新疆冬麦区AL型三系杂交小麦亲本配合力、杂种优势和聚类分析

为了解新疆AL型三系杂交小麦亲本间配合力及其杂种优势关系,利用稳定不育系8份,恢复力强的恢复系9份,按照NCⅡ不完全双列杂交(8×9)设计配制72个F₁杂交组合,对亲本及杂交组合的7个农艺性状进行配合力效应和杂种优势分析,再根据亲本性状和一般配合力划分杂种优势类群。结果表明,三系小麦杂交组合中普遍存在产量和产量性状杂种优势,针对强优势组合的亲本选择,双亲之一一般配合力(GCA)或双亲GCA之和为正值且相对较大;相关性分析表明,中亲优势与父本和母本GCA值之和呈极显著正相关,父本和母本的GCA相关性大于特殊配合力(SCA)相关性。针对6个性状的GCA效应值和性状表型值分别进行聚类分析表明,配合力距离远的亲本组配可能出现强优势杂交组合的几率较大,性状表型值距离较远的两个亲本同一性状之间的优势互补也可以在后代中表现出较强的杂种优势。将17个亲本划分为4个和5个类群,为后续AL型杂交小麦强优势杂交组合的配制提供了依据。     

转基因抗虫棉特色亲本间的杂种优势和配合力分析

采用8×5NCⅡ交配设计,对13份转基因特色亲本组配杂交,分析了杂种F1的7个性状的杂种优势和配合力。结果表明,主要产量性状子棉产量,超亲优势的平均值为-6.14%,18个组合具正向的杂种优势;中亲优势的平均值为24.07%,29个组合均具有正向的中亲优势;竞争优势的平均值为-29%,1个组合出现正向竞争优势。单株铃数的杂种优势最为明显。高亲值、中亲值和低亲值与F1平均值的相关关系表明,子棉产量、皮棉产量和单株铃数与高亲值、中亲值和低亲值的相关性不显著,衣分、铃重与高亲值、中亲值的相关性极显著,子指、果枝节位与低亲值、中亲值的相关性极显著。经配合力分析,A4、A7、A8、B1、B5等亲本的GCA较好;SCA效应显著的6个性状中,A8×B3、A4×B4组合的SCA效应均为正值。     

陆地棉优异种质间的杂种优势和配合力分析

采用 NC 交配设计 ,对包括转基因抗虫棉、常规棉、柱头外露种质系、彩色棉等 1 0份陆地棉优异亲本交配后 ,杂种 F1的 1 0个性状的杂种优势和配合力进行了分析。结果表明 ,皮棉产量超高优势的平均值为 - 2 .91 % ,1 0个组合具正向的杂种优势 ;中亲优势的平均值为 2 2 .45 % ,2 1个组合均具有正向的中亲优势 ;竞争优势的平均值为 -1 4.2 1 % ,4个组合出现正向竞争优势。其它产量性状中单株铃数的杂种优势最为明显。纤维品质性状 ,2 .5 %跨长的优势明显 ,麦克隆值的负向优势明显。高亲值、中亲值和低亲值与 F1平均值的相关关系表明 ,多数性状 F1代平均值与中亲值和低亲值相关性密切。配合力上 ,新棉 33B、680 2、94AP1 4、96- 67、 99- 1 6和 99- 5 5表现较显著的GCA效应 ;SCA效应显著的 7个性状中 ,A1 B3、A4B1、A5 B3等组合有 6个性状的 SCA效应值为正。     

转基因抗虫棉与陆地棉种质间的杂种优势和配合力分析

采用NCⅡ交配设计,对5份转基因抗虫棉、6份柱头外露种质资源和彩色棉等陆地棉优异亲本组配杂交,分析杂种F1的11个性状的杂种优势和配合力.结果表明,主要产量性状皮棉产量,超高优势的平均值为6.18%,16个组合具正向的杂种优势;中亲优势的平均值为37.41%,24个组合均具有正向的中亲优势;竞争优势的平均值为-15.19%,8个组合出现正向竞争优势.其它产量性状铃重、单株铃数的杂种优势最为明显.纤维品质性状、2.5%跨长、比强度和伸长率的竞争优势明显.高亲值、中亲值和低亲值与F1平均值的相关关系表明,多数性状F1代平均值与中亲值和低亲值相关性密切.经配合力分析,双价321、新棉33 B、HK-1、96-67、惠无3055和01 HN 06表现较显著的GCA效应;SCA效应显著的7个性状中,A 1×B 6、A 2×B 5、A 2×B 3等组合有7个性状的SCA效应为正值.     

杂交水稻产量及农艺性状杂种优势分析

为探讨杂种优势与双亲值、双亲一般配合力（GCA）、组合特殊配合力（SCA）、双亲遗传距离的关系,利用10个不育系和10个恢复系,按不完全双列杂交配制100个组合,对杂交水稻产量及农艺性状的杂种优势进行了分析,探索杂种优势的预测方法。结果表明：杂种一代的超亲优势和对照优势主要体现在穗长、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数几个性状上,其具有正向超亲优势组合的比例分别达到61.0%、66.0%和53.0%,具有正向对照优势的比例分别为62.0%、78.0%和79.0%,结实率性状具有正向对照优势的比例也达到58.0%。杂种优势与父母本值、父母本平均值、高亲值、低亲值及父母本差值都有较为密切的关系,超亲优势与高亲值在8个性状上都极显著相关;对照优势与母本值、父母本平均值、高亲值都呈显著或极显著正相关。杂种优势与SCA和亲本的GCA效应值密切相关,特别是对照优势与SCA和双亲的GCA都呈显著或极显著正相关,同时与父母本的GCA之差和之和都有较大的关系。杂种优势与遗传距离的关系比较复杂,当遗传距离在5~5.5范围内,双亲的距离越远,杂种优势越强。     

标记型柱头外露种质系与陆地棉亲本间杂种优势与配合力分析

采用ＮＣⅡ遗传交配设计,对５份标记型柱头外露种质系和３份陆地棉亲本交配后,杂种Ｆ１的１１个性状的杂种优势和配合力进行了分析。结果表明,主要产量性状霜前皮棉产量,超高优势的幅度为－２８．８８％～１３．１７％,平均为－３．０６％,６个组合具正向的杂种优势;中亲优势的幅度为１８．１４％～８０．１２％,平均为５３．０８％,１５个组合均具有正向的中亲优势;竞争优势的幅度为－１５．３２％～４６．４３％,平均为１１．２７％,１０个组合具有正向的竞争优势。其它产量性状中单株铃数的杂种优势最为明显。纤维品质性状,２．５％跨长和比强度的优势明显,麦克隆值的负向优势明显。高亲值、中亲值和低亲值与Ｆ１平均值的相关关系表明,多数产量性状Ｆ１代平均值与高亲值相关性密切,因此在组合筛选时应注意对常规亲本的选择。配合力上,ＧＣＡ效应显著的性状,中棉所１９和石３２１分别在产量、品质性状方面表现较优,９６－１、９６－６７、９６－３３等３份标记型柱头外露种质系表现较优;ＳＣＡ效应显著的８个性状中,Ａ１Ｂ２８个性状的ＳＣＡ效应值均为正,Ａ２Ｂ２和Ａ４Ｂ１均有７个性状的ＳＣＡ效应为正。文中对标记型柱头外露种质及亲本选配等问题进行了讨论。     

小麦杂种优势群研究Ⅵ——普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦种间杂交配合力分析

通过普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦种间杂交,分析了普通小麦和斯卑尔脱小麦各性状杂种优势及配合力.试验结果表明,普通小麦和斯卑尔脱小麦种间存在较强的杂种优势.配合力分析结果表明,同一性状不同亲本或同一亲本不同性状间一般配合力有明显差异,同一性状不同组合或同一组合不同性状间特殊配合力也存在明显差异.双亲一般配合力与杂种优势及F1性状值之间存在显著正相关.双亲都具有较高的一般配合力或产量构成因素各性状一般配合力互有高低,而且能互补,产生强优势组合的概率较高.杂种优势并非完全由组合特殊配合力效应所决定,有些组合特殊配合力效应较小,仍表现出较强的杂种优势.     

优质高产杂种冬小麦品种选育途径探讨

对冬小麦15个F1杂交组合杂种优势与其沉降值变化趋势分析结果表明,F1中有强优势组合,其超标幅度5.1%～56.6%,亲本材料基因重组后,沉降值变化为超亲组合占33.3%,趋近父母亲本平均值的组合占60%.综合分析结果表明选用优质亲本,组配强优势组合和采用化学杀雄技术,可以选育优质高产杂种冬小麦品种.应用微量SDS沉降值指导田间早代选择非常有效.     

转基因抗虫棉核不育系配合力及杂种优势分析

为了分析转基因抗虫棉不育系的配合力和杂种优势。采用6×6NCⅡ交配设计,分析了6份转基因抗虫核不育系与6份陆地棉亲本杂交后,9个性状杂种F1的超父本优势、竞争优势和配合力。结果表明,籽棉产量超父本优势的平均值为19.44%,22个组合具正向的杂种优势;竞争优势的平均值为-8.36%,16个组合出现正向竞争优势。单株铃数的杂种优势最为明显。父本值与F1平均值的相关关系表明,8个性状F1代平均值与父本值的相关性达到极显著水平。经配合力分析,A1、A4、B1、B5等亲本的GCA较好;SCA效应显著的6个性状中,A1×B6、A3×B3等组合的SCA效应均为正值。     

矮杆籼稻与光壳稻杂交若干性状与亲本的相关性和配合力分析

用6个矮籼与9个光壳稻杂交配组35个组合，通过分析杂种F1代杂种优势与亲本的相关性。结果表明：矮籼与光壳稻杂交F1代具有明显的优势，但组合间和性状间存在差异；杂种F1的生育期与中亲值显著正相关；有效稳与矮籼，光壳稻亲本均呈显著正相关，与中亲值也呈显著正相关；结实率与光壳亲本和中亲值均呈显著正相关。配合力分析表明，矮籼80－66，85－1210及光壳稻中水15等是杂种优势利用的良好亲本。     

陆地棉优异纤维品系的铃重和衣分的遗传及杂种优势分析(英文)

利用5个具有不同纤维品质性状的品种(系)配制完全双列杂交组合20个,通过亲本和F1的2年随机区组试验发现产量性状的铃重和衣分与环境的互作效应小,不存在母体效应,并以加性遗传效应为主,分别占表型方差的51.2%和65.4%;显性遗传效应所占的比率也较高,分别为32.6%和16.8%.铃重和衣分的群体平均优势较大,分别为13.3%和3.5%,达到了     

陆地棉产量性状的遗传分析

采用加性-显性与环境互作的遗传模型,分析陆地棉8个杂交亲本和F128个组合的7个产量性状的两年试验资料,估算各项遗传方并非分量和F1、F2的杂种优势.结果表明,产量性状受加性效应和显性效应共同控制,加性×环境各产量性状均极显著,铃重、衣分、籽指还受显性×环境的极显著影响,7项产量性状的广义和狭义遗传率均达到极显著水准.     

Relationship between heterosis and genetic distance based on morphological traits and AFLP markers in pepper

Genetic diversity is considered as one of the criteria for the selection of parents for hybrid breeding. The present study was undertaken to evaluate genetic divergence among seven pepper cultivars and to assess the relationship between heterosis and parental genetic distance. Twenty‐one F₁ hybrids and seven parents were evaluated for 15 morphological characters in a greenhouse and in the field. The parents were examined for DNA polymorphisms using six amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations. Cluster analysis using two genetic distance measures grouped the seven parents differently. Mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis was observed for most characters. Most hybrids outperformed the parental lines for fruit yield, earliness and plant height. Morphological and AFLP‐based distance measurements were efficient enough to allocate pepper genotypes into heterotic groups. The correlations of morphological distances with mid‐parent heterosis were significant for days to flowering and maturity, suggesting earliness can be predicted from morphological distances of parental lines. However, the correlations of AFLP‐measured genetic distances with mid‐ and high‐parent heterosis were non‐significant for all characters, except for fruit diameter, and proved to be of no predictive value.     

Genetic diversity of oilseed Brassica napus inbred lines based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism and its relation to hybrid performance

Significant heterosis for seed yield in oilseed rape has created interest in the development of hybrid cultivars. The DNA‐based marker protocol, sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was used to determine genetic diversity among oilseed rape maintainer and restorer lines. This measure was used in an attempt to establish an association between genetic distance and heterosis in hybrids for various agronomic traits. A total of 118 polymorphic loci were generated by 18 SRAP primer combinations. Based on the polymorphism generated by the markers, calculated similarity index values ranged from 0.46 to 0.97. Cluster analysis grouped 10 maintainer and 12 restorer lines into three groups, with the exception of two maintainer lines, PM5 and PM9, which fell outside these groups. The grouping of the lines was largely in agreement with the available pedigree data on their origin and agronomic performance. Analysis of variance among inbred lines and their resulting F₁ hybrids over two locations revealed significant differences for plant height, days to maturity and seed yield, but not for oil content. Substantial mid‐parent heterosis was observed only for seed yield, and ranged from 26% to 169%. All hybrids surpassed their respective inbred lines for this trait, except for a single cross combination of related lines. In general, crosses of lines located in different clusters yielded more than those from the same clusters. Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the genetic distance of the parents and seed yield in their hybrid, and their derived mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis. The correlation coefficient between genetic distance and yield (0.64) indicated a moderately strong relationship, so it is possible that some of the SRAP markers might be linked to quantitative trait loci for seed yield.     

显性无腺体与隐性无腺体陆地棉品种间杂种二代利用研究

利用４个隐性低酚棉品系为母本，５个显性无腺体品系为父本，按不完全双列杂交（ＮＣⅡ）设计配制２０个组合，利用亲本、Ｆ１和Ｆ２材料采用ＡＤＡＡ模型研究表明，衣分以加性效应为主，其余产量及产量构成因素以显性遗传效应为主。子棉产量和铃重有较低的上位遗传效应。纤维品质性状中，绒长与整齐度以显性遗传效应为主，绒长还存在少量上位效应；比强度与伸长率仅存在显著的加性遗传效应，麦克隆值以加性遗传效应为主。Ｆ１皮棉产量、第一次收花率、单株铃数、铃重和衣分的群体超亲优势平均值分别为：２７．９％、１８．７％、１６．２％、９．７％和１％，Ｆ２分别为：１０．８％、５．１％、４．５％、４．６％和－１．２％。Ｆ１绒长的群体平均优势为２．５％，比强度和伸长率为－１．８和０．８％，麦克隆值和整齐度分别为－０．２％和－２．７％。Ｆ２绒长略呈下降趋势，比强度、伸长率和麦克隆值Ｆ２与Ｆ１相近，整齐度Ｆ２略优于Ｆ１。表明了显性无腺体基因的杂种优势利用前景广阔。     

Heterosis for yield and related characters in pea

Summary To determine the levels of heterosis in F1 hybrids, four current pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars from southern Australia were used as female parents and crossed with 18 introduced genotypes. The 22 parents, 72 F1 hybrids and, depending on the environment, either 54 or all 72 F2 families were grown in replicated plots in four environments. Grain yield, total dry matter, harvest index, branches per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, hundred seed weight, plant height, onset of flowering and flowering periods were evaluated. For both the F1 and F2 generation, heterosis was determined as the superiority over the mid-parent and also over the better parent. In addition, the superiority over the best commercial cultivar was calculated. Most hybrids were higher yielding than their mid-parent but were less stable in yield across environments. Four F1 hybrids were significantly higher yielding than the best parent, by up to 26%. There were significant correlations between F1 hybrid and mid-parent value for plant height, pods per plant and hundred seed weight but not for yield. Overall, grain yield heterosis was mainly due to more pods per plant in the hybrids. The level of heterosis for yield in a poor yielding environment was higher than that in a high yielding one. Both additive and non-additive gene effects were important in the expression of all studied traits. The average level of heterosis for grain yield and total dry matter in the F2 population was half of that in F1 hybrids. The low level of inbreeding depression from the F1 to the F2 generation suggested that epistatic gene action also contributed to the expression of grain yield. Some F2 populations maintained the high yield levels of the corresponding F1 hybrids.     

陆地棉品种间杂种的霜前皮棉产量及其杂种优势研究

利用 2 0世纪八、九十年代我国棉花生产上推广的主要品种 (系 )做亲本 ,组配 15个组合的正反交杂种 ,对其 F1 、F2 代杂种的霜前皮棉产量及其竞争、中亲和超高亲优势进行了研究。结果表明 ,陆地棉品种间杂交 ,F1 、F2 代正交与反交组合间的霜前皮棉产量及其竞争、中亲和超高亲优势均无明显差异。 3 0个正反交 F1 杂交种具竞争、中亲和超高亲优势 (以下简称三优势 )组合率分别为73 %、10 0 %和 83 %。其中竞争优势在 15 %以上的组合率为 46.7% ,最大竞争优势值为 40 .6%。 3 0个正反交 F2 杂交种三优势组合率分别为 60 .0 %、90 .0 %和 66.8% ,其中竞争优势在 10 %以上的组合率达 3 3 .3 % ,最大竞争优势值仍达 3 1.3 % ,F2仍具有较高的生产利用潜能。亲本鲁 11、石远 3 2 1等品种 (系 )表现遗传配合力高 ,是目前棉花杂交制种选用的优良高产亲本。     

转基因抗虫棉产量性状的遗传效应及其杂种优势分析

采用加性-显性与环境互作的遗传模型,分析了9个亲本和36个F1的皮棉产量、单株铃数、铃重和衣分的两年资料,估算了转基因抗虫棉各项遗传方差和成对性状间各项遗传效应的相关性.结果表明,转基因抗虫棉的产量性状受加性和显性效应共同控制,皮棉产量、铃重和衣分都以基因的显性效应为主,而单株铃数是以加性效应为主,单株铃数和衣分还具有基因与环境互作效应.遗传相关分析表明,转基因抗虫棉的皮棉产量与单株铃数的基因型和表现型相关系数都比较大而且比较接近;皮棉产量与单株铃数、铃重和衣分的加性相关系数都达到极显著水平,而且皮棉产量与单株铃数、衣分的数值比较大.利用亲本和F1的资料预测了F2基因型值和杂种优势,结果表明,转基因抗虫棉F2的皮棉产量、单株铃数、铃重和衣分的群体平均优势分别为4.0%、5.1%、-1.3%和3.2%,群体超亲优势分别为-7.3%、-6.0%、-4.2%和-0.5%.