氮硅配施对夏玉米抗倒性和产量的影响

试验采用N、Si(3×2)完全均衡方案和田间裂区设计,氮肥设120 kg/hm2(N1)、180 kg/hm2(N2)、240 kg/hm2(N3)3个水平,硅(SiO2)设0、75 kg/hm2两个水平,研究氮硅配施对夏玉米抗倒性和产量的影响。结果表明,施氮量为120~240 kg/hm2,玉米平均株高、茎粗、茎皮厚、室内横折强度、田间抗拉弯强度、穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重、理论产量和实际产量均随施氮量的增加而提高,不同施氮水平间上述各指标均达极显著差异(P<0.01)。氮硅配施对玉米茎粗、茎皮厚、室内横折强度和田间抗拉弯强度影响的交互效应达显著水平(P<0.05),N1、N2水平下,施硅与不施硅处理相比茎粗、茎皮厚、室内横折强度、田间抗拉弯强度差异达显著水平;N3水平下,除室内横折强度达显著水平外,其他各指标差异均不显著。氮硅配施对玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重、理论产量和实际产量影响的交互效应亦达显著或极显著水平,N1、N2水平下,施硅与不施硅处理相比穗长、穗粒数、理论产量、实际产量差异达显著水平;N3水平下,各指标差异不显著。     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on nutritive values of Sweet Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) fruits

The effect of different levels of nitrogen N₀ (0), N₁ (60), N₂ (80) and N₃ (100) kg/ha and phosphorus P₀ (0), P₁ (32), P₂ (48) and P₃ (64) kg/ha on the nutrient composition of sweet pepper fruits was investigated. Dry matter content was found to increase at N₀ level at highest concentration of phosphorus and as well as at P₀ level at highest concentration of nitrogen. At P₂ concentration, at different levels of nitrogen, the ascorbic acid content was more as compared to that at other levels of phosphorus. Protein content was found to increase with increasing nitrogen doses and was also found to increase at maximum dose of nitrogen with increasing concentration of phosphorus. Capsaicin content was found to be more at P₂ level at different doses of nitrogen. The uptake of phosphorus by the pepper fruit was found to increase at N₀ and N₂ levels. Maximum uptake of phosphorus and dry matter content was observed at N₀P₃ levels. Maximum protein, ascorbic acid and capsaicin contents were found at N₃P₂ level.     

氮肥对半干旱区膜下滴灌玉米叶片叶绿素荧光特性及产量的影响

针对吉林省西部半干旱区的生态特点,研究氮素营养水平对膜下滴灌条件玉米净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、光合酶活性和产量的影响。结果表明,适宜的氮肥施用量可显著提高叶片光合性能,随着氮肥施用量的逐渐增加,叶片气体交换参数也逐渐升高;当氮肥超过300 kg/hm2时,各项指标开始下降。在荧光诱导动力学参数中,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)对种植模式的改变比较敏感,膜下滴灌下各处理平均Fv/Fm均显著高于同期普通生产田对照,随着施氮量的增加Fv/Fm增加;高氮处理穗位叶Fv/Fm无显著差异。施用氮肥均增加了玉米穗位叶PEP和Ru BP羧化酶活性。在膜下滴灌模式下,玉米达到最高产量时的氮肥施用量为200 kg/hm2,与300 kg/hm2时的产量无显著差异;非膜下滴灌玉米获得最高产量时的施氮量为300 kg/hm2。     

玉米施肥量优化模型与土壤无机氮变化特征

对"3414"田间试验各处理玉米产量和不同氮水平(N0=0、N1=93.75、N2=187.5、N3=281.25 kg/hm~2)下测定土壤无机氮,探究N、P、K不同配比施肥对玉米产量的影响和不同氮水平下土壤无机氮的变化特征。结果表明,施氮对玉米产量的影响达到差异显著水平,施磷、钾肥对玉米产量的影响差异不显著。随着施氮量升高,玉米产量先升高后稳定,通过方差分析确定当地最佳推荐施氮量变化范围为93.75～281.25 kg/hm~2。施氮可以提高1 m土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的积累量。铵态氮易被固定,拔节期以后,土壤中铵态氮积累较为稳定。硝态氮在土壤中变异较大,尤其在高施氮量(281.25 kg/hm~2)时,1 m土体中硝态氮积累量显著增加。无机氮总量与施氮量显著相关,当施氮量为281.25 kg/hm~2时,大大增加中期(抽雄期)氮素损失风险,确定安全施氮量处于187.5～281.25 kg/hm~2。提高产量、减少氮素损失的生产目标,207.27 kg/hm~2的施氮量为当地经济安全施氮量。     

氮密互作对玉米辽单575产量和氮素积累的影响

以国审玉米新品种辽单575为供试材料,采用随机试验设计,设3个种植密度:6.0万株/hm2(D6.00),6.75万株/hm2(D6.75)和7.5万株/hm2(D7.50),3个施氮量:135(N135)、180(N180)和225 kg/hm2(N225),研究氮密互作对辽西地区春玉米地上部干物质积累、氮素积累及子...     

Interactive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on verticillium wilt of Russet Burbank potato

A three-year field study was conducted during 1984–1986 to determine the interactive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Verticillium wilt, and yield and quality of continuously-cropped Russet Burbank potato. The experiment was conducted on a calcareous, silt loam soil with low initial levels of NO₃-N (0.9 mg/kg), P (3.5 mg/kg), andVerticillium dahliae (9 cfu/g of soil). The experimental design consisted of a factorial combination of three N treatments (unfertilized check, preplant N or split N) and three P treatments (0,120, or 240 kg P/ha) applied to the same plots during the three-year study. Nitrogen was applied at 0 or 300 kg N/ha in 1984 and 0 or 240 kg N/ha in 1985 and 1986. By the spring of 1986, soil P concentrations for the 0,120, and 240 kg P/ha treatments had increased to 7, 25, and 50 mg/kg and no additional P was applied. In addition to suppressing Verticillium wilt by as much as 95%, N & P treatments also reduced the rate of increase of soilborne inoculum ofV. dahliae. After one season of cropping, the N treatment providing the most efficient N fertilization (300 kg N/ha, split-application) resulted in significantly (p=0.01) lowerV. dahliae counts in soil than the other N treatments. After two seasons of continuous cropping, applying 120 to 240 kg P/ha produced lower populations ofV. dahliae in soil compared to the treatment with no added P. Generally, as N and P treatments approached the highest levels, both wilt incidence andV. dahliae colonization values were reduced. There was a progressive reduction in total yield in nearly all treatments during each year of continuous cropping. Reduction of yield and increased Verticillium wilt incidence was generally greater with N or P deficient plants than with optimally fertilized plants. The highest total and U.S. No. 1 yields and least Verticillium wilt were obtained each year by applying split N and 240 kg P/ha. Results show that optimal N and P can minimize both Verticillium wilt and yield losses that normally occur with intensive potato cropping.     

水氮措施影响夏玉米氮素利用的叶绿素荧光特性研究

以产量差异显著的两个夏玉米品种德单5号和郑单958为材料,设不同灌溉和施肥水平,开展水氮互作对玉米产量、氮素利用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响研究。结果表明,在不同灌溉处理下,增施氮肥显著提高营养器官氮素转运量,降低氮素转运效率,N3(180 kg/hm²)、N4(225 kg/hm²)处理间无显著差异。增施氮肥也显著提高了各灌溉条件下两个品种吐丝期穗位叶F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o,当氮肥施用量增加至N3(180 kg/hm²)后增肥效果不显著。因此,大喇叭口期和吐丝散粉期分别灌溉37.5 mm配合180 kg/hm²的施氮量有利于提高叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o,促进夏玉米植株氮素转运,提高氮肥利用效率。此外,F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o均与植株氮...     

有机肥部分替代氮肥土壤硝态氮动态变化特征及玉米产量效应研究

通过田间试验,在氮磷钾等养分量条件下,研究牛粪、鸡粪、猪粪替代25%化肥氮和秸秆全量还田配施化肥对0～100 cm土层硝态氮淋溶和积累及玉米产量构成的影响。秸秆全量还田配施化肥、牛粪替代25%化肥氮处理土壤硝态氮淋溶作用较小,完熟期0～40 cm土层硝态氮累积量分别为86.2 kg/hm~2和73.1 kg/hm~2,均显著高于其他有机肥替代化肥处理。习惯施肥、鸡粪替代25%化肥氮、猪粪替代25%化肥氮处理土壤硝态氮淋溶较强,完熟期0～40 cm土层硝态氮累积量分别为54.2、65.4、68.5 kg/hm~2。鸡粪替代25%化肥氮处理玉米产量最高,为13 616.9kg/hm~2,比习惯施肥增产13.6%,与其他有机肥替代化肥处理产量差异均达显著水平。在等养分量条件下,有机肥替代25%化肥氮及秸秆全量还田配施化肥均可增加0～40 cm土层硝态氮累积量,减少淋溶损失。     

覆盖作物和氮素用量对玉米产量及光合特性的影响

通过2种覆盖作物和5个氮素用量大田试验，探讨氮素和覆盖作物对玉米产量和光合特性的影响。随氮素用量增加，玉米产量先升高后趋于稳定，75 kg/hm²氮处理有效穗数最大，225 kg/hm²氮处理穗粒数和百粒重最大；低氮水平下，黑麦覆盖玉米产量最大。覆盖作物增加玉米花后20 d前的叶绿素含量，且提高了高氮处理开花后20～40 d的叶片光合速率；黑麦覆盖显著增加玉米中、上部叶面积。光能利用差异主要在花后40 d，氮素用量225～300 kg/hm²时黑麦覆盖最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学淬灭(qP)和表观电子传递速率(ETR)均高于玉米单作。综上，玉米-覆盖作物系统的玉米低氮量处理增产幅度大，高氮量处理产量高；以黑麦覆盖处理较好。     

Influence of growth conditions on the value of crisphead lettuce

The marketable and nutritional quality of crisphead lettuce as affected by nitrogen supply, cultivar, and plant age at harvest was investigated in six plantings during 1989 and 1990. The optimum yield of marketable heads was obtained at a total nitrogen supply of 150 kg N per ha although only small differences were observed to the yield at 100 and 200 kg total N per ha. The total nitrogen supply included the amount of mineral nitrogen within the rhizosphere. The incidence of dry tipburn in older leaves was clearly decreased by an increased nitrogen supply, especially at late planting. The content of nitrate was increased and the content of dry matter and vitamin C decreased with increased nitrogen supply. The vitamin C content was higher for the cultivar Marius than for Saladin. As plants got older, the nutritional quality of crisphead lettuce decreased because the content of nutrients, especially vitamin C, decreased with increased plant age at harvest.     

高产氮高效春玉米品种筛选及节氮潜力与氮素利用特征分析

以辽宁地区适栽的17个玉米品种为试材,通过不施氮(N₀)和正常施氮(N₂₂₅,225 kg/hm²)处理筛选高产氮高效品种,分析其节氮和增产潜力、干物质积累及氮素利用特征。结果表明,DK301、XY335、ZD958、DD1331、LD585、LD706、DY485、LD1281、LD575、LD1205、TY58、DD1775共12个品种为高产氮高效型(双高效和高氮高效)品种,节氮潜力为15.4%～29.7%。高产氮高效型品种节氮潜力与产量极显著正相关,产量在N₀下与百粒重、行粒数、开花和成熟期生物重显著正相关,N₂₂₅下仅与行粒数显著正相关。施氮提高各类型品种花后氮转移对子粒的贡献率(前),同时相较于花后氮吸收对子粒氮贡献率(后),双高效品种均表现为“前后相当”,高氮高效型品种均为“前低后高”。因此,在穗行数相近下,行粒数可作为筛选高产氮高效品种的一个参考指标,通过适当减氮,加强高氮高效型品种的花前氮素供应,可促进玉米节氮增效生产。     

北方设施菜地夏季休闲期甜玉米最佳行株距和播期研究

在北京市郊区设施菜地对夏季敞棚休闲期甜玉米不同株距和不同播期进行试验,研究高效吸氮、有效减少NO3--N淋溶同时有较好经济效益的甜玉米种植模式。结果显示,以83 cm大行距、50 cm小行距、26 cm株距为最佳行株距,吸氮量达289 kg/hm2,收获后0～200 cm土层NO3--N含量减少649 kg/hm2,鲜穗产量达到19 573kg/hm2,均显著优于其他行株距处理(P0.05)。甜玉米提前10 d播种(比休闲开始当日提前10 d)为最佳播期,吸氮量达到328 kg/hm2,收获后0～200 cm土层NO3--N含量减少357.7 kg/hm2,鲜穗产量达19 853 kg/hm2,显著优于其他播期处理(P0.05)。     

Impacts of fertilization systems on nitrogen loss and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Farmyard manure is considered as a source of plant nutrient supply, but high N loss and low N use efficiency are often serious challenges facing this source of nutrient. It is supposed that a combination of manure with inorganic fertilizers can reduce this problem. A two year experiment was conducted in 2004-2005 at Mazandran province of Iran in order to study the effects of manure, inorganic nitrogen and combination of manure-inorganic nitrogen on N loss and yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) under rainfed conditions. Treatments included 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha(-1) urea (F0, F50, F100, F150), 100 kg N ha(-1) urea + 50 kg N ha(-1) manure (F100M50), 50 kg N ha(-1) urea + 100 kg N ha(-1) manure (F50M100), 150 kg N ha(-1) manure (M150). The highest grain yield (3 ton ha(-1)) was obtained with the 150 kg N ha(-1) as urea treatment in both years. Grain yield in M150 treatment was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than F150. However F100M50 and F50M100 resulted in similar yields compared with F150 treatment. Results also showed that F100M50 and F50M100 treatments decreased N loss (4 and 3 kg N ha(-1) year(-1), respectively) compared to application of manure alone (33.5 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)) and F150 (36 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)). Overall, it could be conducted that F100M50 is the best treatment because it produced similar grain yield compared to F150 while resulted in lower N loss as well.     

氮肥减施对夏玉米生长及水氮利用效率的影响

为探索夏玉米减氮增效科学生产模式,研究滴灌水肥一体化条件下氮肥减施对夏玉米形态生长指标、子粒产量、水氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留量的影响。以传统畦灌施氮模式(CK,施氮量300 kg/hm²)为对照,滴灌水肥一体化处理依据0～20 cm土层含水率进行补灌,设4个施氮水平(DN120:120 kg/hm²、DN180:180 kg/hm²、DN240:240kg/hm²、DN300:300 kg/hm²)。结果表明,滴灌条件下各处理夏玉米生育期灌水量差异不大,滴灌水肥一体化夏玉米的株高、叶面积指数和地上部干质量随施氮量增加均呈增大趋势,当施氮量超过180 kg/hm²时,处理间各项指标差异不显著。随着氮肥用量的增多,滴灌夏玉米子粒产量和土壤硝态氮残留量逐渐增大,水分利用效率(WUE)呈先增大后减小趋势,氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)逐渐降低。与CK和DN300处理相比,DN180处理玉米子粒产量无显著差异,施氮量减少40%,耗水量减少10.10%～19.99%,WU...     

施氮量对新疆滴灌冬小麦根系生长及产量的影响

为探明滴灌冬小麦高产需氮肥规律,利用大田试验研究了N_0(0 kg·hm~(-2))、N_1(90kg·h~(-2))、N_2(180kg·h~(-2))、N_3(270kg·h~(-2))、N_4(360kg·h~(-2))施氮量对新冬18号0~60cm土层根系生长的影响及其与产量和氮肥利用率的关系。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,拔节至成熟期间0~60cm土层根系干重、根长和根系活力均增加,N_3处理孕穗期小麦0~60cm土层根干重、根长分别较N_0处理增加11.93%、29.0%,增幅基本表现为0~20cm20~40cm40~60cm土层;N_3处理较N_0处理小麦产量增加30.35%,氮肥农学利用效率为6.90kg·kg-1。拔节期前后施适量氮肥可促进0~60cm土层根系生长和活力增强,是氮肥增产的重要原因。本试验条件下最适宜施氮量为180~270kg·h~(-2),可获得产量7 591.49~8 004.85kg·h~(-2),氮肥农学利用效率为6.90~8.06。     

非石灰性潮土水肥耦合对夏玉米产量效应的影响

通过水、氮、钾3个因素的耦合作用,研究了对夏玉米产量效应的影响。结果表明:当灌水量2 700m3/hm2、施氮量270 kg/hm2、施钾量180 kg/hm2时,夏玉米产量最高,为12 053.32 kg/hm2。由三元二次回归方程得出,水、氮、钾的最佳用量为灌水量3 069 m3/hm2、施氮量285 kg/hm2、施钾量176.4 kg/hm2,最佳产量为12 111.6 kg/hm2;3个因素对产量影响的顺序为水氮钾。水氮耦合、水钾耦合对产量的影响显著,且均为正效应。     

氮水运筹对苏北平原稻茬麦干物质积累、产量和氮肥利用的影响

为明确苏北平原稻茬麦的最优氮水运筹模式,以淮麦30为材料,在大田测土施肥条件下,设置0 kg·hm^-2（N₀）、180 kg·hm^-2（N₁）、270 kg·hm^-2（N₂）3个施氮量和生育期不灌水（W₀）、灌拔节水（W₁）、灌拔节水+孕穗水（W₂）3个灌水处理,研究小麦干物质积累与转运、产量形成和氮素吸收与利用对不同氮水运筹的响应。结果表明,小麦干物质积累量、转运量和转运效率,氮素积累量、转运量和转运效率,花后干物质贡献率及氮素贡献率均随施氮量和灌水次数的增加而增加,各处理均以N₂W₂效果最佳。氮肥和灌水次数的增加对小麦成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量、氮素收获指数与氮素利用效率均有显著促进作用,以N₂W₂效果最佳。氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力则随施氮量增加而降低,以N₁W₂效果最佳;在相同氮肥水平下,灌水处理的上述三个指标较不灌水处理高。对本试验条件下各测定指标,氮肥在氮水运筹中起主导作用,且氮肥和灌水有显著的互作效应。综上,在苏北平原稻茬麦区,施氮量180 kg·hm^-2结合浇灌拔节水和孕穗水（W₂）的氮水模式可在协调小麦干物质和氮素的积累、转运与分配、促进增产的同时,提高氮肥利用效率,从而实现节氮增产的目标。     

Influence of rice varieties,nitrogen management and planting methods on methane emission and water productivity

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 at New Delhi, India to study the influence of varieties and integrated nitrogen management (INM) on methane (CH₄) emission and water productivity under flooded transplanted (FT) and aerobic rice (AR) cultivation. The treatments included two rice (‘PB 1’ and ‘PB 1121’) varieties and eight INM practices including N control, recommended dose of N through urea, different combinations of urea with farmyard manure (FYM), green manure (GM), biofertilizer (BF) and vermicompost (VC). The results showed 91.6–92.5 % lower cumulative CH₄ emission in AR compared to FT rice. In aerobic conditions, highest cumulative CH₄ emission (6.9–7.0 kg ha^?1) was recorded with the application of 100 % N by organic sources (FYM+GM+BF+VC). Global warming potential (GWP) was significantly lower in aerobic rice (105.0–107.5 kg CO₂ ha^?1) compared to FT rice (1242.5–1447.5 kg CO₂ ha^?1). Significantly higher amount of water was used in FT rice than aerobic rice by both the rice varieties, and a water saving between 59.5 and 63 % were recorded. Under aerobic conditions, both rice varieties had a water productivity of 8.50–14.69 kg ha^?1, whereas in FT rice, it was 3.81–6.00 kg ha^?1. In FT rice, a quantity of 1529.2–1725.2 mm water and in aerobic rice 929.2–1225.2 mm water was used to produce one kg rice. Thus, there was a saving of 28.4–39.6 % total water in both the rice varieties under AR cultivation.     

生物炭还田条件下磷肥减施对玉米产量及养分利用的影响

通过4年田间定位试验,研究辽宁昌图棕壤区生物炭还田条件下磷肥减施20%对玉米产量及养分利用的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,生物炭还田(3 000 kg/hm~2)后各处理促进玉米增产,最高增产5.5%,生物炭还田配施磷肥减量20%处理的产量表现略有增加的趋势。生物炭还田后各处理均提高了玉米植株N、P和K的养分吸收量,提高玉米植株氮素和磷素回收率,生物炭还田配施常规肥处理可更好促进玉米氮、磷、钾养分吸收,提高玉米氮素回收率,4年综合提高5.3个百分点;生物炭还田配施磷肥减量20%处理可更好提高玉米磷素回收率,提高4.9个百分点。