An experiment in earthquake control at rangely, colorado

An experiment in an oil field at Rangely, Colorado, has demonstrated the feasibility of earthquake control. Variations in seismicity were produced by controlled variations in the fluid pressure in a seismically active zone. Precise earthquake locations revealed that the earthquakes clustered about a fault trending through a zone of high pore pressure produced by secondary recovery operations. Laboratory measurements of the frictional properties of the reservoir rocks and an in situ stress measurement made near the earthquake zone were used to predict the fluid pressure required to trigger earthquakes on preexisting fractures. Fluid pressure was controlled by alternately injecting and recovering water from wells that penetrated the seismic zone. Fluid pressure was monitored in observation wells, and a computer model of the reservoir was used to infer the fluid pressure distributions in the vicinity of the injection wells. The results of this experiment confirm the predicted effect of fluid pressure on earthquake activity and indicate that earthquakes can be controlled wherever we can control the fluid pressure in a fault zone.     

Deep earthquakes beneath mount st. Helens: evidence for magmatic gas transport?

Small-magnitude earthquakes began beneath Mount St. Helens 40 days before the eruption of 20 March 1982. Unlike earlier preeruption seismicity for this volcano, which had been limited to shallow events (less than 3 kilometers), many of these earthquakes were deep (between 5 and 11 kilometers). The location of these preeruptive events at such depth indicates that a larger volume of the volcanic system was affected prior to the 20 March eruption than prior to any of the earlier dome-building eruptions. The depth-time relation between the deep earthquakes and the explosive onset of the eruption is compatible with the upward migration of magmatic gas released from a separate deep reservoir.     

Mantle fault zone beneath Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii

Relocations and focal mechanism analyses of deep earthquakes (>/=13 kilometers) at Kilauea volcano demonstrate that seismicity is focused on an active fault zone at 30-kilometer depth, with seaward slip on a low-angle plane, and other smaller, distinct fault zones. The earthquakes we have analyzed predominantly reflect tectonic faulting in the brittle lithosphere rather than magma movement associated with volcanic activity. The tectonic earthquakes may be induced on preexisting faults by stresses of magmatic origin, although background stresses from volcano loading and lithospheric flexure may also contribute.     

Linking petrology and seismology at an active volcano

Many active volcanoes exhibit changes in seismicity, ground deformation, and gas emissions, which in some instances arise from magma movement in the crust before eruption. An enduring challenge in volcano monitoring is interpreting signs of unrest in terms of the causal subterranean magmatic processes. We examined over 300 zoned orthopyroxene crystals from the 1980-1986 eruption of Mount St. Helens that record pulsatory intrusions of new magma and volatiles into an existing larger reservoir before the eruption occurred. Diffusion chronometry applied to orthopyroxene crystal rims shows that episodes of magma intrusion correlate temporally with recorded seismicity, providing evidence that some seismic events are related to magma intrusion. These time scales are commensurate with monitoring signals at restless volcanoes, thus improving our ability to forecast volcanic eruptions by using petrology.     

Controls on geyser periodicity

Geyser eruption frequency is not constant over time and has been shown to vary with small (相似文献   

Andesitic Volcanism and Seismicity around the Pacific

Circum-Pacific andesites, with associated basalts and dacites, are erupted from linear island arcs and marginal continental ranges whose ocean-side borders coincide approximately with the continent-side boundaries of belts of shallow seismicity that parallel adjacent trenches. The lines of active volcanoes stand above elongate subcrustal regions delineated by the intersection of inclined Benioff seismic zones and the subhorizontal Gutenberg low-velocity zone. Close correlation between content of potash in erupted lavas and vertical depth to the Benioff zone suggests that andesitic volcanism has its origins in the mantle where magmas are generated by events associated with earthquakes of intermediate focal depth.     

Slow earthquakes coincident with episodic tremors and slow slip events

We report on the very-low-frequency earthquakes occurring in the transition zone of the subducting plate interface along the Nankai subduction zone in southwest Japan. Seismic waves generated by very-low-frequency earthquakes with seismic moment magnitudes of 3.1 to 3.5 predominantly show a long period of about 20 seconds. The seismicity of very-low-frequency earthquakes accompanies and migrates with the activity of deep low-frequency tremors and slow slip events. The coincidence of these three phenomena improves the detection and characterization of slow earthquakes, which are thought to increase the stress on updip megathrust earthquake rupture zones.     

Seismotectonics of mid-ocean ridge propagation in Hess Deep

Hydroacoustic data from the eastern equatorial Pacific reveal low-magnitude seismicity concentrated at the propagating tip of the Galapagos Rise in Hess Deep. The patterns of seismicity and faulting are similar to those observed in the process zone of laboratory-scale propagating tensile cracks. Because the fracture energy required for propagation scales with crack length and process zone size, it follows that ridges can propagate stably in the brittle crust without exceptional resisting forces as proposed by previous models based on linear elastic fracture mechanics.     

Seismicity remotely triggered by the magnitude 7.3 landers, california, earthquake

The magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992 triggered a remarkably sudden and widespread increase in earthquake activity across much of the western United States. The triggered earthquakes, which occurred at distances up to 1250 kilometers (17 source dimensions) from the Landers mainshock, were confined to areas of persistent seismicity and strike-slip to normal faulting. Many of the triggered areas also are sites of geothermal and recent volcanic activity. Static stress changes calculated for elastic models of the earthquake appear to be too small to have caused the triggering. The most promising explanations involve nonlinear interactions between large dynamic strains accompanying seismic waves from the mainshock and crustal fluids (perhaps including crustal magma).     

依据瞬时频率的木材损伤过程声发射信号辨识

针对木材损伤断裂过程中声发射(AE)信号识别的问题,提出一种基于瞬时频率的AE信号辨识方法。首先,采用三点弯曲的方式对马尾松试件做损伤试验,利用采样频率为500 kHz的4通道NI USB-6366采集卡收集原始AE信号。然后,通过小波分析的方法对采集的原始信号降噪处理,并对降噪后的信号进行频率分析,再根据频率范围及产生原因的不同定义了两类AE信号。最后,通过Hilbert变换分别获得两类AE信号的瞬时频率,并统计两类AE事件频率。试验结果表明,基于瞬时频率统计的AE事件频率能够客观反映试件的应力水平,同时,木材损伤过程中主要产生断裂AE和变形AE信号,且断裂AE信号的频率范围明显高于变形AE信号的频率范围。     

Abnormal p-wave delays in the geysers--clear lake geothermal area, california

Large teleseismic delays, exceeding 1 second, are found near Mount Hannah in the Clear Lake volcanic field and in the steam-production area at The Geysers. The delays are superimposed on a general delay field of about 0.5 second extending over the volcanic rocks and the steam reservoir. It is postulated that a magma chamber under the surface volcanic rocks with a core of severely molten rock beneath Mount Hannah and a highly fractured steam reservoir probably underlain by partially molten rock at The Geysers are responsible for the observed delays. Both zones extend to depths of 20 kilometers or more.     

Stishovite at the cretaceous-tertiary boundary, raton, new Mexico

Stishovite, a dense phase of silica, has become widely accepted as an indicator of terrestrial impact events. Stishovite occurs at several impact structures but has not been found at volcanic sites. Solid-state silicon-29 magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (silicon-29 MAS NMR) and X-ray diffraction of samples from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary layer at Raton, New Mexico, indicate that stishovite occurs in crystalline mineral grains. Stishovite was indicated by a single, sharp resonance with a chemical shift value of -191.3 ppm, characteristic of silicon in octahedral coordination, that disappeared after heating the sample at 850 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. An X-ray diffraction pattern of HF residuals from the unheated sample displayed more than 120 peaks, most of which correspond to quartz, zircon, rutile, and anatase. Eight unambiguous weak to moderate reflections could be ascribed to d-spacings characteristic of stishovite.     

贵州草海上覆水与沉积物中砷的分布特征及扩散通量估算

对草海不同区域沉积物上覆水及孔隙水、附近河流和雨水中砷的含量与分布特征进行了分析,并利用一维孔隙水扩散模型估算了砷在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量。结果表明:草海出口砷含量为1.59μg·L~(-1),明显高于流入草海的水体端元(平均值0.32μg·L~(-1))和雨水(0.37μg·L~(-1))中砷浓度;草海上覆水中砷的空间分布表现为挺水植物区(2.99~3.45μg·L~(-1))沉水植物区(1.79~2.34μg·L~(-1)),垂直分布上无明显变化,挺水植物区上覆水体中的砷以As(Ⅲ)(H_3AsO_3)形态存在,沉水植物区上覆水体中的砷以As(Ⅴ)(HAsO~(2-)_4)形态存在;而沉积物和孔隙水中总砷含量垂直方向上波动较大,规律与上覆水相似,均表现为挺水植物区沉水植物区,其中挺水植物区沉积物砷含量为19.86~36.45 mg·kg~(-1),平均值27.84 mg·kg~(-1),沉水植物区沉积物砷含量为13.05~32.32 mg·kg~(-1),平均值19.79 mg·kg~(-1);草海挺水植物区和沉水植物区三处取样点在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量分别为73.84μg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和18.99、11.45μg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),均表现为沉积物孔隙水中的砷向上覆水释放,揭示沉积物可能是草海水体中砷重要的输入源。     

High pore fluid pressure may cause silent slip in the Nankai Trough

Silent-slip events have been detected at several subduction zones, but the cause of these events is unknown. Using seismic imaging, we detected a cause of the Tokai silent slip, which occurred at a presumed fault zone of a great earthquake. The seismic image that we obtained shows a zone of high pore fluid pressure in the subducted oceanic crust located down-dip of a subducted ridge. We propose that these structures effectively extend a region of conditionally stable slips and consequently generate the silent slip.     

Role of shallow phase changes in the subduction of oceanic crust

Detailed studies of the seismicity of several subduction zones demonstrate that shallow-dipping thrust zones turn to steeper angles at depths of about 40 kilometers. An increased downward body force resulting from shallow phase changes in subducted oceanic crust may be the cause of this increased dip angle. In addition, the volume reduction associated with phase changes may produce sufficiently large stresses in neighboring rocks to cause the seismicity of the upper Benioff zone.     

辽宁省浅层地下水含水岩性的遥感解译

利用陆地卫星TM资料,对辽宁省浅层地下水含水岩性进行遥感解译。结果表明：辽宁地区分布有松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水、碎屑岩类裂隙孔隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水4个含水岩组。松散岩类孔隙水主要分布在辽河平原及山间河谷地带;碎屑岩类裂隙孔隙水和碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水分布在辽西、辽东山区和辽南沿海地区;基岩裂隙水主要分布在西部、东部大面积丘陵山区。另外,还进行了浅层地下水补充、径流、排泄及流向的遥感解译。     

Tree-Temperature Monitoring for Frost Protection of Orchards in Semi-Arid Regions Using Sprinkler Irrigation

Automated over-tree sprinkler irrigation systems were developed and tested in two orchards located in two separate locations in southern Iran （a 0.17 ha peach orchard and a 0.24 ha orange orchard） to protect peach blossoms and orange trees leaves and fruits from low temperature damage. The experiment used a system that monitored the trees and air temperatures using two thermistors. The water application rate by the irrigation system was determined by an energy balance as implemented by the software FROSTPRO, In the peach orchard, the system was tested during three frost events during the spring of 2003 and three other events during the spring of 2004. The system successfully kept peach flowers above the critical temperature, i.e., -4.0℃ in spring 2004 （control block -4.12℃, and sprinkled block ＋0.5℃） during all events. Similar results were obtained in the orange orchard during three frost events in the winter of 2004, during which the tree temperatures were at least 2.5℃ above the critical temperature. Results from field tests show that the system can effectively protect the peach blossoms from damage. Determination done after the frost events showed a 12% blossom kill in the sprinkled blocks while in the unsprinkled control block a 41.5% blossom kill. Calculations indicated that when using variable application rates, the amount of water used can be reduced by 54.3%. Spatial distribution of minimum temperatures during the three frosts was also studied in Jahrom, Iran. Results showed a significant temperature control in the experimental block, especially in the central part of the orchard, but the block margins （about 3.6% of the total area） were at the risk of low temperature due to the wind drift effects.     

Chloride-bearing materials in the southern highlands of Mars

Chlorides commonly precipitate during the evaporation of surface water or groundwater and during volcanic outgassing. Spectrally distinct surface deposits consistent with chloride-bearing materials have been identified and mapped using data from the 2001 Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System. These deposits are found throughout regions of low albedo in the southern highlands of Mars. Geomorphologic evidence from orbiting imagery reveals these deposits to be light-toned relative to their surroundings and to be polygonally fractured. The deposits are small (< approximately 25 km(2)) but globally widespread, occurring in middle to late Noachian terrains with a few occurrences in early Hesperian terrains. The identification of chlorides in the ancient southern highlands suggests that near-surface water was available and widespread in early Martian history.     

Plate tectonics 2.5 billion years ago: evidence at kolar, South India

The Archean Kolar Schist Belt, south India, is a suture zone where two gneiss terranes and at least two amphibolite terranes with distinct histories were accrted. Amphibolites from the eastern and western sides of the schist belt have distinct incompatible element and isotopic characteristics sugesting that their volcanic protoliths were derived from dint mantle sources. The amphibolite and gneiss terranes were juxtaposed by horizontal compression and shearing between 2530 and 2420 million years ago (Ma) along a zone marked by the Kolar Schist Belt. This history of accretion of discrete crustal terranes resembles those of Phanerozoic convergent margins and thus suggests that plate tectonics operated on Earth by 2500 Ma.     

Rapid intraplate strain accumulation in the new madrid seismic zone

Remeasurement of a triangulation network in the southern part of the New Madrid seismic zone with the Global Positioning System has revealed rapid crustal strain accumulation since the 1950s. This area experienced three large (moment magnitudes >8) earthquakes in 1811 to 1812. The orientation and sense of shear is consistent with right-lateral strike slip motion along a northeast-trending fault zone (as indicated by current seismicity). Detection of crustal strain accumulation may be a useful discriminant for identifying areas where potentially damaging intraplate earthquakes may occur despite the absence of large earthquakes during historic time.