北京市农业机械化技术发展现状

北京市农业发展以高新技术型、集约化、标准化、生态化的都市型现代农业为目标,建设农业机械化全国农机科技新高地。采用走访调研、文献资料对比分析等方法,将北京市目前拥有的农业机械分为生态、粮经、蔬菜、林果、畜牧养殖、水产养殖、农产品初加工七大产业类,论述各产业机械化技术发展现状,研究各自的发展特点,总体处于减速稳定、减量提质发展阶段。目前存在区域、产业间不均衡,装备结构性过剩,利用率低,先进智能农机装备发展不足等问题。未来发展趋势是生态农业、绿色农业、智慧农业等方面智能化技术及装备的推广应用。以农机农艺融合、机械化信息化融合为发展方向,提供全程机械化技术装备集成技术方案,提高薄弱环节农机装备水平。     

棉花机械打顶关键技术研究进展

棉花打顶作为棉花种植过程的一个重要环节,对棉花产量与品质具有重要影响。针对我国棉花打顶机械的发展情况,分类总结近年来在棉花高度与顶端检测、打顶装置、控制系统等关键技术方面的研究现状,阐述各个关键技术的突破与创新。同时指出在棉花高度与顶端检测、打顶装置、控制系统等方面检测精度不足、切割可靠性与准确性差、打顶控制算法不完善等问题。提出未来打顶技术研究的发展方向,神经网络、5G通讯等技术可用于棉花打顶识别,创新优化打顶切割装置,先进智能控制算法应用解决棉花打顶控制问题,机器人等先进技术应用到打顶中,发展无人机打顶技术,结合水肥调控栽培技术,推进打顶机械与生产农艺相结合,最大限度减低棉花田间管理复杂度,提升棉花打顶效果,实现棉花机械打顶大规模应用。     

Evapotranspiration components and dual crop coefficients of coffee trees during crop production

Quantifying crop water consumption is essential for many applications in agriculture, such as crop zoning, yield forecast and irrigation management. The objective of this study was to determine evaporation (E), transpiration (T) and dual crop coefficients (Ke and Kcb) of coffee trees during crop production (3rd and 4th year of cultivation), conducted under sprinkler and drip irrigation and no irrigation, in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil. Crop evapotranspiration (ET) was measured by weighing lysimeters cultivated with plants of cultivar IAPAR 59, E was measured by microlysimeters installed on the lysimeters and T was obtained by the difference between ET and E. The crop coefficient (Kc) was determined for the irrigated treatments as the ratio between ET and the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Similarly, evaporation coefficient (Ke) and basal crop coefficient (Kcb) were determined as the ratio of E and T, respectively, to the value of ETo, which was estimated by the ASCE Penman-Monteith method on an hourly basis. The values of E and Ke varied due to atmospheric demand and water application method. Those factors, in addition to crop phenology and leaf area evolution, also influenced T and Kcb. Regardless irrigation treatment, the measured values of E represented 35% of ET, while T was 65% of ET. The recommended values of Ke were 0.46 and 0.26 for sprinkler and drip irrigation, respectively. The recommended values of Kcb were 0.52 and 0.82 for sprinkler-irrigated, and 0.5 and 0.65 for drip-irrigated treatments, varying as a function of daily ETo (ETo ≥ or <3 mm day⁻¹, respectively).     

荔枝定向去核剥壳机设计与试验

基于荔枝的物性特征和柔性去核刀具,设计了一种自动定向、去核、剥壳和分离一体联动的荔枝定向去核剥壳机,在不同的工况条件下考证其去核剥壳后果肉的完整率和果汁损失率,结果表明:在定向对辊直径为72 mm、对辊间隙为2 mm、转速为93 r/min、荔枝纵径比等效直径长为1.3 mm以上时,定向成功率超过90%;在刀管内径为10 mm、果顶余量为2 mm、刀轴转速为12 r/min时,去核成功率为80%;在进料口间距为16 mm、出料口间距为20 mm、剥壳辊倾角为0°、主轴转速为15 r/min时,剥壳成功率为100%,灯笼状果肉的完好率超过80%。     

Agronomic data: advances in documentation and protocols for exchange and use

Data from agronomy experiments are typically collected and stored in a number of minimally documented computer files, with additional information being entered and archived in field books or diaries. Data manipulation is generally cumbersome and error-prone, and data loss is frequent. Modern database technology has the potential to resolve these issues. However, experience gained by an international network of experimenters and crop modellers (the International Benchmark Sites Network for Agrotechnology Transfer; IBSNAT) in using a database for agronomic experiments conducted by many workers at different sites highlighted problems of data entry, quality control, and changing requirements for storage and output variables. In an attempt to minimize these problems, IBSNAT reduced its focus on a central database, but considerably enhanced its effort on the design and use of a set of simple, standard experiment documentation and results files that could be established and edited easily, transferred directly among workers, used as inputs to analytical software and crop models, and read by database and spreadsheet software. The standard files which were developed, and which were used in a software package termed DSSAT V3, have recently been upgraded by a consortium of experimenters and modellers (the International Consortium for Agricultural Systems Applications; ICASA). These new files are described briefly here. The ICASA files constitute an advance in the potential for good documentation and storage of agronomic data, but only partly solve the problem of overall data management and use. There is still need for central and local databases that facilitate both the searching of information from different experiments, and the examination of relationships that may be apparent in a large array of data. A number of such databases have been developed for specific applications, and a few of these are briefly touched upon. In particular, recent work with one large database currently being developed by a number of international Agricultural Research Centers, National Research Organizations, and Universities, (the International Crop Information System, ICIS), is briefly described.     

国内外设施蔬菜机械化发展现状分析及对策

随着我国设施蔬菜产业的不断发展以及人们对设施蔬菜的需求日益增加,实现机械化、智能化作业生产成为了设施蔬菜产业现代化进程中的必要环节。虽然我国设施蔬菜面积、产量以及产值不断扩大,但与欧美等设施农业发达国家仍有很大的差距。为提高设施我国设施产业机械化水平,研制可靠的机械作业装备,综述分析美国、日本、荷兰等国家现代化设施蔬菜作业机械的研究现状和发展动态,总结归纳我国设施蔬菜作业机械的类型以及优缺点,指出我国设施蔬菜生产过程中存在机械化、自动化程度不高、机具适应性差、农业机器人应用相对落后等问题。结合我国国情提出要加强研发智能化、信息化设施农业装备,推进新材料及农业机器人新技术的应用等提升设施蔬菜机械化水平的对策,为我国设施蔬菜机械化的发展指明方向和提供参考。     

新型农田施肥播种控制系统的研究与开发

本文是在传统施肥播种控制系统基础上,对农田施肥播种控制系统进行进一步的研究与开发.传统的施肥播种控制系统设计的思想是均匀化,而新型施肥播种控制系统以高效、便捷为指导思想.它的高效、便捷在于它可以根据土壤状况人为或自动改变作用孔的大小或排种器的转动情况,从而改变播种和施肥量的大小.适量的播种施肥必将能降低生产成本,提高农...     

Mediating technological learning in agricultural innovation systems

In policy and innovation systems characterized by fragmented institutional arrangements, communication between system participants can be problematic. Understanding the perspectives of system participants, and sources of agreement and disagreement between them, is critical for the development strategies for change requiring collective action. The policy systems analysis and mediation (PSAM) template has been developed as an analytical approach that facilitates a shared understanding between policy and innovation system participants and better enables collaborative strategies to be developed. The PSAM template was applied in the on-farm sector of the New Zealand dairy industry in 2002–2003 in the context of industry on-farm productivity policy. It enabled key institutional interplay issues to be isolated, areas of alignment and misalignment between system participants to be identified, and it highlighted opportunities for change. The PSAM template, in augmenting existing analytical techniques, has particular value in facilitating the development of strategies for change in functionally differentiated and organizationally fragmented policy and innovation systems.     

智能化无人机植保作业关键技术及研究进展

搭载高性能传感器和施药装备的农业植保无人机系统是精准农业领域具有代表性的智能装备之一。本研究首先从前端田间作业环境动态感知技术出发,阐述了无人机光谱成像遥感、多传感器融合的SLAM实时环境建模等技术在无人机植保作业方面的应用情况;然后对精准施药过程建模与优化控制有关的前沿技术进行了分析,包括旋翼下方风场结构演化及雾滴沉积过程仿真建模、多区域全覆盖条件下的智能作业路径规划、精准变量施药控制等;最后论述了作业效果评估与过程监管相关技术的发展现状,包括施药作业质量评价方法、基于云平台数据管理的全过程可视化监管等。在总结现有技术发展现状基础上,对未来智能化无人机植保关键技术发展趋势进行了预测,阐明了光谱图像获取与计算智能的深度学习识别聚类、基于高精度雾滴谱和风场模型预测的精准变量施药作业路径规划、基于传感器实时数据的作业质量评估和作业监管等新技术手段,将在遥感信息反演、药液飘移抑制、作业效率优化、施药过程管控等方面带来革命性的进步,使植保作业数据化、透明化,全过程可观化可控制,推动农业生产管理从机械化向智能化和智慧化迈进。     

#br# 马铃薯茎叶青贮机械化收获技术研究与展望#br# #br#

马铃薯茎叶青贮技术及其饲料化利用是促进马铃薯产业升级、实现农业废弃物资源化高效利用的主要途径,也是马铃薯全程机械化的关键技术难点。针对当前我国马铃薯茎叶青贮现状,通过对马铃薯茎叶青贮在杀秧、捡拾、切碎、收获及打捆包膜各个环节不同作业方式、不同作业机具进行比较,系统分析马铃薯茎叶青贮收获的研究进展及发展趋势,提出促进马铃薯茎叶青贮机械化收获快速发展的重点在于完善技术体系、提高机具研发力度、提升机械自动化程度、加大推广力度,为马铃薯茎叶青贮相关机械的进一步发展提供参考依据。