The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates

Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.     

土著知识研究状况

1 土著知识研究课题的概况 本文所述的土著知识研究课题是指由云南省农业科学院(YAAS)与国际植物遗传资源研究所(International Plant Genetic Resource Institute，IPGRI)、云南省农民专业技术协会(YFSTA)合作，在IP-GRI资助下开展的研究课题。该课题始于1996年10月，当初的主要目的是研究创办土著知识杂志的可行性，而创办土著知识杂志的目的则是研究收集、传播和保护农民所拥有的土著知识的有效模式。在科学技术迅猛发展、全球经济一体化、信息网络化……     

物种多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究现状

目前,对于氮磷添加对物种多样性和生态功能关系的影响研究结果结论不一,本文通 过对国内外研究氮磷添加对物种多样性和生态系统功能及其两者间关系的影响进行总结:氮磷 共同作用会显著降低群落物种多样性,磷对群落物种多样性没有显著的影响;不同环境下氮磷 添加对植物生产力影响不同;物种多样性与生态系统功能间关系研究结论不统一,应结合环境 因子和研究尺度等多因素分析。     

杭州市土地招标拍卖状况定量分析

以杭州市土地招标拍卖地块为案例,运用SPSS for Windows软件进行分析,从地价资金等值计算、房价地价比重、地块大小与地价、楼面地价与升值空间等四个方面分析土地升值空间,以引导房地产开发理性发展.     

走向卓越：从国际顶尖期刊看中国生命科学研究的发展动态

为跟踪中国生命科学领域的发展动态,以"自然指数"期刊论文为分析对象,从发文趋势、领域分布、机构贡献3个方面揭示中国生命科学研究的发展动态,研究结果表明：1）中国生命科学研究能力在持续提升,主要科技发达国家顶尖论文产出力在下降;2）中国生命科学研究形成"会聚"式发展,学科多点突破、交叉融合的趋势,CRISPR/Cas9和RNA-Seq等前沿技术得到快速应用;3）中国科学院及其直属单位集中了中国生命科学的优势科研力量,国内高校科研团队在不断成长,在个别学科领域上形成了各自的比较优势。最后,对中国生命科学研究发展存在的问题进行了讨论。     

The impact of the pull of the recent on the history of marine diversity

Up to 50% of the increase in marine animal biodiversity through the Cenozoic at the genus level has been attributed to a sampling bias termed "the Pull of the Recent," the extension of stratigraphic ranges of fossil taxa by the relatively complete sampling of the Recent biota. However, 906 of 958 living genera and subgenera of bivalve mollusks having a fossil record occur in the Pliocene or Pleistocene. The Pull of the Recent thus accounts for only 5% of the Cenozoic increase in bivalve diversity, a major component of the marine record, suggesting that the diversity increase is likely to be a genuine biological pattern.     

The world's technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information

We estimated the world's technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information, tracking 60 analog and digital technologies during the period from 1986 to 2007. In 2007, humankind was able to store 2.9 × 10(20) optimally compressed bytes, communicate almost 2 × 10(21) bytes, and carry out 6.4 × 10(18) instructions per second on general-purpose computers. General-purpose computing capacity grew at an annual rate of 58%. The world's capacity for bidirectional telecommunication grew at 28% per year, closely followed by the increase in globally stored information (23%). Humankind's capacity for unidirectional information diffusion through broadcasting channels has experienced comparatively modest annual growth (6%). Telecommunication has been dominated by digital technologies since 1990 (99.9% in digital format in 2007), and the majority of our technological memory has been in digital format since the early 2000s (94% digital in 2007).     

Phanerozoic trends in the global diversity of marine invertebrates

It has previously been thought that there was a steep Cretaceous and Cenozoic radiation of marine invertebrates. This pattern can be replicated with a new data set of fossil occurrences representing 3.5 million specimens, but only when older analytical protocols are used. Moreover, analyses that employ sampling standardization and more robust counting methods show a modest rise in diversity with no clear trend after the mid-Cretaceous. Globally, locally, and at both high and low latitudes, diversity was less than twice as high in the Neogene as in the mid-Paleozoic. The ratio of global to local richness has changed little, and a latitudinal diversity gradient was present in the early Paleozoic.     

The anatomy of the world's largest extinct rodent

Phoberomys is reported to be the largest rodent that ever existed, although it has been known only from isolated teeth and fragmentary postcranial bones. An exceptionally complete skeleton of Phoberomys pattersoni was discovered in a rich locality of fossil vertebrates in the Upper Miocene of Venezuela. Reliable body mass estimates yield approximately 700 kilograms, more than 10 times the mass of the largest living rodent, the capybara. With Phoberomys, Rodentia becomes one of the mammalian orders with the largest size range, second only to diprotodontian marsupials. Several postcranial features support an evolutionary relationship of Phoberomys with pakaranas from the South American rodent radiation. The associated fossil fauna is diverse and suggests that Phoberomys lived in marginal lagoons and wetlands.     

我国耕地边际化研究现状与展望

为评述耕地边际化相关研究进展,研究首先应用CiteSpace文献计量分析软件,分别以“边际化”、“耕地+边际化”、“土地+边际化”、“农地+边际化”以及“cultivated land marginalization”、“cultivated land abandonment”为关键词,分别检索中国知网期刊论文数据库及Web of Science期刊论文数据库,获得154篇中文文献及427篇英文文献;基于获得的文献,采用文献计量统计分析法和文献综述法,通过“定义-分类-驱动机制-监测方式-影响评价”框架进行系统分析。结果表明：耕地边际化是指耕地粮食作物生产能力下降,表现形式有撂荒、耕地非粮化和生态退耕;耕地边际化监测与评价包括入户调查、统计分析、文献荟萃分析和遥感提取,如何融合宏观监测与微观驱动进行分析是未来的重要方向;现有研究普遍关注耕地边际化对粮食安全的负面影响,需对其综合影响机制进行探讨;耕地边际化的驱动机制与影响具有较大的空间异质性。后续研究应关注多因素多场景下的分区化治理方式。     

瘤胃古菌的多样性研究进展

反刍动物瘤胃内由古茼驱动的甲烷生成不仅消耗了6%～10%的日粮能量摄入,而且生成甲烷气体是重要的温室效应气体.在全球气候变化的背景下,瘤胃古茵甲烷代谢调控成为关系畜牧业可持续性发展的重要课题.全面认识瘤胃中古菌多样性是寻找广谱、长效的瘤胃产甲烷调控方法的基础.通过对公共数据库中收录的3 112条瘤胃古茵16S rRNA基因序列进行分类和多样性预测分析,发现现有的古茵特异性引物与一些古菌种属的16S rRNA基因序列之间存在许多错配.瘤胃古茵群落在种属水平上的多样性较低,甲烷短杆茵(Methanobrevibacter)占到总数的70.1%,嗜酸球茵(Picrophilus)和甲烷球形茵(Methanosphaera)分别占13.5%和5.8%.瘤胃产甲烷古菌群落的组成也因受到宿主类型、日粮和环境等多重因素的影响而表现出较大的差异.这些结果拟为寻找一种高效、广谱的瘤胃古菌产甲烷活性的调控方法提供依据.     

我国海洋渔业安全生产状况分析

搜集了国内外有关海洋渔业安全生产事故的资料,结合实地的调查,从事故的数量、类型等方面分析了目前我国的海洋渔业安全生产事故状况,并通过与国内其他行业、国外同行业的比较,认为目前我国海洋渔业安全生产形势严峻,渔民死亡率较高,主要原因有:渔民的总体素质下降;渔船的适航状态差;渔港状况与安全生产现状不相符;渔场范围缩小;管理体制和手段落后、管理力量不足;资源恶化;数据统计不完全、不统一等。最后对如何改善海洋渔业安全生产状况提出了几个建议:(1)完善渔业安全法律法规体系;(2)优化渔民结构;(3)提高渔船质量;(4)加强渔港的监督管理与建设;(5)加强渔业事故的统计与分析;(6)建立合理高效的救援体系。     

我国海洋渔业安全生产状况分析

搜集了国内外有关海洋渔业安全生产事故的资料,结合实地的调查,从事故的数量、类型等方面分析了目前我国的海洋渔业安全生产事故状况,并通过与国内其他行业、国外同行业的比较,认为目前我国海洋渔业安全生产形势严峻,渔民死亡率较高,主要原因有:渔民的总体素质下降;渔船的适航状态差;渔港状况与安全生产现状不相符;渔场范围缩小;管理体制和手段落后、管理力量不足;资源恶化;数据统计不完全、不统一等。最后对如何改善海洋渔业安全生产状况提出了几个建议:(1)完善渔业安全法律法规体系;(2)优化渔民结构;(3)提高渔船质量;(4)加强渔港的监督管理与建设;(5)加强渔业事故的统计与分析;(6)建立合理高效的救援体系。     

农村学龄儿童膳食多样性与营养状况关联性

为了解中国农村学龄儿童膳食多样性与以年龄别体质指数Z评分衡量的多种营养不良形式之间的关系,利用中国5省(市、自治区)12 508名农村学生的微观截面数据,建立多元线性回归模型和Probit模型进行系数估计;以性别、年龄、膳食多样性评分(Dietary diversity score,DDS)水平划分亚组分析组间差异性,并探究用于构建DDS的具体食物组对营养状况的可能影响。结果表明:1)提高农村学龄儿童膳食多样性水平能够降低其营养不良风险,此影响具有组间异质性;提高低DDS水平亚组的膳食多样性,有助于降低营养不足率;提高中高DDS水平学生的膳食多样性,有助于降低超重肥胖风险;2)提高膳食多样性对降低超重肥胖风险的作用在女生和9~11岁学生中表现更为显著。据此,建议在进一步推进营养改善计划时,加强对学生照料人和营养配餐单位的营养健康教育,丰富学生膳食大类和细类的多样性水平;并在制定学龄儿童营养改善政策时,更多关注女孩和学龄初期儿童。     

山西太岳山典型森林物种多样性和功能多样性关系研究

[目的]物种多样性(SD)和功能多样性(FD)在解释生态系统功能上发挥着越来越重要的作用。为探究不同群落层次(乔木、灌木、草本)SD-FD关系以及影响SD-FD的主要因子。[方法]对太岳山华北落叶松白桦混交林以及辽东栎次生林SD和FD进行研究。[结果]不同林分、不同群落层次间SD-FD关系存在差异,华北落叶松白桦混交林内乔木层中SD与FD表现为显著正相关关系,辽东栎次生林乔木层的SD与FD无显著相关关系,而2种林分的灌木层与草本层SD与FD均呈现显著负相关;SD-FD的关系取决于物种均匀度(J_w)、物种丰富度(S)以及种间性状差异(d_(ij))对FD、SD的综合影响,当SD-FD正相关时,3个因子与FD/SD有显著正相关关系,并且d_(ij)的解释力最大,当SD-FD负相关时,J_w、S与FD/SD呈负相关关系,d_(ij)与FD/SD正相关,并且各因子解释力大小表现为J_wSd_(ij)。[结论]本文为森林生态系统多样性与稳定性研究以及森林经营管理提供了理论依据。