牛诱导性多能干细胞向心肌细胞的诱导分化

【目的】研究牛诱导性多能干细胞(Bovine induced pluripotent stem cells,biPSCs)向心肌细胞的分化能力。【方法】将biPSCs悬浮培养制备类胚体,采用类胚体介导体外自由分化与定向诱导分化(添加RA、DMSO和RA+DMSO3种诱导物)的方法,使biPSCs在体外分化,比较了biPSCs在3种不同心肌诱导条件下定向分化为心肌细胞的诱导效率;分别提取biPSCs、类胚体及不同诱导体系分化细胞的总RNA,用RT-PCR检测心肌细胞发育标志基因的表达。【结果】biPSCs在悬浮条件下培养7d,能够形成典型球形和囊腔样类胚体。类胚体再贴壁培养7d,经过免疫细胞化学检测,贴壁细胞大量分化为α-actin阳性的心肌样细胞。在体外诱导分化体系中,RA+DMSO共同诱导的效率较RA和DMSO单独诱导显著增高(P0.05)。RT-PCR结果显示,各组分化后的细胞中心肌细胞发育特异性基因ACTA2与GATA4均有高水平表达。【结论】biPSCs在体外悬浮培养能够形成类胚体,类胚体贴壁培养后可以分化为α-actin阳性的心肌样细胞;分化形成的心肌样细胞均表达心肌特异性基因。     

牛iPSCs向神经细胞的诱导分化

【目的】通过类胚体介导体外自由分化与诱导分化,验证所建立的牛诱导性多能干细胞(Bovine induced pluripotent stem cells,biPSCs)能否分化为外胚层的神经细胞。【方法】将biPSCs悬浮培养以制备类胚体,通过类胚体介导使biPSCs在添加全反式维甲酸(RA)和β巯基乙醇(β-Me)诱导体系中分化为神经细胞,比较其诱导效率;提取不同诱导体系的分化细胞与类胚体的总RNA,利用RT-PCR方法鉴定分化细胞中神经细胞特异性基因的表达。【结果】培养的biPSCs集落呈球形,中央隆起,周围界限清晰,与胚胎干细胞集落形态类似。biPSCs碱性磷酸酶(AP)染色为阳性,并表达SSEA-4干细胞特异性表面蛋白。biPSCs通过类胚体介导分化,在未添加化学诱导物的条件下,可自由分化为Nestin、GFAP与NSE阳性神经细胞,其阳性细胞率分别为(15.14±1.13)%,(6.25±0.35)%和(5.45±0.62)%;biPSCs在RA诱导组中分化的神经细胞的数量最多,诱导后表达Nestin、GFAP和NSE细胞的阳性率分别为(49.56±2.33)%,(16.58±1.28)%和(13.66±2.21)%;在β-Me诱导组中,表达Nestin的阳性细胞率为(42.23±1.25)%。2个诱导组的诱导效率与无化学诱导物组有显著差异(P0.05)。RT-PCR检测结果显示,不同诱导体系获得的分化细胞均能扩增到神经细胞特异性基因Nestin和βⅢ-Tubulin片段,产物长度与预期结果完全一致。【结论】biPSCs在体外具有向神经细胞发育的能力;RA是诱导biPSCs向神经细胞分化的良好诱导物。     

MicroRNA在多能干细胞的表达与功能

具有自我更新能力和多向分化潜能的胚胎干(ES)细胞及诱导多能干(iPS)细胞在再生医学领域有着巨大的应用潜力。目前获得多能干细胞的效率依然偏低,与干性获得及维持相关的调控机制尚不十分明确,严重制约了多能干细胞的进一步研究与应用。近年的研究表明,microRNAs(miRNAs)不仅在ES细胞增殖分化、维持多能性方面具有重要的调控作用,在诱导体细胞形成iPS细胞的过程中也扮演着重要角色。有关miRNAs在ES细胞以及iPS细胞的表达与调控研究的新进展,为多能干细胞的进一步研究提供了新思路与新方法。本文侧重就miRNAs在ES细胞和iPS细胞的表达及其在细胞增殖分化、干性维持等方面的功能进行综述,以供相关研究参考。     

成年昆明小鼠雄性生殖干细胞的分离培养及其多能性研究

【目的】从成年昆明小鼠睾丸组织中分离具有多能性的雄性生殖干细胞(Male germline stem cells,mGSCs)。【方法】采用机械法和2步酶消化法分离出成年昆明小鼠的精原细胞,经差速贴壁后,培养在小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞(MEF)饲养层上,2周后得到类胚胎干细胞(ESCs)样mGSCs。对得到的mGSCs进行碱性磷酸酶(AP)染色、免疫荧光染色、RT-PCR、体内分化等检测。【结果】mGSCs具有类似ESCs的形态和多能性,AP染色呈阳性,免疫荧光Oct4、Vasa染色呈阳性,RT-PCR检测其表达Oct4、Nanog、Sox2等多能性基因和Vasa、C-kit等生殖细胞的标记基因,在免疫缺陷鼠体内能形成畸胎瘤,组织学检测其可形成包括3个胚层在内的多种类型细胞。【结论】从成年昆明小鼠睾丸分离的精原细胞,在体外培养去分化形成了具有类ESCs生物学特性的mGSCs,mGSCs既具有多能性,也具有生殖细胞的基本生物学特性。     

Progress,problems and prospects of porcine pluripotent stem cells

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced PSCs (iPSCs), can differentiate into cells of the three germ layers, suggesting that PSCs have great potential for basic developmental biology research and wide applications for clinical medicine. Genuine ESCs and iPSCs have been derived from mice and rats, but not from livestock such as the pig—an ideal animal model for studying human disease and regenerative medicine due to similarities with human physiologic processes. Efforts to derive porcine ESCs and iPSCs have not yielded high-quality PSCs that can produce chimeras with germline transmission. Thus, exploration of the unique porcine gene regulation network of preimplantation embryonic development may permit optimization of in vitro culture systems for raising porcine PSCs. Here we summarize the recent progress in porcine PSC generation as well as the problems encountered during this progress and we depict prospects for generating porcine naive PSCs.     

Porcine pluripotent stem cells: progress,challenges and prospects

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are characterized by their capacity for high self-renewal and multiple differentiation potential and include embryonic stem cells, embryonic germ cells and induced PSCs. PSCs provide a very suitable model for the studies of human diseases, drugs screening, regenerative medicine and developmental biology research. Pigs are considered as an ideal model for preclinical development of human xenotransplantation, therapeutic approaches and regenerative medicine because of their size and physiological similarity to humans. However, lack of knowledge about the derivation, characterization and pluripotency mechanisms of porcine PSCs hinders progress in these biotechnologies. In this review, we discuss the latest progress on porcine PSCs generation, evaluation criteria for pluripotency, the scientific and technical questions arising from these studies. We also introduce our perspectives on porcine PSC research, in the hope of providing new ideas for generating naive porcine PSCs and animal breeding.     

多能干细胞来源的肝细胞诱导分化及其应用研究进展

胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)和诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)是一类具有多能性和自我更新能力的多能干细胞,这些细胞具有无限增殖能力,并有潜能分化为机体三胚层所有类型的细胞。多能干细胞来源的肝细胞能够作为肝细胞的替代物应用于体外药物筛选和肝脏疾病的治疗。文章对多能干细胞向肝细胞的诱导研究、多能性干细胞来源肝细胞的鉴定方案研究及其在药物筛选和疾病治疗方面的研究进行了综述分析,并对未来的研究方向进行了总结与展望。     

Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells

Somatic cell nuclear transfer allows trans-acting factors present in the mammalian oocyte to reprogram somatic cell nuclei to an undifferentiated state. We show that four factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28) are sufficient to reprogram human somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells that exhibit the essential characteristics of embryonic stem (ES) cells. These induced pluripotent human stem cells have normal karyotypes, express telomerase activity, express cell surface markers and genes that characterize human ES cells, and maintain the developmental potential to differentiate into advanced derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Such induced pluripotent human cell lines should be useful in the production of new disease models and in drug development, as well as for applications in transplantation medicine, once technical limitations (for example, mutation through viral integration) are eliminated.     

猪胚胎干细胞的分离培养

收集26-27d的猪胚胎分离原始生殖细胞(Primordial germ cells，PGCs)，培养在STO细胞饲养层上生长，形成EG细胞。EG细胞具有干细胞所具有的显著特性，形态，多能性和种系的延续，AKP染色阳性，并能在体外分化；分别将PGCs用三种不同的培养基培养，在形成EG细胞集落的数量和EG细胞分化上有着明显的差距，说明血清的质量和浓度以及细胞因子对干细胞的生成和增殖有着重要的作用。     

BMP4在诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向生殖细胞分化中的作用

为了探讨骨形态发生蛋白4(bone morphogenetic protein 4,BMP4)在诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)向生殖细胞分化中的作用,将全骨髓培养法获取小鼠BMSCs,在含10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)的DMEM培养液中培养传代;取生长状态良好的第三代(P3)BMSCs,分别添加不同浓度(5、10、20、40和80ng·mL~(-1))的BMP4作为实验组,未添加BMP4为对照组。4d后,MTT法和台盼蓝染色检测细胞的增殖率和存活率,实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测生殖细胞阶段特异性基因(Oct4、Dazl、Fragilis、Mvh、Nobox、Stella、Stra8和Gdf9)的表达。结果发现,BMP4浓度为5~20 ng·mL~(-1)时细胞存活率和增殖率最高;BMP4浓度为20 ng·mL~(-1)组Mvh、Fragilis、Oct-4、Dazl及Stella表达水平最高,均显著高于对照组(P0.05);Nobox表达水平则在BMP4浓度40ng·mL~(-1)组最高,且各浓度组均显著高于对照组(P0.05);各浓度BMP4组Stra8和Gdf9的表达水平均与对照组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。此结果提示,BMP4浓度在20 ng·mL~(-1)时,BMSCs的存活率、增殖率及原始生殖细胞特异性基因的表达最高;BMP4在诱导间充质干细胞向生殖细胞分化过程中起重要作用。     

Clonogenic neoblasts are pluripotent adult stem cells that underlie planarian regeneration

Pluripotent cells in the embryo can generate all cell types, but lineage-restricted cells are generally thought to replenish adult tissues. Planarians are flatworms and regenerate from tiny body fragments, a process requiring a population of proliferating cells (neoblasts). Whether regeneration is accomplished by pluripotent cells or by the collective activity of multiple lineage-restricted cell types is unknown. We used ionizing radiation and single-cell transplantation to identify neoblasts that can form large descendant-cell colonies in vivo. These clonogenic neoblasts (cNeoblasts) produce cells that differentiate into neuronal, intestinal, and other known postmitotic cell types and are distributed throughout the body. Single transplanted cNeoblasts restored regeneration in lethally irradiated hosts. We conclude that broadly distributed, adult pluripotent stem cells underlie the remarkable regenerative abilities of planarians.     

Reprogramming of the pig primordial germ cells into pluripotent stem cells: a brief review

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are regarded as unipotent cells that can produce only either spermatogonia or oocytes. However, PGCs can be converted into the pluripotent state by first dedifferentiation to embryonic germ cells and then by reprogramming to induce them to become pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These two stages can be completely implemented with mouse cells. However, authentic porcine iPSCs have not been established. Here, we discuss recent advances in the stem cell field for obtaining iPSCs from PGCs. This knowledge will provide some clues which will contribute to the regulation of reprogramming to pluripotency in farm species.     

Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells

Continuation of mammalian species requires the formation and development of the sexually dimorphic germ cells. Cultured embryonic stem cells are generally considered pluripotent rather than totipotent because of the failure to detect germline cells under differentiating conditions. Here we show that mouse embryonic stem cells in culture can develop into oogonia that enter meiosis, recruit adjacent cells to form follicle-like structures, and later develop into blastocysts. Oogenesis in culture should contribute to various areas, including nuclear transfer and manipulation of the germ line, and advance studies on fertility treatment and germ and somatic cell interaction and differentiation.     

Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells

Mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells were isolated with the use of a variety of phenotypic markers. These cells can proliferate and differentiate with approximately unit efficiency into myelomonocytic cells, B cells, or T cells. Thirty of these cells are sufficient to save 50 percent of lethally irradiated mice, and to reconstitute all blood cell types in the survivors.     

The past,present and future of bovine pluripotent stem cells: a brief overview

Although the pursuit of bovine embryonic stem cells started more than 26 years ago for the purpose of gene-targeting, true pluripotent stem cells in this economically important species are still elusive. With the rapid advances in genome-editing and cloning using homologously recombined somatic cells, the need for pluripotent stem cells for precise genetic modification in any species became questionable. With the pig being the better model for human regenerative biology, the identification of the commonalities and uniqueness of the pluripotency circuitry across mammalian species may be the main objective for studying pluripotent stem cells in the bovine.     

小鼠胚胎干细胞转染条件的优化

【目的】对小鼠胚胎干细胞(mESCs)转染条件进行优化。【方法】分别将0.5×105,1×105,2×105,4×105个细胞接种24孔板(各细胞量均接种2孔),培养48h在其细胞融合度分别为30%,50%,70%,90%左右时,分别设置相同的(0.8μgDNA/2μL脂质体)和不同的DNA/脂质体用量(DNA量(μg)/Lipo量(μL)分别为0.4/1,0.8/2,1.6/4,3.2/8),采用脂质体(LipofectamineTM2000)转染法,将pEGFP-N1报告基因载体转染到mESCs中,48h后通过荧光观察和流式分析检测各组EGFP荧光强度,比较转染效率。【结果】在质粒及脂质体用量相同(0.8μgDNA/2.0μL脂质体)的条件下,随着细胞融合度的增加,EGFP荧光强度逐渐减弱,在细胞融合度为30%,50%,70%,90%左右时转染,各组EGFP阳性细胞率分别为56.4%,51.8%,40.8%和23.3%。提高转染质粒及脂质体量可在一定程度上提高转染效率,但脂质体的细胞毒性也随之增加,不利于细胞生长。【结论】低融合度(30%～50%)条件下,使用0.8μgDNA/2.0μL脂质体对mESCs进行转染,可获得较高的转染效率(50%),同时可维持良好的细胞状态。