隔板对汽车微穿孔管消声器声学特性的影响

为分析隔板对微穿孔管消声器声学特性的影响,该文首先通过试验验证微穿孔管消声器传递损失数值计算方法,然后建立带隔板微穿孔管消声器传递损失的理论模型并利用数值方法进行验证,最后基于理论模型分析了隔板对微穿孔管消声器传递损失的影响。分析发现,隔板位置影响主消声频带及传递损失大小,隔板越靠近中间位置,第一拱形衰减域向高频扩大,且传递损失越大;隔板数目增加,传递损失相应增大,但当隔板数目达到一定值时传递损失不再显著增大;在简单微穿孔管消声器内加隔板后,可以适当缩短膨胀腔长度,而不会明显降低该消声器消声性能,此方法可大大降低消声器的轴向长度,对微穿孔管消声器的优化设计具有指导意义。     

考虑抗性消声器结构参数的传递损失预估模型

利用二维解析方法研究两腔抗性消声器的声学性能。通过正交试验设计分析消声器进出口管半径、扩张腔半径、隔板通孔半径以及隔板位置结构参数影响消声器传递损失的主次关系,进而基于均匀设计的试验数据经回归分析获得了两腔抗性消声器传递损失预估模型。结果表明,在1000～3000 Hz中频段内,对传递损失影响最大是扩张腔的半径,其次是隔板通孔的半径、隔板位置,最后是进、出口管的半径;该文建立的传递损失预估模型可根据消声器结构参数准确预估抗性消声器的传递损失,能直接反映消声器传递损失与结构参数的关系。该研究为快速优化设计消声器提供了参考。     

制冷压缩机排气管消声器声学及阻力特性仿真分析

为了降低空调运行过程中制冷压缩机所产生的噪声,采用在制冷压缩机排气管设置消声器的方法。建立了消声器内部制冷剂的有限元模型,利用声学分析软件Virtual Lab Acoustics和计算流体动力学软件Fluent分别对消声器的声学性能和阻力特性进行数值模拟,分析了消声器内部的扩张腔长度、孔板位置、孔板内径等结构参数对排气管消声器传递损失和压力损失的影响。模拟结果表明:随着扩张腔长度的不断减小,消声器的传递损失曲线逐渐向高频方向移动,消声器的有效消声频率范围不断拓宽,而扩张腔长度对消声器压力损失的影响较小,合理选择扩张腔长度能够有效降低压缩机噪声;孔板位置对中高频噪声的降噪效果影响较大,随着孔板位置由扩张腔中心处向其进口端面不断移动,2 000~2 400 Hz附近频率的消声性能逐渐得到改善,并且消声器内部压力损失不断减小,且其减小幅度越来越大,因此孔板在允许的范围内应尽可能靠近消声器进口端面;随着孔板内径的不断减小,消声器的降噪效果不断增强,但消声器内部压力损失也随之逐渐增大,且增大幅度越来越大,因此孔板内径不宜太小。     

车用两腔抗性消声器声学特性分析及结构优化

为了快速准确的研究抗性消声器的声学特性,该文提出二维解析方法研究两腔抗性消声器的传递损失特性;并基于阻抗管,采用双负载法对消声器传递损失进行了测量,以此对解析方法进行验证。进而基于解析方法,分析隔板通孔半径、隔板位置对消声器传递损失影响。最后采用遗传算法,在不增大外部总体尺寸的条件下,对消声器进行结构优化设计。研究结果表明,该文采用的理论计算方法可较准确地计算出消声器传递损失;两腔消声器比单腔消声器有更好的消声效果;隔板通孔半径及其位置对传递损失影响明显;通过对结构参数优化设计,可以使消声器在目标频带1 000~3 000 Hz的平均传递损失由17.2提升到39.5 d B,获得很好的优化效果。该文建立的二维解析模型可用于计算抗性消声器的传递损失,为快速优化设计消声器提供了参考。     

双向对冲流滴灌灌水器水力性能与消能效果

双向对冲流滴灌灌水器是1种可形成急转流、正反双向流、以及对冲混掺流等加大能量耗散效果的新型灌水器。为研究灌水器的水力性能以及流道几何参数对水力特性的影响,取灌水器几何参数作为因素,采用正交设计安排25组试验方案,开展水力性能测试,计算流道的局部损失系数,同时对正交试验结果进行直观和方差分析,建立几何参数与流态指数的回归模型。结果表明,灌水器流态指数为0.432～0.464,其水力性能良好。单元流道的局部损失系数为6.698～19.130,显示优越的消能效果。挡水件与分水件最大过水通道宽度对流态指数的影响最大。建立的几何参数与流态指数之间的回归模型R2=0.94,且验证表明其估算值与试验值相对误差小于5%,可可靠地估算流态指数。研究可为双向对冲流滴灌灌水器水力性能预研和评估、结构优化提供参考。     

基于有限元虚拟试验的消声器传声损失测量

传声损失是消声器结构设计和降噪性能分析评价的重要依据。基于有限元方法、以扩张腔消声器为例,分析计算了消声器内部声场,进行了传声损失的虚拟测量。对现有的三点法、传统的单边界四点法测量传声损失进行了模拟,探讨了尾管效应、尾端吸声系数、消声器上下游耦合效应对传声损失测量的影响,论述了需要采用消除上下游耦合效应的双边界条件四点法测量传声损失的必要性,并利用该算法对典型消声器进行传声损失测量,所得试验结果与理论结果及有限元分析结果具有良好的一致性。同时结合消声器内部声场的仿真结果,分析了传声器测点位置、传声器间隔等参数对传声损失测量精度的影响,给出了相应的传声器测点布置原则,对传声损失的实际测量提供了借鉴。     

切纵流联合收获机小麦脱粒分离性能评价与试验

针对国产切纵流联合收获机在脱粒分离中存在籽粒损失较大和功耗需求较高等问题,将切纵流联合收获机上的切流滚筒、辅助喂入轮和纵轴流滚筒在室内建成切纵流脱粒分离装置试验台,进行喂入量为7.5kg/s的小麦脱粒分离性能试验,获取脱粒分离的籽粒损失和功耗性能指标,借助复数幅值对切纵流脱粒分离装置的脱粒分离性能进行分析,计算出脱粒分离性能指标并进行比较。试验结果表明切纵流联合收获机收获小麦的最佳组合方式为,切流滚筒采用刀形齿、线速度为21.66m/s、入口脱粒间隙为30、出口脱粒间隙为20mm,纵轴流滚筒采用钉齿、线速度为19.63m/s、脱粒间隙为20mm时,所需总功耗为66.64kW,籽粒总损失率为0.56%,最优脱粒分离性能指标为0.8935。     

净化消声器性能研究

综合国内目前轻型汽车的排放与噪声情况,在净化与消声的研究基础上,提出用一维平面波声学理论对一种集净化、消声于一体的净化消声器的消声性能进行改进的方法——敏感度分析法,对此进行理论研究与试验验证,并在计算中,同时综合考虑净化消声器的净化性能与空气动力性能,得到性能良好的净化消声器。     

切纵流联合收获机小麦夹带损失检测试验与分析

为及时获知切纵流联合收获机在田间收获时的夹带损失情况,该文将切纵流联合收获机上的刀形齿切流滚筒、辅助喂入轮和钉齿纵轴流滚筒在实验室内建成切纵流脱粒分离试验台,在7 kg/s小麦喂入量时进行脱粒分离性能试验,测定脱出混合物中各成分的含量和纵向分布规律,建立脱出混合物脱分系数矩阵,求解出切纵流联合收获机上脱粒分离装置的脱分矩阵方程。利用阵列式聚偏氟乙烯PVDF压电薄膜传感器测量切纵流联合收获机田间收获时钉齿纵轴流滚筒下第11接料盒位置分离出的籽粒量,运用脱分矩阵方程计算出夹带损失质量并与人工实测值进行比较。结果表明,田间收获时运用PVDF压电薄膜传感器预测的夹带损失质量与人工实测值的误差为-4.82%～-5.87%。该研究可以对田间收获的籽粒夹带损失进行实时监控。     

出口管过渡圆弧对抗性消声器性能的影响及应用

为了降低基于声腔模态的进出口管布置原则设计的抗性消声器的压力损失,该文以典型的扩张式消声器和回流式消声器为例,探究了出口管过渡圆弧对其压力损失及传声损失的影响规律。结果表明:出口管施加过渡圆弧对传声损失的影响很小,却能有效降低压力损失;随着过渡圆弧半径的增大,压力损失的变化率减小。最后,在不改变总体尺寸的前提下,基于声腔模态的进出口管布置原则对消声器各抗性消声结构单元的进出口管进行重新布置:进口管和出口管的偏移距离从70 mm改为63 mm,中间管的偏移距离从70 mm改为0,进出口管间的偏移角度从135°改为90°;基于出口管过渡圆弧对压力损失的影响规律对各抗性消声结构单元出口管施加10 mm的过渡圆弧。改进后的消声器不仅传声损失有所提高,且压力损失也得到降低,在750~1500 Hz频率范围内平均传声损失增加了15.3 d B,入口气流速度为60 m/s时压力损失降低了25.20%。研究结果为综合运用基于声腔模态的进出口管布置原则及出口管过渡圆弧对压力损失的影响规律设计及改进消声器提供参考。     

基于声振响应法的香梨硬度无损检测

为了探索香梨硬度无损检测的方法,该研究搭建了由压电梁式传感器进行信号激励和感测的检测装置,分析了装置信号检测的稳定性,提取了香梨共振频率和声速并进行香梨硬度评估,然后将这两响应参数的评估硬度与香梨硬度的M-T穿刺法(Magness-Taylor)测量结果进行线性回归分析,以构建香梨硬度的检测模型。结果表明,检测装置的共振频率和声速信号检测稳定可靠,并且在香梨赤道部不同位置激励感测均无显著差异(P0.05);基于共振频率法和声速法的硬度评估指标可以构建3种香梨硬度检测模型,相关系数分别为0.841、0.877和0.938,其中由共振频率检测硬度和声速检测硬度联合构建的检测模型硬度检测敏感度为67.30%,最接近M-T穿刺法检测敏感度,该模型对香梨正常果和粗皮果的检测准确率较高,达到86.7%。研究结果可为声振法无损检测香梨硬度提供参考。     

采用Kriging模型的离心压缩机叶轮多目标参数优化

为进一步探索高性能、低噪声的离心压缩机优化设计方法,该文选用某燃料电池车用小型高转速离心压缩机为研究对象,通过三维内流场非定常分析对其气动性能和气动噪声进行计算,仿真求得的压升曲线与试验基本一致。基于该数值模型,采用最优拉丁方试验设计分析了叶片进口角、叶片出口角、尾缘倾角、叶顶间隙和叶片厚度对压缩比、等熵效率和整机声功率级的影响,结果表明叶片厚度和叶顶间隙最为关键,与压缩比和等熵效率负相关,与声功率级正相关,前倾叶片较后倾叶片噪声更低。采用Kriging模型对数值计算结果进行拟合,利用多目标遗传算法对Kriging模型进行循环优化设计。优化结果表明,Kriging模型精度满足需求,优化方案在设计工况点的压缩比提高3.56%,等熵效率提高1.02%,整机声功率级下降3.79 d B,在非设计工况点的压缩比和等熵效率也有提高,综合性能得到明显改善。该研究可为高性能、低噪声离心压缩机的优化设计提供参考。     

叶轮出口宽度对离心泵噪声辐射影响的分析与试验

为研究叶轮出口宽度对离心泵在水动力激励下泵壳振动辐射噪声的影响,该文以一台单级单吸离心泵为研究对象,保持泵体和叶轮其他几何参数不变,运用FEM\BEM（finite element method\boundary element method）声振耦合计算和试验测量方法进行了叶轮出口宽度分别为10、8和12 mm的噪声辐射分析。采用大涡模拟方法对离心泵内部瞬态流场进行计算,得到蜗壳壁面偶极子声源。在对泵壳体结构进行模态分析的基础上,利用LMS Virtual Lab的间接边界元IBEM声振耦合模块计算非定常流动引起的离心泵内部噪声,并进行了试验验证,在此基础上,对离心泵外场噪声及其声辐射进行计算,并研究了叶轮出口宽度对离心泵外场噪声辐射的影响。结果表明,离心泵叶片通过频率处的辐射声功率随着叶轮出口宽度的增大而增大;叶轮出口宽度存在一个合适的取值范围,使得各流量工况下外场噪声声压级较小;综合考虑离心泵能量性能与外场噪声,叶轮出口宽度为10 mm时,离心泵综合性能较优。研究结果可为低振动低噪声离心泵的水力优化设计提供参考。     

Acoustic determination of air-filled porosity and relative air permeability of soils

Two acoustic techniques for determining the air-filled porosity and air permeability of soil surfaces, and the near-surface variation of these properties with depth, have been applied to several soils in situ. The techniques depend upon an inversion process using data on sound propagation near to the soil surface and through the soil surface. The measured difference in acoustic spectra received by two vertically separated microphones above the ground surface and by probe microphones beneath the surface were matched theoretically to deduce the porosity of air-filled connected pores and an effective air permeability which depends on pore shape and size distribution. This modified permeability parameter and the acoustically deduced porosity varied realistically with surface sealing and compaction. The acoustically deduced porosities were within 10% of those obtained conventionally. Changes in acoustically deduced parameters occurred with changes in moisture content both in soil bin and field experiments. The acoustic techniques were successful in monitoring surface sealing and near-surface layering on a fine scale.     

Simulating transport of E. coli derived from faeces of grazing livestock using the macro model

Abstract. Coliforms such as Escherichia coli and E. coli O157 are present in faeces deposited on the ground by grazing livestock, which gives rise to environmental concerns about the consequences of their transport in soil water draining to rivers, lakes, groundwater, water supplies and bathing waters. Following a similar study in relation to slurry spreading (Soil Use and Management 2003; 19, 321–330), a two‐stage approach was adopted to using the dual‐porosity contaminant transport model macro to simulate processes by which E. coli microorganisms from grazing livestock (sheep) pass through the soil to receiving waters via field drains. First, model parameter values were selected to reproduce experimental measurements showing rapid flows of the organisms by macropore flow without trapping in smaller pores. However, because of the large number of parameters and likely experimental errors, the set of values chosen, although plausible, is not necessarily unique and so any predictions should be considered provisional pending validation. Second, a series of predictive simulations was carried out to test the influence of soil and weather conditions on losses to field drains during grazing. These showed that E. coli losses were influenced almost entirely by the soil water content at the time of grazing, rising to a high level during grazing in wet conditions, but low or zero under dry conditions. In contrast, rainfall at the time of grazing had almost no consistent effect, other than large losses on the occasional days with over 20 mm of rain. Overall losses for a period of grazing were generally small during summer, but rose to a high level if grazing continued into autumn, due to the increase in soil water content. This demonstrates that there would probably be substantial reductions in the environmental risks of water pollution by E. coli and other faecal microorganisms if continuous grazing were stopped around early September and replaced by grazing on dry days only.     

Non‐invasive characterization of pore‐related and elastic properties of soils in linear Biot–Stoll theory using acoustic‐to‐seismic coupling

Soil structure, moisture content and strength have profound effects on plant growth. Traditional methods for monitoring soil condition are invasive and therefore may affect the samples of interest. We have demonstrated the potential of a non‐invasive measurement technique for the in situ monitoring of soil physical properties in the field. When soils are regarded as porous and elastic media, sub‐surface wave propagation can be indicative of the soil status. Such propagation can be initiated by airborne sound through acoustic‐to‐seismic (A–S) coupling. Measurements of near‐surface sound pressure and acoustically induced soil particle motion can be exploited to estimate the pore‐related and elastic properties of soils. We have conducted laboratory measurements on dry and wet sand and field measurements on an arable soil growing wheat using a compression driver, microphones and a laser Doppler vibrometer. The excitation levels were chosen so as to reduce the influence of soil non‐linearity while still yielding sufficient signal‐to‐noise ratios. Measured data were compared with model predictions based on wave propagation in layered homogeneous isotropic poro‐elastic media described by linear Biot‐Stoll theory. Soil properties were estimated through an optimization process minimizing the differences between the measurements and predictions. Latin hypercube sampling was adopted to ensure uniform seeding for optimization throughout the multi‐dimensional search space. The fitted soil characteristics are air permeability, porosity, P‐/S‐wave speeds (related to bulk and rigidity moduli) and a loss factor. Layer depth was also estimated for multi‐layered samples. The current work has demonstrated that soil can be characterized non‐invasively by using A–S coupling. It is also shown that field soils can be represented adequately by multiple homogeneous layers.     

叶片数对离心泵振动噪声性能的影响

叶片数是离心泵的主要几何参数之一。为研究叶片数对离心泵振动噪声性能的影响,以比转速为97的离心泵为例,对比了不同叶片数下的水力和振动噪声性能,并采用FEM\BEM声振耦合计算方法对流动激励下的振动及其声辐射噪声进行了数值模拟,同时与试验数据进行对比分析。结果表明:提出的数值模拟方法可用于预测泵的流动诱导振动和声辐射性能,且在模拟中考虑口环泄漏的影响能够提高计算精度,有口环方案预测得到的振幅较无口环方案的预测精度提高了13.5%。随着叶片数的增加,扬程和轴功率均逐渐增大,最大增幅分别为15.9%和14.1%;效率随叶片数的增加呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势。离心泵蜗壳的压力脉动幅值随叶片数的减小而增大。由于叶轮蜗壳动静干涉的作用,蜗壳隔舌处、第1到第2断面间和扩压管壁面等3个区域的压力脉动幅值相对较高。随着叶片数的减少,蜗壳壁面的振动位移有所增大,最大位移主要发生蜗壳第8断面处。振动速度随着叶片数的增大后减小,与振动位移的规律有一定的差异,振动高速区主要集中在隔舌、蜗壳的第4与第6断面之间和靠近扩压管的第8断面处。设计工况下,泵在叶频对应的声压级和声强随着叶片数的增加先增大后减小,高声压级区域主要出现在泵出口附近的高振动速度引起的垂直方向。综合考虑水力和振动噪声性能,确定该模型泵的最佳叶片数为6。