明,选用合适的玉米品种,适时播种,合理密植可减轻病害的发生,有利于玉米高产稳产。     

几种常见杀虫剂及杀菌剂对异色瓢虫的影响

异色瓢虫[Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)]是我国农业和林业上一种重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,为了明确常见杀菌剂和杀虫剂对异色瓢虫的影响,在室内分别测定了7种杀菌剂和7种杀虫剂对异色瓢虫幼虫和成虫的毒力。结果表明:在试验剂量下,7种杀菌剂对异色瓢虫幼虫和成虫的影响都不大,腐霉利对成虫的致死率最高,但仅为20%;7种杀虫剂中,高效氯氰菊酯对幼虫的致死率、苦参碱对成虫的致死率都达到了80%以上,但苏云金杆菌对异色瓢虫的致死率很低,吡虫啉对异色瓢虫的成虫比较安全。     

Novel life stage targets against plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), in apple integrated pest management

In this study the authors employed the plant-insect-chemistry (PIC) triad to investigate two novel life stage targets against the plum curculio (PC), Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), in apple integrated pest management (IPM). Laboratory treated apple bioassays were used to determine if the insect growth regulator (IGR) insecticides novaluron and tebufenozide have physiological effects on PC larvae following adult exposure. Curative activity bioassays were conducted for IGR, neonicotinoid, oxidiazine and organophosphate insecticides on PC larvae post-infestation, and fruit penetration profiles of insecticides were developed. The results revealed that novaluron exhibits activity on PC larvae via vertical transmission following exposure of mated females to treated substrate. Surface treatments of azinphos-methyl, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam to preinfested fruit resulted in significant reductions in larval emergence. For all compounds, 50% or more of the total recovered active ingredient was from apple skin, and for azinphos-methyl, indoxacarb and thiamethoxam it was greater than 80%. For azinphos-methyl, novaluron, methoxyfenozide and thiacloprid, however, active ingredient was recovered from every section of the apple, from skin to core. Implications for twenty-first century IPM are discussed.     

Insect growth regulator effects of azadirachtin and neem oil on survivorship, development and fecundity of Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its predator, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

BACKGROUND: Aphis glycines Matsumura, an invasive insect pest in North American soybeans, is fed upon by a key biological control agent, Harmonia axyridis Pallas. Although biological control is preferentially relied upon to suppress insect pests in organic agriculture, approved insecticides, such as neem, are periodically utilized to reduce damaging pest populations. The authors evaluated direct spray treatments of two neem formulations, azadirachtin and neem seed oil, under controlled conditions for effects on survivorship, development time and fecundity in A. glycines and H. axyridis. RESULTS: Both azadirachtin and neem seed oil significantly increased aphid nymphal mortality (80 and 77% respectively) while significantly increasing development time of those surviving to adulthood. First-instar H. axyridis survival to adulthood was also significantly reduced by both neem formulations, while only azadirachtin reduced third-instar survivorship. Azadirachtin increased H. axyridis development time to adult when applied to both instars, while neem oil only increased time to adult when applied to first instar. Neither neem formulation affected the fecundity of either insect. CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed within the context of future laboratory and field studies aimed at clarifying if neem-derived insecticides can be effectively integrated with biological control for soybean aphid management in organic soybeans.     

五种杀虫剂对异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫搜索烟粉虱行为的影响

利用Y形嗅觉仪观测了5种杀虫剂影响异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对烟草叶片与烟粉虱复合体的选择行为。结果表明,在正常生长状况下,烟草叶片释放的挥发物对异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫无明显引诱作用,而烟草叶片受到烟粉虱危害后所释放的挥发性次生物质则对异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫有明显的招引作用;在杀虫剂处理后,30%毒死蜱和25 g/L溴氰菊酯几乎不会影响到瓢虫的搜索行为,30%啶虫脒则会显著降低瓢虫对猎物的选择率,20%吡虫啉和1.8%阿维菌素处理后,则会明显有利于瓢虫寻找猎物的行为。     

Toxicity of thiamethoxam to Tetranychus urticae Koch and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) through different routes of exposure

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the impact of insecticides on Tetranychus urticae Koch and its predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot is crucial for IPM. This study evaluates the effect of thiamethoxam on T. urticae and its predator by considering different routes of exposure (topical, residual and contaminated food exposures) and their combinations. RESULTS: Thiamethoxam effects on T. urticae were higher when residual and contaminated food exposures were considered. The total effect was higher than 90% where contaminated food exposure was involved. On P. persimilis, the total effect was higher in residual and contaminated prey exposures compared with topical exposure, and all combinations of routes of exposure attained a total effect higher than 90%. CONCLUSION: Thiamethoxam was found to be toxic to T. urticae and P. persimilis; however, the impact of the insecticide depended on the routes of exposure and their combinations. Lethal and sublethal effects occurred in residual and contaminated food exposures, while only sublethal effects occurred in topical exposure of predators and prey. The toxicity of thiamethoxam on prey and predator increased with the number of exposure routes involved. By limiting exposure to thiamethoxam to ingestion of contaminated food only, the impact of the pesticide was more favourable to P. persimilis than to its prey. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Resistance selection and mechanisms of oriental tobacco budworm (Helicoverpa assulta Guenee) to indoxacarb

The oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, is one of the most destructive pests for numerous commercial crops, and these organisms are responsible for enormous economic losses in Chinese agriculture. Insect larvae often feed within host plant fruits, providing protection from many currently used insecticides and making field control of H. assulta very difficult. Owing to its novel mode of action, high insecticidal activity, and low mammalian toxicity, the nonsystemic insecticide indoxacarb has been considered a promising alternative for the control of lepidopterous pests of agricultural significance. Indoxacarb evidences an elevated insecticidal activity against H. assulta. After 13 generations of selection with indoxacarb and bifenthrin insecticides under laboratory conditions, the LC₅₀ of these compounds for H. assulta increased by 4.19-fold and 10.67-fold, respectively. The synergists diethyl maleate (DEM) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) increased indoxacarb toxicity by 2.76-fold and 4.10-fold in resistant strains and, comparatively, 1.58-fold and 1.75-fold in susceptible strains, suggesting that carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) may be involved in the development of indoxacarb resistance in H. assulta. Activity and kinetic parameters observed in detoxification enzymes further demonstrated that the enhanced activity of CarE and GSTs may be critical in development of indoxacarb resistance in H. assulta. The data provides a foundation for further study of the indoxacarb resistance mechanism observed in H. assulta and the rational use of indoxacarb as a rotation insecticide with other insecticide classes for the control of H. assulta.     

Evaluation of toxicity and genotoxic effects of spinosad and deltamethrin in Drosophila melanogaster and Bactrocera oleae

BACKGROUND: The insecticides spinosad and deltamethrin are being increasingly used in pest management programmes. In order to assess further their toxic effects to target and non‐target insect species, an evaluation was made of their insecticidal profile on Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and Drosophila melanogaster (Meig.). Moreover, possible genotoxic effects of the two pesticides were investigated using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in D. melanogaster. RESULTS: Both insecticides were highly effective against B. oleae, exhibiting similar LC₅₀ values. Moreover, they were found to be more effective against Bactrocera than against Drosophila adults. However, spinosad was significantly more toxic than deltamethrin to D. melanogaster. The results showed a lack of genotoxic activity of both insecticides under the in vivo experimental procedure employed, at least at applied doses. CONCLUSION: The present study provides information for lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad and deltamethrin against a target and a non‐target species. Both insecticides can exert high toxicity to B. oleae when adults are exposed even to very low doses for long periods of time. The results contribute to the database on the genotoxic potential of spinosad and deltamethrin, suggesting a safety profile for both insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

0.045％茚虫威饵剂对红火蚁的田间防治效果评价

试验研究了0.045%茚虫威饵剂对红火蚁的田间防治效果,结果表明,施药25 d后0.045%茚虫威饵剂3、4、5 g/巢和0.015%多杀菌素饵剂15 g/巢处理的活动蚁巢减退率分别为90.2%、95.0%、97.5%、82.1%,工蚁减退率分别为84.4%、84.2%、90.2%、80.6%,蚁群级别降低率分别为97.7%、99.3%、100%、96.7%。提出了包括活动蚁巢数量、工蚁数量和蚁巢结构变化等方面的评价药剂对红火蚁防治效果的综合性指标。     

Efficacy of grain protectants against four psocid species on maize,rice and wheat

BACKGROUND: Psocids are emerging pests in stored products, particularly in amylaceous commodities such as grains. Currently, their control is based on the use of fumigants and contact insecticides; however, newer data indicate that psocids are tolerant to insecticides used to control other stored‐grain species. This study evaluated the insecticides registered in the USA for use on stored maize, rice and wheat for control of the psocid species Lepinotus reticulatus, Liposcelis entomophila, L. bostrychophila and L. paeta. Mortality of exposed adult females was recorded after 7 and 14 days of exposure, while progeny production was assessed after 30 days of exposure. RESULTS: On wheat and rice, chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin was generally more effective against exposed parental adults than spinosad or pyrethrin, while pirimiphos‐methyl was more effective on maize than spinosad or pyrethrin. In most cases, progeny production was suppressed in the treated grains. Progeny production was consistently lowest on wheat and rice treated with chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin and maize treated with pirimiphos‐methyl. CONCLUSIONS: Chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin and pirimiphos‐methyl were the most effective insecticides for all species and commodities. Conversely, efficacy of spinosad or pyrethrum was highly dependent on the psocid species and commodity. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of six selected orchard insecticides on Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory

BACKGROUND: Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) is a key predator of tetranychid mites in integrated pest management (IPM) programs across Canada. This study identified compounds that would be recommended for tier‐II field evaluations in an IPM program. RESULTS: The overall egg mortality caused by the six insecticides was negligible as it extended from 0 to 12.1%. Imidacloprid was classified as toxic to adults. The label rate was 7.73‐fold the LC₅₀. Thiamethoxam was classified as moderately toxic to adults, and its label rate was 2.87‐fold the LC₅₀. Acetamiprid and spinosad were classified as marginally toxic, and their label rates were respectively 0.99‐ and 0.45‐fold the LC₅₀ for adults. Thiacloprid and methoxyfenozide were virtually innocuous to adults. CONCLUSION: Methoxyfenozide was totally harmless to all stages of N. fallacis, and it would be included in IPM programs immediately. Acetamiprid, spinosad and thiacloprid had varying degrees of mild toxicity to at least one growth stage of the predator. Therefore, they were recommended for tier‐II field testing according to their label claims. Imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were toxic to moderately toxic to adults and had significant adverse effects on fecundity. Therefore, they would be field evaluated only if alternatives were unavailable. Copyright 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd     

杀虫剂对不同发育阶段拟澳洲赤眼蜂的安全性评估

在实验室条件下通过药膜法和卵卡浸渍法测定了10种蔬菜田防治小菜蛾Plutella xylostella（L.）的常用杀虫剂对拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani的影响,旨在评估各药剂对该蜂不同发育阶段的安全性,为小菜蛾防治过程中杀虫剂的合理施用提供科学依据。结果表明,高效氯氰菊酯、多杀菌素、阿维菌素、溴虫腈和杀螟丹对拟澳洲赤眼蜂成蜂有明显的触杀毒性。杀螟丹处理显著降低羽化率（0～34.37%）,在卵期和预蛹期处理还导致拟澳洲赤眼蜂畸形;多杀菌素在成虫期前的各处理均显著影响拟澳洲赤眼蜂的发育;溴虫腈在卵期、幼虫期和蛹期处理对拟澳洲赤眼蜂的发育存在不同程度的影响;而氟啶脲、茚虫威、苏云金芽孢杆菌、虫酰肼和丁醚脲对拟澳洲赤眼蜂成蜂及各发育虫态均较安全,为小菜蛾生防区理想的配合药剂。     

几种常用杀虫剂对异色瓢虫的敏感性测定

在实验室及田间罩笼条件下，进行了异色瓢虫对8种杀虫剂的敏感性测定。结果显示：8种供试药剂对异色瓢虫幼虫的毒性（LC50值）差异很大，矿物油类药剂敢死虫对异色瓢虫最安全，其LC5。值高于其田间常用有效剂量；苦参素植物保护剂、吡虫啉、阿维菌素对异色瓢虫成虫的LC50值也高于各自的田间使用剂量，但对幼虫的LC50值却介于推荐的田间有效剂量与高限剂量之间，对瓢虫幼虫安全有一定威胁。     

Toxicity,persistence and efficacy of indoxacarb and two other insecticides on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) immatures in cabbage

Toxicities of indoxacarb on eggs and 5-day-old larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., on cabbage and those of field-aged leaf residues on 5-day-old larvae were determined in the laboratory. The persistence and efficacies of indoxacarb and two other newer insecticides (spinosad and emamectin benzoate) to P. xylostella were tested under field conditions. Results from laboratory bioassays indicate that indoxacarb was highly toxic to P. xylostella larvae through food ingestion, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 24.1 and 90.1 mg AI l ^{- 1}, respectively. However, indoxacarb had no significant effects on eggs and larvae through direct contact compared with water control. The toxicity of field-aged leaf residues of indoxacarb (0-, 3-, 5-, 7-, 10-, 14-, 17- and 21-day-old residues) declined slowly and gradually under the field conditions in South Texas. Almost all larvae died on day 5 after feeding on the leaves with 0 - 14-day residue, and the mortalities were as high as 94 and 78% for the 14- and 17-day-old leaf residues. With one application, indoxacarb suppressed P. xylostella larvae below the economic threshold for 14 - 21 days. Two field trials showed that indoxacarb at 0.05 - 0.07 kg AI ha ^{- 1} was effective against P. xylostella, providing marketable cabbage with three applications per season. In addition, indoxacarb was as effective as spinosad, and significantly more effective than emamectin benzoate.