遥感在物种多样性监测中的应用

迅速发展的遥感技术由于能够在不同时空尺度上提供物种分布变化等信息,正逐渐成为监测陆地和海洋生态系统的重要工具,在生物多样性保护领域发挥着举足轻重的作用。遥感用于监测生物多样性分为直接监测和间接监测,直接监测是利用机载或星载遥感直接对动、植物物种进行分类制图研究,间接监测主要依据生境异质性、生产力空间异质性和环境参数变化估计物种丰度和分布情况。直接监测和间接监测各有优缺点,为获取物种分布形式及变化的准确信息,应将二者有机结合,从而为设计有效的物种保护战略提供科学依据。     

Mammalian evolution and the great american interchange

A reciprocal and apparently symmetrical interchange of land mammals between North and South America began about 3 million years ago, after the appearance of the Panamanian land bridge. The number of families of land mammals in South America rose from 32 before the interchange to 39 after it began, and then back to 35 at present. An equivalent number of families experienced a comparable rise and decline in North America during the same interval. These changes in diversity are predicted by the MacArthur-Wilson species equilibrium theory. The greater number of North American genera (24) initially entering South America than the reverse (12) is predicted by the proportions of reservoir genera on the two continents. However, a later imbalance caused by secondary immigrants (those which evolved from initial immigrants) is not expected from equilibrium theory.     

Population size does not influence mitochondrial genetic diversity in animals

Within-species genetic diversity is thought to reflect population size, history, ecology, and ability to adapt. Using a comprehensive collection of polymorphism data sets covering approximately 3000 animal species, we show that the widely used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker does not reflect species abundance or ecology: mtDNA diversity is not higher in invertebrates than in vertebrates, in marine than in terrestrial species, or in small than in large organisms. Nuclear loci, in contrast, fit these intuitive expectations. The unexpected mitochondrial diversity distribution is explained by recurrent adaptive evolution, challenging the neutral theory of molecular evolution and questioning the relevance of mtDNA in biodiversity and conservation studies.     

广元市退耕还林区林下物种多样性分析

为探讨不同植被恢复方式对植物多样性的影响,对嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区不同植被恢复类型的物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明：不同植被恢复方式作用下群落中的物种组成不同、各物种的重要值也不一样（表2、3）;各群落物种数及多样性指数差异较大（表4）;人工植被恢复有利于群落维持较高的物种多样性;在退耕还林中确定合理的栽植密度和营造混交林可使林分形成良好的乔、灌、草立体结构.     

Beyond predictions: biodiversity conservation in a changing climate

Climate change is predicted to become a major threat to biodiversity in the 21st century, but accurate predictions and effective solutions have proved difficult to formulate. Alarming predictions have come from a rather narrow methodological base, but a new, integrated science of climate-change biodiversity assessment is emerging, based on multiple sources and approaches. Drawing on evidence from paleoecological observations, recent phenological and microevolutionary responses, experiments, and computational models, we review the insights that different approaches bring to anticipating and managing the biodiversity consequences of climate change, including the extent of species' natural resilience. We introduce a framework that uses information from different sources to identify vulnerability and to support the design of conservation responses. Although much of the information reviewed is on species, our framework and conclusions are also applicable to ecosystems, habitats, ecological communities, and genetic diversity, whether terrestrial, marine, or fresh water.     

广州南沙区河涌沿岸植物景观特征及其与人类活动的关系

为了解河涌沿岸植被特征及其与人类活动的关系,选取广州市南沙区4条河涌作为研究对象,对河涌沿岸的农业景观、工业景观和村落景观3种类型河段的植物景观特征进行了分析。结果表明:①河涌沿岸植物共计有70科126属144种,其中农业景观河段有45科51属58种,工业景观河段有25科33属40种,村落景观河段有64科119属130种。②河涌沿岸各景观类型河段植物区系分布均以广义热带成分为主,占比均达80%以上,符合所在区域气候特点。③植物功能需求差异和人为利用方式差异,导致不同景观类型河段的优势植物组成产生差异。农业景观河段,食用型果树表现出显著优势;工业景观河段,防护植物和城市绿化植物占有优势;村落景观河段,食用型果树和观赏型植物表现出显著优势。④3种景观类型河段植物多样性特征存在差异,植物丰富度、多样性和均匀度从高到低均为村落景观河段、农业景观河段、工业景观河段。⑤道路建设活动与农业景观河段乔木丰富度呈负相关。建筑物构造活动对各景观类型河段的植物多样性特征具有积极影响,其中对农业景观河段的影响体现在乔木的多样性上,对工业景观河段的影响体现在灌木的丰富度、多样性和均匀度上,对村落景观河段的影响体现在乔木和灌木的丰富度、多样性上。     

植物园在生物多样性保护中的作用

该文从物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态系统多样性三个方面论述了植物园在生物多样性保护中的作用和对策．植物园把搜集和保存植物多样性作为首要任务,全国已保存了１８０００余种和品种,特别是在珍稀濒危植物保护方面做出了很大贡献,共迁地保存了３００种以上的植物．同时还应注意保护动物、微生物多样性,维持它们在生态系统中的作用．在保护遗传多样性方面,植物园引种应挑选个体差异大的植株和不同生态型的植株,以获得最大的遗传基因资源,同时应积极开展各种育种工作,创造新的遗传资源．植物园在建园时应尽量保存原有植被,利用各种条件,模拟自然,创造多样性的人工生态群落,发挥其最佳生态功能．     

Global mammal conservation: what must we manage?

We present a global conservation analysis for an entire "flagship" taxon, land mammals. A combination of rarity, anthropogenic impacts, and political endemism has put about a quarter of terrestrial mammal species, and a larger fraction of their populations, at risk of extinction. A new global database and complementarity analysis for selecting priority areas for conservation shows that approximately 11% of Earth's land surface should be managed for conservation to preserve at least 10% of terrestrial mammal geographic ranges. Different approaches, from protection (or establishment) of reserves to countryside biogeographic enhancement of human-dominated landscapes, will be required to approach this minimal goal.     

浙江江山市植物多样性保护与建设规划

通过对江山市植物多样性水平与保护现状的分析,提出了江郎山、仙霞、龙井坑、须江流域、碗窑水库、西山等地为城市生物多样性保护重要区域,全市23种国家级保护植物、18种省级保护植物以及生长于受人为严重干扰破坏的特殊生境中、个体数量稀少的物种为重点保护植物物种。并以此为框架开展了城市古树名木保护、植被类型保护、公园绿地植物群落构建、植物引种等领域探讨。     

汶川震区典型区不同受损阶段群落多样性特征——以北川县为例

为了解汶川地震灾区典型区域不同受损阶段群落特征,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了北川县苏保河和魏家沟流域4种植被类型（灾后恢复草地、受损林地、裸地、未受损林地）群落种类组成、垂直结构、多样性等特征。结果表明:不同受损阶段群落在物种组成、物种数量、群落分层等方面差异显著;灾后恢复草地草本层Simpson指数和Shannon Wienner指数最大,Pielou均匀度指数则以裸地最大;灌木层及乔木层多样性指数均以未受损林地最大;总体多样性指数则表现为未受损林地受损林地灾后恢复草地裸地。基于以上分析结果,本文得出地震灾区植物生长条件严重衰退,在植被恢复过程中应采用人工辅助方式,增大其物种多样性及恢复潜力。      

Global biodiversity,biochemical kinetics,and the energetic-equivalence rule

The latitudinal gradient of increasing biodiversity from poles to equator is one of the most prominent but least understood features of life on Earth. Here we show that species diversity can be predicted from the biochemical kinetics of metabolism. We first demonstrate that the average energy flux of populations is temperature invariant. We then derive a model that quantitatively predicts how species diversity increases with environmental temperature. Predictions are supported by data for terrestrial, freshwater, and marine taxa along latitudinal and elevational gradients. These results establish a thermodynamic basis for the regulation of species diversity and the organization of ecological communities.     

太原市城区绿地植物物种多样性研究

【目的】调查太原市城区绿地植物物种的多样性,为太原市城市绿地的规划建设和植物物种多样性的保护与利用提供科学依据。【方法】采用群落生态学的调查方法,调查太原城区绿地植物的组成、构成要素及垂直结构等,运用重要值、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数综合评价绿地植物的物种多样性。【结果】太原城区绿地共有维管束植物83科243属402种,主要分布在蔷薇科、菊科、豆科及杨柳科,且以引进种略多于本地种,栽培植物种类远多于野生植物种类;垂直结构以乔灌草型和乔草型居多,二者的丰富度指数、均匀度指数及Shannon-Wiener指数较高;不同功能绿地中,森林公园、附属绿地、龙潭公园和玉门河公园的植物物种多样性指数均较高。【结论】太原城区绿地植物物种多样性水平一般,需加大力度丰富和保护植物物种多样性。     

陆川猪种群线粒体DNA遗传多样性研究

利用线粒体控制区(mtDNA D-loop)5’端564 bp的片段,对6个陆川猪种群共74个个体的遗传多样性进行研究。在74个序列中共发现20个变异位点,产生7个单倍型,其中1个为优势单倍型。总的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.530和0.00326,表明陆川猪种群遗传多样性偏低。6个种群中,仁厚镇福绵种群的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性较高,乌石镇种群单倍型和核苷酸多样性均较低。将优势单倍型H1与已报道的其他21个中国地方猪种的mtDNA D-loop序列进行系统进化分析,结果显示陆川猪和属于华中型的宁乡猪、大花白猪有更近的亲缘关系,但与传统上同属华南型的香猪和滇南小耳猪的遗传关系较远。     

低浓度除草剂对植物及土壤线虫群落的影响

农业生态系统中低浓度除草剂的生态风险值得关注。本研究选取中国北方休耕地为研究样地,采用大田随机区组设计,喷施低于大田推荐剂量的莠去津或苯磺隆以模拟飘散的低浓度除草剂,处理30 d后对比各样地中植物和土壤线虫群落特征。结果表明:大田推荐剂量及低于大田推荐剂量的莠去津(1 200、600、300 g·hm-2,以有效成分计)或苯磺隆(22.5、11.25、5.63 g·hm-2,以有效成分计)处理样地中,相对于空白样地植物群落物种组成改变,植物群落多样性指数和丰富度指数显著降低,均匀度指数无显著变化。1 200、600、300 g·hm-2(以有效成分计)的莠去津或22.5、11.25、5.63 g·hm-2(以有效成分计)的苯磺隆处理样地中,相对于空白样地土壤线虫群落组成和稀有属组成改变,稀有属数量减少,而线虫群落多样性指数、生活史多样性指数和营养类群多样性指数无显著变化。低于大田推荐剂量的两种除草剂对于植物群落的影响大于大田推荐剂量除草剂的影响,同样增加土壤环境胁迫压力。实际生产中,从农田飘散出的低浓度除草剂对周边半自然生境中生物多样性的影响值得防控。     

Species distributions, land values, and efficient conservation

Efforts at species conservation in the United States have tended to be opportunistic and uncoordinated. Recently, however, ecologists and economists have begun to develop more systematic approaches. Here, the problem of efficiently allocating scarce conservation resources in the selection of sites for biological reserves is addressed. With the use of county-level data on land prices and the incidence of endangered species, it is shown that accounting for heterogeneity in land prices results in a substantial increase in efficiency in terms of either the cost of achieving a fixed coverage of species or the coverage attained from a fixed budget.     

安徽清凉峰国家级自然保护区鸟兽生物多样性调查

[目的]了解安徽清凉峰国家级自然保护区鸟兽生物多样性状况。[方法]2015年12月至2016年3月,利用红外相机技术对安徽清凉峰国家级自然保护区进行鸟兽生物多样性调查。[结果]鉴定出鸟兽6目11科15种(兽类9种,鸟类6种),其中白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)、黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)为国家I级重点保护动物,白鹇(Lophura nythemera)、勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)、鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)为国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物。相对丰富度指数较高的兽类依次为北社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)、华南兔(Lepus sinensis)、小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)等;相对丰富度指数较高的鸟类依次为白鹇(L.nythemera)、大山雀(Parus major)、勺鸡(P.macrolopha)等。核心区红外相机所拍摄的物种数显著多于缓冲区。[结论]研究可为进一步开展长期监测工作和野生动物资源保护提供科学依据。     

The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems

Climate change challenges organisms to adapt or move to track changes in environments in space and time. We used two measures of thermal shifts from analyses of global temperatures over the past 50 years to describe the pace of climate change that species should track: the velocity of climate change (geographic shifts of isotherms over time) and the shift in seasonal timing of temperatures. Both measures are higher in the ocean than on land at some latitudes, despite slower ocean warming. These indices give a complex mosaic of predicted range shifts and phenology changes that deviate from simple poleward migration and earlier springs or later falls. They also emphasize potential conservation concerns, because areas of high marine biodiversity often have greater velocities of climate change and seasonal shifts.     

宁夏吴忠黄河国家湿地公园春季鸟类多样性调查

[目的]了解宁夏吴忠国家湿地公园春季鸟类物种多样性和不同生态功能区的分布特点。[方法]采用样线法和样点法相结合的方法,于2016年1—4月对宁夏吴忠黄河国家湿地公园的鸟类多样性进行了调查,分析了吴忠黄河国家湿地公园鸟类多样性的组成以及区系类型。[结果]共记录到鸟类42种,隶属10目15科,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类2种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类5种。鸟类物种数和物种多样性指数与区域面积呈正相关,而鸟类密度与面积没有明显的相关性;湿地保育区和湿地体验区鸟类物种数和数量最多,鸟类多样性也最高,应重点保护和合理开发。[结论]研究结果可为黄河国家湿地公园湿地生态保护以及吴忠市城市建设和生态资源保护提供基础资料。     

官厅水库上游典型植物措施特性及在侵蚀性降雨下的水沙效应分析

为了研究官厅水库上游地区水土保持典型植物措施的减水减沙效益,选取5个标准样地,通过分析该地区侵蚀性降雨特性和植物多样性程度,研究不同典型植物措施的减水减沙效益随雨量、雨强和时间的变化,并评估不同植被盖度对径流深、产沙量的影响,得出在官厅水库上游布设水土保持典型植物措施的有效方法。结果表明:1)草坡盖度越高减水减沙效益越好,在大暴雨和特大暴雨条件下时效果明显,但盖度在45%~60%的草坡即可以达到水土保持典型植物措施的有效盖度,因此这一盖度适宜在北京山区范围内推广。灌草结合可在减少径流和泥沙方面达到较好效果,在官厅水库上游布设较草坡安全。2)合理的植被群落配置可以增强该群落自身对不良环境的抵抗力,其中多样性程度是关键,可促进坡面植被的盖度和稳定性保持在一定水平。保证植物盖度的同时,多样性程度越高,其退化速度越慢,从而可以保证植物的盖度和正常生理活动,减少径流和泥沙的产生。在进行水土保持植物措施的布设时,需要考虑到植物种类的多样性,将盖度与多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数作为布设措施时需要考虑的因素,并逐年进行补植。该研究为比较相应措施的水土保持效益打下基础,从而为北京山区生态安全的研究提供一定理论基础。      

黄土丘陵区不同干扰方式对退耕弃荒地植被恢复的影响

以黄土丘陵区安塞县为研究对象,选择了3种不同干扰方式退耕弃荒地,研究了不同干扰样地植物群落组成、群落结构、物种多样性和地上生物量特征,分析了不同干扰方式对退耕弃荒地植被恢复的影响。结果表明,随干扰强度增大,一年生草本植物所占比例增加,草本和灌木种类均减少;封育措施增加了物种多样性,灌木层已经形成天然灌草地的雏形;3种干扰方式样地地上部分生物量表现为封育样地>撂荒地>放牧样地,封育样地具有向天然地带性群落演替的迹象。