瓜尔豆发育过程中碳水化合物含量的变化

研究了瓜尔豆生长发育过程中叶片、种荚及籽粒中蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性的变化、糖类物质的组成及其含量的动态变化,以揭示可溶性糖的合成对瓜尔豆胚乳中半乳甘露聚糖和淀粉积累的影响。结果表明,进入开花期（播种后45 d）后,叶片、种荚和籽粒中SS和SPS活性均呈降低趋势。籽粒中的SS和SPS活性呈正相关,且显著高于叶片和种荚中相应酶活性。叶片中葡萄糖（Glc）含量高于蔗糖（Suc）。种荚中可溶性糖含量与Suc含量均呈单峰曲线,在籽粒直径5 mm时达峰值,两者呈正相关。Suc是种荚中暂存含量最多的可溶性糖,但其含量与SS和SPS活性无显著相关性,它主要来自叶片。种荚中Suc含量与籽粒碳水化合物总量（可溶性糖+多糖）呈负相关,它是籽粒碳水化合物合成的重要物质来源,还与籽粒库的建成有关。随种子发育,籽粒可溶性糖含量呈逐步下降趋势。籽粒发育前期,叶片同化物以Suc的形式运输并大量积累在种荚中,当籽粒直径达5 mm后迅速由种荚卸载至籽粒。但卸载期籽粒Suc含量较低,且显著低于种荚,说明籽粒Suc迅速转化为其他可溶性糖,并进一步用于多糖合成。籽粒直径为4 mm至5 mm时是种荚由“源”到“库”转换的临界期,这时籽粒中淀粉积累较迅速,半乳甘露聚糖在籽粒直径达5 mm后进入迅速积累期。     

冬小麦不同穗位籽粒淀粉粒差异及其与粒重的相关性

为研究小麦不同穗位籽粒淀粉粒差异及其与粒重相关性, 以露天池栽冬小麦济麦20, 测定不同小穗位成熟颖果胚乳细胞大小、淀粉粒的数目、体积和表面积分布及胚乳发育过程中淀粉体数量变化。结果表明, 小麦胚乳淀粉粒发育具有显著的粒位、穗位效应, 相同小穗位, 强势粒淀粉体起始时间比弱势粒早4~5 d。相同粒位, 中部小穗籽粒淀粉体最先发育, 上部小穗次之, 下部小穗最晚。淀粉体数量在中部小穗籽粒最多, 随着灌浆进程, 下部小穗逐渐赶上并超过上部小穗。成熟籽粒淀粉粒数目分布总趋势为B_L型>B_S型>A型; B_S型淀粉粒表现强势粒>弱势粒, 且随小穗位的升高而呈增加趋势; B_L型则相反。淀粉粒的数目分布导致其体积与表面积分布表现出相同的变化趋势。粒重与大、小淀粉体数目相关系数随灌浆进程逐渐增大, 且前者大于后者; 成熟期分别达到0.88^**和0.78^**。粒重增加与大、小淀粉粒数目增长的相关系数分别高于0.96^**和0.93^**, 前者在穗位间差异不显著, 后者表现为下部小穗>上部小穗>中部小穗。小麦胚乳淀粉粒形成及粒度分布既具有强弱势籽粒间的粒位效应, 也具有显著的小穗位效应; 弱势籽粒仍有通过增加淀粉粒数量以减小其与强势籽粒间粒重差异的调控空间。     

小麦小穗不同粒位粒重形成的生理特性差异

为探明小麦小穗上不同粒位籽粒粒重形成的生理机制,明确限制小穗上位弱势粒充实的主要原因,本试验选用大穗型小麦品种泰农18(TN18)和多穗型小麦品种山农20(SN20)为材料,调查检测了灌浆过程中小穗上不同粒位籽粒内源激素、可溶性糖、全氮含量的动态变化以及籽粒与籽粒柄连接处横面的组织结构与不同粒位籽粒粒重的关系。花后籽粒灌浆过程中灌浆速率与籽粒内GA和IAA含量呈极显著或显著相关,小穗基部籽粒中较高的GA和IAA含量可使蔗糖向淀粉转化开始早,籽粒分化快,灌浆速率高,是小穗基部籽粒粒重高的生理机制;扫描电镜图显示小麦籽粒灌浆初期小穗基部籽粒柄维管束横面面积明显大于上位籽粒,微观空隙小且排列较整齐,有利于同化物和生理活性物质的运输,是小穗基部籽粒粒重增长快、灌浆速率高的解剖学基础。     

14C同化物在玉米果穗上的分布与籽粒败育关系

通过¹⁴C示踪方法，研究了在籽粒发育前期饲喂果穗叶后14C-同化物在植株及果穗不同部位的分布。结果表明，果穗是灌浆期的主要库器官；¹⁴C-同化物在果穗不同部位的分布不均一，在穗轴中¹⁴C-同化物的分布呈现为基部＞中部＞上部，而在籽粒中则表现为中部＞基部＞上部。顶端穗轴中糖分含量不低于中部穗轴(P>0.05)，而败育粒中还原糖含量高于中部粒(P<0.05)。因此认为，顶端的败育可能并非源于营养供应不足，而应归因于籽粒库活性不足。     

基于控制授粉技术的玉米籽粒建成与碳、氮供应关系

以郑单958和超试1号为材料,通过控制玉米果穗底部花丝不授粉使顶部籽粒正常结实,比较研究了玉米籽粒早期碳、氮含量动态变化及其与败育的关系。结果表明,控制底部花丝不授粉,提高了顶部穗轴的可溶性糖浓度,增加了对顶部籽粒的物质供应,顶部籽粒的可溶性糖、蔗糖含量提高,淀粉快速积累,顶部籽粒的氮含量增加,籽粒C/N比值提高,籽粒重量快速增加,发育转为正常,表现出与中部籽粒一致的碳、氮变化动态特征以及籽粒生长动态;相反,统一完全授粉处理顶部穗轴的可溶性糖浓度低,顶部籽粒的物质供应少,可溶性糖、蔗糖含量低,淀粉含量提高缓慢,氮含量也较低,籽粒的C/N比值偏低,表现为粒重增加缓慢,最后败育。2个品种表现出一致的规律性。总之,玉米顶部籽粒的正常发育伴随着碳、氮等物质的充足供应,物质供应不足可能是顶部籽粒不能正常发育的根本原因。     

14C-同化物在玉米果穗上的分布与籽粒败育关系

通过^14C-示踪方法，研究了在籽粒发育前期饲喂果穗叶后^14C-同化物在植株及果穗不同部位的分布。结果表明，果穗是灌浆期的主要库器官；^14C-同化物在果穗不同部位的分布不均一，在穗轴中^14C-同化物的分布呈现为基部〉中部〉上部，而在籽粒中则表现为中部〉基部〉上部。顶端穗轴中糖分含量不低于中部穗轴（P〉0．05），而败育粒中还原糖含量高于中部粒（P〈0．05）。因此认为，顶端的败育可能并非源于营养供应不足，而应归因于籽粒库活性不足。     

玉米果穗维管束系统的发育及其与穗粒库容的关系

应用徒手切片和石蜡切片,系统观察了玉米穗、粒发育期间穗轴及小穗柄内维管束的分化、发育和联络,测量了不同维管束的横截面积;收集测定了果穗发育过程中果柄伤流液;探讨了穗、粒维管束的发育与穗粒库容的关系。结果表明,果穗内维管束联络系统的分化发育与穗分化相一致;穗柄—穗轴—籽粒的维管联络在双小穗期初步建成,     

遮光对冬小麦穗发育的影响

本文报导了在小麦穗小孢子母细胞形成期遮光(为自然光照的1/5)对冬小麦(农大183)的穗,特别是其中的性器官发育的影响,以及遮光对叶片同化效率、同化物分配和穗中一些物质含量的效应。所得主要结果如下:1.考种资料表明,遮光使每穗小穗数减少了25%,使每小穗粒数减少了29%。虽然遮光穗籽粒的千粒重还稍大一些,遮光的每穗粒重仅为对照的69%。2.遮光对穗发育的影响,首先表现在发育的小穗和小花的数目减少、不孕的小穗和小花的数目增多上。处于穗的不同部位的小穗、小花受遮光的影响不同,基部受影响最大,顶端次之,中部受影响最小。3.遮光对穗中性器官的发育具有不同的影响。造孢组织对光强度表现较不敏感,大孢子母细胞受遮光影响较小,而小孢子母细胞对光强度不足极为敏感。遮光后穗基部及顶端小穗中许多小孢子母细胞解体,不能正常发育形成四分孢子;在一部分小穗中不正常的减数分裂数目增多。小孢子的正常发育受到阻碍,影响了授粉能力,降低了结实小穗、小花数。4.遮光影响了植株中全氮、蛋白质氮以及可溶性糖的含量。若以可溶性糖/蛋白质氮作为碳氮比的指标,遮光植株各部位的此数值均显著地较对照低。 5.单向纸上层析表明,遮光使穗中各糖的含量减少,其中以蔗糖的减少最为显著。6.双向氨基酸纸上层析表明,这时小     

玉米灌浆期果穗不同部位籽粒碳水化合物积累与淀粉合成相关酶活性变化

玉米果穗顶部籽粒通常较中、下部籽粒充实差,粒重轻,其机制不清楚。本研究旨在探明玉米果穗不同部位籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系。以玉米品种登海11为材料,分别进行春播和夏播试验,观察果穗不同部位籽粒中可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉的含量及淀粉合成相关酶活性变化。结果显示,与夏播玉米相比,春播玉米具有较多的每穗粒数、较高的百粒重和产量。虽然产量在春播和夏播间有差异,但两季玉米籽粒的最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、百粒重、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量、最大淀粉积累速率、平均淀粉积累速率均表现为果穗下部籽粒中部籽粒上部籽粒。灌浆期果穗不同部位籽粒腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、淀粉合酶(St S)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性变化均呈单峰曲线,果穗上部籽粒AGPase、St S和SBE活性峰值和平均值均显著低于果穗中、下部籽粒。相关分析表明,淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率与AGPase、St S和SBE活性均呈极显著正相关。说明玉米果穗顶部籽粒较低的AGPase、St S和SBE活性是其灌浆较差、粒重较低的重要原因。春播玉米粒重较高,与其灌浆期较强的淀粉合成能力有关。     

小麦不同粒位、粒重及其种子活力研究

对4个小麦品种各粒位上的粒重及种子活力进行了研究。结果表明：各粒位的粒重差异显著，其大小在麦穗上的分布具有明显的区域性。穗中下部小穗的第1、2花位籽粒最大（43.9mg)，上部小穗及中部高位小花所结籽粒最小（26.2mg），除种子大小影响种子活力外，粒重相同的种子，位于下部小穗上的籽粒具有较高的种子活力。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.