Genetics of Seed Yield and its Components in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Middle-American Origin

Genetic variance, heritability, and expected response from selection arc useful in devising alternative methods and criteria of: selection. The objectives of this study were to estimate these for seed yield and its components from 200 F₂: populations involving 80 cultivars and lines of mostly small-seeded dry bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of habits growth I, II, and III of Middle-American origin. All cultivars and lines were crossed in eight sets of ten parents each in a Design II mating system. The F₂ populations, without parents, were evaluated in the field in a replicates-in-sets design at two locations in Colombia in 1983. Estimates of additive genetic variance were significant for yield, pods/m², seeds/pod, and seed weight. Interaction with environments was also significant. Values for nonadditive genetic variance were not significant for either yield or yield components. The estimates of narrow sense heritability, based on the F₂ population mean and unbiased by genotype x environment interaction, were 0.21 ± 0.13 for yield. 20 ± 0.13 for pods/m², 0.57 ± 0.13 for seeds/pod, and 0.74 ± 0.15 for seed weight. The expected direct response from selection of the top 20 % of F₂ populations for yield per se would result in a 4.30 % increase in yield with a correlated response of 0.21 % in seed weight. In contrast, the expected gain from direct selection for seed weight would result in a 11.76 % increase in seed weight with a, correlated gain of 0.28 % for yield. Direct selection for pods/m² would decrease yield, seeds/pod and seed weight, while direct selection for seeds/pod would reduce pods/m² and seed weight but increase seed yield by 0.37 %. Data on yield from replicated trials in the early segregating generations could be utilized for identification and selection of promising crosses and families or lines with crosses for dry bean yield improvement.     

Modification of Heterosis for Protein and Yield Components by Bean Common Mosaic Virus in Phaseolus vulgaris

The effect of bean common mosaic virus on yield, yield components, and seed protein content was studied in tour bean cultivars and their F1 hybrids. The results of this experiment showed 3 significant decrease for yield in diseased plants; the 100 seed weight was also significantly reduced in one of the diseased varieties. The percentage of protein was increased m virus-diseased plants: this increase was due to non-protein nitrogen. Usually, the percentage of heterosis in virus-diseased F1 hybrid of two susceptible varieties was decreased while in F1 hybrids of “susceptible × resistant” varieties it was increased. This study shows the danger of drawing conclusions in quantitative genetic studies then dealing with both diseased and healthy plants.     

羧甲基壳聚糖可食用膜对油豆角贮藏保鲜的影响

本研究使用羧甲基壳聚糖配制的涂膜液处理油豆角,通过测定涂膜的油豆角在贮藏期间呼吸强度、PPO、POD、MDA的变化,观察油豆角在贮藏期间的生理变化规律.结果表明,涂膜处理后能推迟油豆角呼吸高峰的到来;同时,在贮藏期间涂膜组油豆角的呼吸强度、PPO、POD、MDA与对照组相比都有所降低.     

Location-Specific and Across-Location Selections for Seed Yield in Populations of Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Two populations of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were used to make three independent location-specific selections at Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán, Colombia. Also, three across-location selections were made by alternating generations between Palmira and Popayan, between Quilichao and Popayán, and among Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán. The seven highest yielding lines selected from each environment and population along with 14 parents and two checks were evaluated for seed yield, seed weight, maturity, and reaction to an-thracnose, angular leaf spot, and common bacterial blight. Mean squares due to evaluation and selection environments, selected lines, and their interactions were significant for all traits. Mean yields of selected lines were higher than the mean of parents in both populations. Among location-specific selections, lines yielded higher at their respective selection site. Moreover, selections made at Popayán were higher yielding than those made at Quilichao or Palmira when tested across locations and years. Use of Popayán, a relatively wetter and cooler site, either alone or in combination with other locations resulted in higher yield, higher seed weight, and higher resistance to anthracnose. On the average, location-specific selections were lower yielding than the across-location selections. Among across-location selections, those selected between Palmira and Popayán were the highest yielding in both populations. Selections at Palmira and across all three locations resulted in greater stability.     

Random amplified polymorphic DNA variation within and among bean landrace mixtures (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Tanzania

Genetic characterization of 51 individual pure lines from 13 landraces of three common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) mixtures from the southern highlands of Tanzania was undertaken using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. A dendrogram generated by cluster analysis from data derived from fragments amplified by 12 random 10-base primers divided the bean individuals onto two main branches with less than 60% genetic similarity. Branches A and B subdivided into two and four clusters, respectively. Mixture 2, comprising three landraces, was the most uniform, most plants appearing on cluster 4 of branch B. Three of the four landraces of mixture 1 appeared on cluster 3 of branch B while the fourth landrace appeared on major branch A. Mixture 3 showed the greatest genetic variation with components appearing on both major branches. The clear separation of the 13 landraces onto two main branches of the dendrogram together with phenotypic characters, notably variation in bean size, suggests that the two groups might represent two distinct gene pools of P. vulgaris. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

油豆角贮藏保鲜技术研究进展

概述了近年来油豆角贮藏保鲜技术的研究现状,并对今后的研究和发展趋势进行了探讨。     

外源水杨酸对高温胁迫下菜豆种子萌发的影响

为研究高温胁迫下菜豆种子的发芽能力,并探讨水杨酸对菜豆种子发芽期热胁迫的缓解作用。以菜豆品种‘A18’种子为试材,分别设置常温对照(CK1)与高温对照(CK2),并在高温下设置4个SA浓度处理组：T1 (0.005 mmol/L)、T2 (0.01 mmol/L)、T3 (0.05 mmol/L)、T4 (0.1 mmol/L),浸种6 h后进行发芽试验与生理试验。对各处理种子在萌发时期的发芽率、发芽指数、种子活力指数及生理指标进行测定。结果显示：常温对照组(CK1)的发芽率和种子活力指数高达(97.61±2.09)%和861.13±81.30。高温对照组（CK2）发芽率和种子活力指数为(56.67±3.33)%和306.50±62.33,较CK1分别下降了41.94%和62.13%。高温下,随SA处理浓度的升高,菜豆种子的发芽率和种子活力指数呈先升后降的趋势,且处理组中T2组表现最好。与CK2相比,T2组菜豆种子的发芽率、发芽指数和种子活力指数分别提高了41.18%、25.33%及67.04%;SOD酶活性提高;可溶性蛋白含量增加;O₂^-.及MDA含量减少。0.01 mmol/L的SA处理可缓解高温带给菜豆种子的不利影响,提高菜豆种子的耐热性。     

绿豆的品质特性及加工利用研究概况

绿豆是我国优势杂粮作物,绿豆的营养与加工品质是决定其食用价值的重要因素。回顾了近年来国内外对绿豆的物理、化学与营养品质以及加工品质的研究,并对国内绿豆的加工利用及研究开发现状进行了梳理,由此提出了对绿豆产业发展的建议。     

全营养环保型花生豆腐的研制

探讨了全营养环保型花生豆腐的生产工艺。利用微波炉、胶体磨、纳米均质机等方法对花生进行处理,生产过程中无废渣产生、无废水排放,并通过正交实验确定了最佳工艺参数,其结果为:浆料颗粒直径20μm、质量分数11%、凝固温度80℃、复合凝固剂用量0.3%。     

温度对贵阳青棒豆贮藏品质的影响

以贵阳青棒豆为试材,研究不同温度对其贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,温度对贵阳青棒豆采后贮藏品质的影响差异显著;25℃下青棒豆呼吸高峰于贮藏6 d时出现,贮藏期间失重率和L*值升高,可溶性固形物(TSS)含量、C*值和h*值下降,抗坏血酸和淀粉含量上升;3℃下贮藏虽能维持青棒豆硬度、TSS含量、L*、C*和h*值的相对稳定,但呼吸高峰在贮藏6 d时出现,且贮藏期间维持较高呼吸速率,同时出现严重锈斑等冷害现象,贮藏18 d后腐烂率、失重率急剧上升;9℃下贮藏能延缓其呼吸高峰的出现,减少失重,维持抗坏血酸含量的相对稳定,降低腐烂率。因此,9℃是贵阳青棒豆贮运的最佳温度。     

Independent, Alternate, and Simultaneous Selection for Resistance to Anthracnose and Angular Leaf Spot and Effects on Seed Yield in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Two double-cross populations were used to evaluate the efficiency of independent, alternate, and simultaneous selection practiced from the F₂ to F₈ for resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seven resistant and high-yielding lines were selected from each of the four environments used during this study. These lines and the seven parents involved in two populations were evaluated in an 8 × 8 lattice design with three replications in two cropping seasons. Pathogen inoculum was used to create the three test environments: anthracnose alone, angular leaf spot alone, and anthracnose and angular leaf spot together. All entries were also evaluated in a fourth, disease-free environment. Selection for resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot was effective in both populations. Mean disease scores of all selected lines for anthracnose were lower than that of angular leaf spot irrespective of selection environment. Among the three stress environments, yields were higher in the anthracnose environment. However, lines selected alternately for anthracnose and angular leaf spot were usually higher yielding, and the highest yielding line in both populations originated from this selection environment. The mean yield of selected lines was higher and the highest yielding line originated from the population involving a parent (G 1805) belonging to the Mexican highland race ‘Jalisco’. Positive association existed between seed yield of protected and pathogen-inoculated environments. No association was found between resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot.     

硒对芸豆种子萌发、生理特性及营养品质的影响

为探究硒对芸豆种子萌发、生理特性及营养品质的影响,以芸豆品种“英国红”为材料,进行发芽试验及大田试验。发芽试验设7个硒浸种浓度,分别是0（J₀）、7.5（J₁）、15.0（J₂）、22.5（J₃）、30.0（J₄）、37.5（J₅）和45.0mg/L（J₆）。大田试验设4个喷硒量,分别是0（P₀）、10（P₁）、20（P₂）和30g/hm²（P₃）。结果表明,30.0mg/L硒浸种浓度显著促进芸豆种子萌发;30g/hm²田间喷硒量较对照（不施硒）芸豆叶片的过氧化物酶活性、还原型谷胱甘肽含量和叶绿素含量分别提高了35.29%、32.34％和7.92%,丙二醛含量降低了20.32%;籽粒中可溶性糖、蔗糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、粗淀粉和硒含量分别提高了23.65%、37.23%、75.00%、62.14%、32.21%和24.11%。     

硼对绿豆植株生长发育及矿质营养状况的影响

在生长室利用水培研究了不同供硼水平对绿豆生长及矿质营养状况的影响。结果表明缺硼抑制绿豆生长，对根系的影响比对地上部的影响更大，表现在根冠比变小；供硼水平对植株的矿质营养含量也有明显的影响，缺硼降低了地上部和根系中的P，K，Fe的含量，促进Ca在根系中的积累，但地上部Ca的含量降低；缺硼时有利于Mg在植物体内的累积；硼对Mn的含量影响不大；严重缺硼时地上部Zn含量最高，但供硼正常时，Zn在根系中含量较高。     

低温胁迫对菜豆种子吸胀期间生理特性和发芽能力的影响

为探讨菜豆种子在低温胁迫下吸胀期间的生理及发芽能力。以12个菜豆品种的种子为试验材料,设置常温对照(CK)和4℃低温(LT),测定低温胁迫对菜豆种子吸胀期间的生理特性和发芽能力的影响。结果表明:与常温对照相比,低温处理的12种菜豆的发芽率均有所降低,根系活力在不同的品种中表现不同,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性大部分降低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性在4个品种中显著升高;丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量在不同的品种变化不同,但两者之间呈正相关关系;电解质渗漏率在4个品种中增高。不同菜豆品种的种子对吸涨冷害的响应模式存在很多大的差异,解析高抗型和敏感型菜豆种子响应吸胀冷害的生理生化变化,可为进一步筛选抗吸胀冷害的菜豆品种提供理论基础。     

Selection for Increased Seed Nitrogen Accumulation in Common Bean: Implications for Improving Dinitrogen Fixation and Seed Yield

Estimates of N₂ fixation in segregating populations of bean plants based on ¹⁵N-isotope methods are technically demanding and expensive; therefore, indirect measures based on related traits including total seed N were used to select for improved N₂ fixation and yield. In 1985, six populations of F₂-derived F₃ families resulting from six parental lines crossed to a common tester were grown in field trials on a low-N soil. In 1986, 25 selected half-sib families and two populations of full-sib F₄ families were grown under similar conditions. Parents and a non-nodulating soybean line were included both years. Narrow sense (H_NS) heritability estimates based on parent-offspring regressions ranged from 0.57 for total seed N to 0.39 for shoot biomass in one population, but were near zero for all measured traits in a second population. Among the criteria used to identify parental lines with superior potential for producing progenies with high total seed N, testcross population means combined with estimates of realized heritability were the most reliable. Selection of the best F₃ families for total seed N resulted in F₄ families with increased total seed N and higher seed yields, while seed protein percentage was unchanged. When plants are grown on low-N soils, selection for total seed N offers a useful alternative to selection for increased N₂ fixation based on ¹⁵N-isotopic or total-N-difference method.     

Yield and Yield Components from Intercropping Improved Bush Bean Cultivars with Maize

Bush bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is widely intercropped with maize ( Zea mays L.) in North-west Spain. Little information is available on the relative performance of elite bush bean cultivars when intercropped or on the effect of bush bean on performance of the maize crop. This two-environment study presents the interactions between improved bush bean cultivars and maize on yield and yield components. Eight treatments (four bean/maize intercrops and four sole crops, two of bean and two of maize) were tested using a randomized complete block design with four replications in two environments. Bean and maize were planted simultaneously in alternate rows when intercropped. Significant treatment differences were observed for bean and maize moisture, pod and cob percentage, bean and maize yield, ears per plant and ear length. Location effects were significant for bean and maize moisture and pod percentage. Significant treatment by location interactions occurred for pod percentage and ear length. Intercropping reduced yield by between 40 and 60 % for bush bean cultivars, and by 45 % for both maize cultivars. Mean yields were used to calculate the land equivalent ratio (LER), which averaged 1.01 in Pontevedra but 0.93 in La Coruña. Intercropping of bush bean with maize did not make better use of land than conventional sole cropping under these environmental conditions. It is suggested that this was probably due to the amount and distribution of rain in relation to crop growth. Approaches that might be expected to result in improved land usage are presented.     

不同水肥处理对芸豆耗水量及产量的影响

针对冀西北坝上芸豆主产区,对不同水肥条件下芸豆的耗水量及产量进行了研究,为芸豆高产高效生产技术集成提供理论依据。研究结果表明,在鼓粒期及时灌水,可以促进子粒灌浆,达到增加产量的目的;与追肥相比,施用基肥平均增产38.0%,初花期追肥比鼓粒期追肥增产15.1%;基肥-鼓粒期灌水处理的水分利用效率最高,为7.2kg/（hm ²·mm）。     

高温逆境对菜豆类囊体膜脂的影响

以耐热性不同的菜豆品种为材料,研究高温胁迫下类囊体膜脂脂肪酸组成及饱和度的变化。结果表明：高温胁迫下,菜豆类囊体膜脂饱和度均提高,但耐热菜豆品种类囊体膜脂饱和度提高幅度远远高于热敏感菜豆品种。本实验在脂肪酸水平上说明耐热菜豆品种较热敏感菜豆品种对高温逆境有较强的耐受性。     

Effects of Bean Population and Row Arrangement on the Productivity of Chilli/Dwarf Bean (Capsicum annuum/Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Intercropping in Sri Lanka

Intercropping of chilli ( Capsicum annuum ) and dwarf bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) is a recently adopted practice by farmers in Sri Lanka. As chilli fetches a higher market price, the bean population which could be incorporated into a 100% population of chilli has to be found. In the present experiment, effects of three bean populations (100, 75 and 50% of sole crop population 250 000 pl ha⁻¹) and four row arrangements (1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2) were tested at Kundasale, Sri Lanka. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of all intercrops were significantly greater than one, indicating a greater productivity per unit land area in intercropping than sole cropping. At 100% and 75% bean populations, LER and intercrop yields of bean were significantly greater than at 50%. Row arrangement did not have a significant effect on either LER or bean yield in intercrops. Intercrop bean yields were lower than sole bean yields indicating significant competition from chilli. Chilli yields were not affected by either bean population or row arrangement. Intercrop chilli yields were greater than the sole chilli yield indicating significant positive effects from bean. Greater radiation interception and lower weed growth and the absence of overlap between yield formation periods of the two component crops were probably responsible for the greater productivity (LER) of intercrops.