Influence of grazing frequency and intensity on aerial and reproductive tillering in Lolium perenne L. under subtropical conditions

Abstract

Reproductive and aerial tillering dynamics in Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) was monitored for two years under grazing. Reproductive tillers were observed from winter (June) to midsummer (February) with the main period of initiation occurring in spring to early summer (August to October). For infrequent lenient grazing, reproductive tiller densities ranged from 102 (July 1993) to 1 900 (September 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 29 (June 1994) to 980 (September 1994) tillers m^?2. By contrast, simulated continuous grazing (CG) resulted in reproductive tiller densities ranging from 13 (August 1993) to 100 (October 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 25 (July 1994) to 46 (September 1994) tillers m^?2. Aerial tillers were initiated mainly during spring, and to a lesser extent autumn and winter, with no appreciable number being recorded during summer. For infrequent lenient grazing, aerial tiller densities ranged from 25 (February 1993) to 1 620 (September 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 362 (August 1994) to 1 524 (September 1994) tillers m^?2. By contrast, CG resulted in aerial tiller densities ranging from 123 (May 1993) to 14 (June 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 5 (July 1994) to 29 (May 1994) tillers m^?2. There was no indication that reproductive or aerial tillers contribute to the persistence of perennial ryegrass under the grazing frequencies and intensities tested.     

放牧强度对黑麦草/白三叶混播草地种群牧草量构成与年生产力的影响

研究了不同放牧强度下(轻牧、适牧、重牧、过牧),黑麦草/白三叶混播草地的牧草现存量,种群牧草量构成及年产量变化。随放牧强度增大,草地牧草现存量呈下降,牧草利用率呈增加趋势。放牧强度对黑麦草茎、叶生长具明显影响,对白三叶影响则较小;黑麦草绿色茎叶比随放牧强度增大而降低,白三叶茎、叶植物量分配主要受季节影响。适牧的黑麦草和白三叶种群牧草量呈线形函数变化,而轻牧、重牧和过牧则呈幂函数变化,各放牧强度黑麦草现存量均随白三叶牧草量的增大而增多。黑麦草种群和群落产量均为:适牧>重牧>过牧>轻牧;白三叶种群产量为:适牧>过牧>重牧>轻牧。随放牧强度增大,黑麦草组分相近,白三叶组分呈增加,杂草和死物质组分呈降低趋势。因此,放牧能提高白三叶组分,抑制杂草植物生长,降低混播草地凋落、枯死损失,增强黑麦草和白三叶种群生长的正效应作用;适度放牧利于混播草地中黑麦草、白三叶组分比的稳定,维持混播草地高生产力。合理的草地利用率是保持高产、优质草地的关键。     

干旱胁迫下水杨酸和内生真菌对多年生黑麦草的影响

本试验研究了温室盆栽条件下带内生真菌(E+)和不带内生真菌(E-)的多年生黑麦草喷施不同浓度水杨酸(SA)后,持续干旱胁迫15 d和对照水分两种条件下,多年生黑麦草的叶片相对含水量(RLWC)、叶绿素含量(Chl)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖(SS)含量等生理指标的变化,以明确干旱胁迫下SA和内生真菌对多年生黑麦草的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,感染内生真菌的多年生黑麦草叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、POD活性、SS含量显著(P<0.05)高于未感染内生真菌的多年生黑麦草植株;一定浓度的 SA增加了多年生黑麦草叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、POD活性、SOD活性、Pro和SS含量,降低了MDA含量,且最适水杨酸浓度为0.25和0.50 mmol·L^-1;内生真菌与SA互作显著(P<0.05)提高了多年生黑麦草SOD活性、POD活性和叶绿素含量。该结果说明内生真菌与SA都能提高多年生黑麦草的抗旱性,即内生真菌和SA通过提高寄主的渗透调节和活性氧清除系统进而提高了寄主的抗旱性。     

Research note: The influence of applied nitrogen on the root development of Lolium perenne L. one year after establishment

Abstract

The effect of different levels of applied nitrogen (N) (ranging from 120–720 kg N ha^?1 a^?1) on the root development of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was examined at the end of the establishment year. Increasing levels of applied N increased perennial ryegrass root organic matter (OM) content in the top 50 mm of the soil, while a corresponding decrease in root OM content was observed in the 100–200 mm soil depth category. Increasing levels of applied N did not have a significant effect on root OM content in the 50–100 mm or the overall 0–200 mm soil depth category. Lower levels of applied N (120–360 kg N ha^?1 a^?1) may be more conducive to promoting deeper root development than higher levels of applied N (480–720 kg N ha^?1 a^?1), but this would require investigation beyond one year. Perennial ryegrass is extremely shallow‐rooted, with approximately 75 % of the root mass occurring in the top 50 mm of the soil. This stresses the need to pay careful attention to irrigation scheduling.     

内生真菌对感染锈病黑麦草生长和生理的影响

在田间条件下对带内生真菌和不带内生真菌球道黑麦草品种被锈菌不同程度感染后的生长、光合特性和生理指标进行测定。结果表明,带内生真菌的植株无论感病轻重,其病叶损失率和植株矮化程度均显著低于不带内生真菌的植株(P<0.05)。并且在轻度和重度病株中,内生真菌可提高黑麦草叶片相对含水量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度,叶内游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶与过氧化物酶的活性;同时有效地降低了丙二醛的含量,说明内生真菌的存在可提高寄主黑麦草在田间条件下的抗锈病能力。     

放牧强度对温性荒漠草原土壤全氮和有机质的影响

对3个不同放牧强度下温性荒漠草原不同土层土壤有机质和全氮含量进行了测定。结果表明,温性荒漠草原土壤全氮和有机质含量随土壤深度的加深而减少;随着放牧强度的加大,各土层全氮和有机质含量均降低;相关分析结果表明,3种放牧强度下土壤全氮和有机质含量均呈极显著正相关,表明土壤全氮含量随土壤有机质的增加而增加。     

放牧强度对昭苏草甸草原土壤有机质及速效养分的影响

采用小区控制放牧试验,在伊犁昭苏草甸草原上研究了短期放牧条件下轻度、中度和重度放牧对草地土壤有机质、土壤碱解氮、土壤速效磷及土壤速效钾的影响。结果表明,随放牧强度的增加,草地地上生物量呈降低趋势,但各放牧强度间差异不显著(P0.05);同一年度放牧强度间0～10、10～20和20～30cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾含量差异不显著,但与放牧前比,放牧后0～30cm土层养分含量增减趋势并不一致,体现出年度间的差异性;相关分析表明,0～30cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾与放牧强度间均无显著相关性,且随着放牧强度的增加,其响应规律存在一定差异性;无论放牧与否,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾含量均随土层深度的增加呈降低趋势。     

Effect of increased concentrate allotment before evening grazing on herbage intake,nitrogen utilization and rumen fermentation in dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture

Two experiments were conducted to elucidate the effect of increased concentrate allotment before evening grazing on herbage intake, nitrogen utilization and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. In experiment 1, nine lactating cows were grazed in the morning and evening sessions (2.5 h each). The cows were allocated to treatments of three concentrate allotment levels before the evening grazing session by altering proportions to daily total offered; 25%, 50% and 75%. Daily herbage dry matter intake quadratically decreased with increasing the concentrate allotment levels (P < 0.05). Nitrogen utilization was similar among treatments. To investigate diurnal changes in rumen fermentation, a second experiment was conducted where six ruminally cannulated non‐lactating dairy cows grazed in the morning and evening sessions (3 h each) were subjected to the same treatments as experiment 1. Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen linearly increased with increasing the concentrate allotment levels throughout the pre‐evening grazing session to the post‐morning grazing session (P < 0.01). The results indicate that dairy cows reduce daily herbage intake but do not alter nitrogen utilization with increasing concentrate allotment before evening grazing. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

修剪频率和留茬高度对草地早熟禾与多年生黑麦草混播草坪质量的影响

研究了不同修剪频率（1次/周、1次/2周、1次/3周3个处理水平）和留茬高度3、5、7、9cm处理组合对草地早熟禾与多年生黑麦草混播草坪质量的影响。结果表明：随修剪频率降低、留茬高度的增加草坪草密度减小,叶片宽度增加,质地变劣,叶片颜色加深,生长速度先增大后减小,地上植物量和地下植物量均呈先增大后减小的趋势。草坪综合质量评价显示,H5F1处理草坪综合质量最优,H5F2处理次之,H3F2处理最差,12种处理草坪的综合质量从优到劣依次为：H5F1〉H5F2〉H7F2〉H7F3〉H7F1〉H5F3〉H9F1〉H9F2〉H9F3〉H3F3〉H3F1〉H3F2。     

不同刈割期对多花黑麦草饲草产量及品质的影响

为探讨不同刈割时间对多花黑麦草饲草产量及品质的影响,以自选品系和育成品种为材料,采用2种不同的刈割方案分别测定不同品种的饲草产量,粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量以及干物质体外消化率(IVDMD)。结果表明,同4月1日开始刈割相比较,4月16日开始刈割单位面积饲草总产量极显著增加(P＜0.01),不同品种单位面积干物质产量提高16.0%～50.2%。相同刈割茬次的饲草品质相比较,饲草中粗蛋白含量以早刈割高于晚刈割,单位面积粗蛋白产量存在品种差异;WSC、ADF、NDF的含量均以早刈割的低于晚刈割。饲草干物质体外消化率总的变化趋势趋于一致,第1次刈割＞第2次刈割＞第3次刈割。在不同刈割方案中以4月1日开始刈割的各刈割茬次饲草IVDMD均高于4月16日开始刈割。综合考虑饲草产量和品质,适当推迟首次刈割时间有利于提高单位面积饲草产量和可消化干物质产量。     

狼毒对草木樨、多年生黑麦草的化感作用

为了解狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme L.)对2种优质牧草,草木樨(Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)的化感作用,在恢复狼毒侵占严重的草地上,对草种进行合理选择,采用室内生物测定方法,研究狼毒根、茎叶粉碎物在土壤里腐解过程中对草木樨和多年生黑麦草幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:狼毒对草木樨的化感综合效应(SE)随狼毒根、茎叶量的增加而增大,最大值分别为62.9%和2.5%;狼毒根对多年生黑麦草的SE也随狼毒根量的增加而增大,最大值为29.5%;狼毒茎叶对多年生黑麦草幼苗的生长表现出促进作用,当茎叶量为3g/盆时,促进作用最大,SE为-1.8%.说明对同一受试植物而言,狼毒根对其抑制作用强于茎叶,狼毒对他种植物的化感抑制作用主要是通过根起作用.并且草木樨受狼毒化感抑制作用的影响大于多年生黑麦草,在人工建植植被恢复狼毒侵占严重的草地时,多年生黑麦草可作为选择草种.     

多裂骆驼蓬水浸液对多年生黑麦草的化感作用与生理生化表现

为探讨多裂骆驼蓬(Peganum multisectum (Maxim.) Bobr.)对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)的化感效应,采用溶液培养和盆栽土培法研究了不同浓度多裂骆驼蓬水浸液对多年生黑麦草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响及其生理生化表现。结果表明,多裂骆驼蓬水浸液显著抑制多年生黑麦草萌发种子的α-淀粉酶和ATP酶活性及根尖细胞的有丝分裂,提高吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性,使种子萌发率和萌发指数及幼苗根长、株高和干重下降,这种抑制效应随水浸液浓度提高而增强,并与多年生黑麦草的种植密度呈负相关。在多年生黑麦草植株生长过程中浇灌多裂骆驼蓬水浸液提高了其叶片的超氧阴离子(O₂^·-)、H₂O₂和丙二醛(MDA)含量;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及抗坏血酸(ASA)含量随着水浸液浓度提高先升后降,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)降低,胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)升高。叶绿素荧光动力学资料显示,叶片初始荧光(Fo)随多裂骆驼蓬水浸液浓度提高而增加,最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学狡灭系数(qP)降低,非光化学狡灭系数(NPQ)先升后降,表明叶片光合机构受到伤害。     

高山草原绵羊放牧生态及消化代谢系列研究Ⅱ.放牧绵羊排尿量收集方法的新改进--纸尿裤法

利用纸尿裤法和常规法对６只甘肃高山细细毛羊成年竭羊，分别在祁连山东段高山草原７、８、１０、１月牧草生长的青草期、黄草期、葳草期共四期排尿量收集对比试验研究。实验表明，纸尿裤法收集收牧绵羊排尿量是常规法的１．６５－１．９４倍，纸尿裤法全面优于常规法，该方法的应用可以使放羯羊排尿量计量更加客观准确。     

Vegetation-type effects on performance and meat quality of growing Engadine and Valaisian Black Nose sheep grazing alpine pastures

Lambs of two Swiss mountain breeds, Engadine Sheep (ES; n=55) and Valaisian Black Nose Sheep (VS; n=55), were fattened in 2010 and 2011 on one lowland and three alpine pastures. Groups of six to seven lambs per breed were allocated to pastures of a size allowing ad libitum intake on the following four vegetation types: (i) species-poor and nutrient-rich lowland (400 m a.s.l.) ryegrass–clover ley on flat terrain (‘lowland-rich’); (ii) alpine, species-rich and nutrient-rich vegetation type on a flat terrain (1950 m; ‘alpine-rich’); (iii) alpine, species-rich vegetation type, moderate in nutrients on steep terrain (2150 m; ‘alpine-moderate’); and (iv) alpine, species-rich and nutrient-poor vegetation type on steep terrain (2150 m; ‘alpine-poor’). Lambs were slaughtered after 9 weeks of grazing in a commercial slaughterhouse. Carcasses were subjected to the Swiss CH-TAX classification grid. Meat quality was analysed on the Musculus longissimus dorsi (LD) in the segment of Musculus longissimus lumborum. Forage quality varied among vegetation types as anticipated. Across all sites, ES were superior (P<0.001) to VS in dressing percentage (43.9 vs. 38.4), carcass weight (18.4 vs. 16.4 kg), meat conformation and fat cover scores, even though daily gains had been lower (105 vs. 122 g/d; P<0.05). Meat of ES contained more dry matter, protein, total ash (P<0.001) and fat (P<0.05). Their meat was darker and more intensive red, had lower cooking losses (23.0 vs. 25.1%) but was less tender (65.6 vs. 58.1 N) compared to VS (P<0.001). Vegetation types offering good quality forage (lowland-rich and alpine-rich) enhanced average daily gains, dressing percentage, meat conformation and fat cover scores (mostly P<0.05 against alpine-moderate and -poor). Similarly, a higher vegetation quality promoted a higher intramuscular fat and lower cooking losses. Meat from lowland-rich was darkest and had the lowest shear force (P<0.05). Almost no breed×site interactions occurred in growth performance as well as carcass and meat quality. It was therefore concluded that both breeds are similarly well adapted to the extensive pasture production system in alpine regions. Still, ES seem to be the more efficient one of the two sheep breeds. The results also indicate that growth performance and meat quality clearly vary between vegetation types in animals grazing alpine pastures.     

天然放牧条件下性别对苏尼特羊肌肉组织中胆固醇、脂肪酸含量和血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究不同性别的苏尼特羊血清生化指标及肌肉组织中脂肪酸与胆固醇含量存在的差异.试验选择在天然草场放牧的8月龄羯羔、母羔各8只,禁食12h、禁水2h进行屠宰,测定背最长肌、臂三头肌、股二头肌、臀肌中的脂肪酸、胆固醇等指标.结果 显示,母羔血清中白蛋白(ALB)和钙(Ca)含量显著高于羯羔(P＜0.05),而碱性磷酸...