松突圆蚧和枯斑拟盘多毛孢在马尾松林复合危害的时空动态

松突圆蚧和枯斑拟盘多毛孢都是目前危害马尾松松针的重要林业有害生物,二者的复合危害加重了马尾松松林的衰败,是值得重点关注和研究的现象。通过野外系统定位调查研究了松突圆蚧和枯斑拟盘多毛孢在马尾松松针上复合危害的时空格局,结果表明:在松突圆蚧危害的针叶中,约有50%被松突圆蚧和枯斑拟盘多毛孢产生复合,是一种典型的共寄生现象;在6-10月松突圆蚧种群低谷期,复合危害的针叶中松突圆蚧的总虫口密度、活虫密度及其有活虫针叶的比例均显著大于非复合危害针叶;说明在松突圆蚧入侵的松林中,两者复合危害的现象较为普遍,且有利于加剧松突圆蚧的危害和提高该虫的生境适应性。这一结果对揭示松突圆蚧入侵和暴发机制,完善松突圆蚧的治理措施具有重要意义。     

角蜡蚧形态及生物学特性的研究

角蜡蚧Ceroplastes ceriferus Anderson又称角蜡虫、白蜡蚧,属同翅目蚧总科蜡蚧科,是茶树上一种主要蚧虫。国内主要分布在浙江、安徽、四川、江苏、江西、福建、湖南、湖北、台湾、广东、贵州、云南、山东、河北、河南、陕西等省区。除为害茶树     

茶椰圆蚧若虫空间分布型及抽样技术

茶椰圆蚧又名椰圆盾蚧、琉璃圆蚧、木瓜介壳虫等，属同翅目盾蚧科。最早发生于印度洋沿岸，包括亚洲和非洲的部分国家，是椰树和香蕉树的主要害虫。在我国，主要分布于包括台湾省在内的沿海各省和地区，寄主广泛。在茶树上，广泛分布于长江以南的茶区。为进一步研究其防治技术准确预报其发生情况，本文对茶椰圆蚧若虫空间分布型及抽样技术作了研究和探讨。     

北仑茶链蚧的研究

宁波市北仑区畜牧场太白山茶场,海拔250～420米,茶园面积146亩,单产150公斤,所产茶叶品质优良。1982年,发现一种蚧虫危害,部份茶树出现芽叶萎黄、枝条枯死等情况。1983年此虫蔓延,为害达32亩,当年春茶减产约100担。为保护茶叶生产,减少损失,我们对此虫开展了形态特征、生活习性、消长规律及防治措施等研究。1987年5月,经中国科学院上海昆虫所杨平澜教授、胡金林先生鉴定,确认为链蚧科链蚧属中的一新种,取名:北仑茶链蚧Asteroleca-     

扶桑绵粉蚧寄主植物种类调查及危害研究

为了查明扶桑绵粉蚧的寄主种类,为防治扶桑绵粉蚧提供技术支持,2011～2012,对长沙地区扶桑绵粉蚧寄主种类及危害情况进行了调查。结果表明：寄主种类共有16科22种,危害程度以茄科和锦葵科最为严重;此外,扶桑绵粉蚧在不同寄主上的种群发生情况和成活率亦不相同。     

进境台湾水果可能携带蚧虫种类

自2005年5月祖国大陆扩大开放台湾水果进入大陆市场已近十年。通过收集整理相关文献资料,整理了柑橘、芒果、香蕉、莲雾、木瓜、番石榴、菠萝等经国家质检总局批准可以输入大陆的23种水果可能携带蚧虫的情况,然后根据蚧虫的中文名称、学名、分类地位、寄主果实等项目编制进境台湾水果可能携带的蚧虫种类共147种。     

长白蚧玻管预测法

长白蚧是我国华东、中南茶区的主要害虫之一。以若虫和雌成虫常年附着在茶树枝干上,吸取汁液进行危害,造成茶树衰弱,叶片脱落,以至枯死,严重影响产量。长白蚧随虫龄增大,介壳逐渐加厚,发育为成虫时要被上白色腊壳和褐色盾壳,给药剂防治带来     

茶蛇眼蚧

蛇眼蚧Pseudaonidia duplex Cockerell,又名樟盾蚧、樟园虫,属同翅目,盾蚧科。一、为害状况蛇眼蚧在镇海县茶区发生普遍,为害严重,该介壳虫系固定在枝叶上,以一根细长针状口器,吸取茶树汁液为害,茶树被害后提早衰老,枝干枯死,叶片脱落,甚至整丛死去,严重影响生产。二、形态特征     

茶垫囊绵蚧的初步观察

茶垫囊绵蚧Pulvinaria psidi Mask属同翅目蚧科(Coccidae)。一九七七年在湖南洞口县茶铺茶场发现某些采摘茶园点片发生。有关该虫在茶树上发生为害的情况,尚未见资料报道。一九七七、七八两年我们对其形态特征、生活习性作了初步观察,现将观察结果叙述如下: 一、为害情况茶垫囊绵蚧主要以若虫密布在茶树中下部     

中华松干蚧的发生对油松生长量的影响及防治指标研究

[目的]确定中华松干蚧的发生对油松生长量的影响。[方法]2014—2018年对豫西地区中华松干蚧的发生量和油松生长量进行系统调查,根据调查样株胸径计算立木材积,根据防治成本和防治效果,按照经济允许危害水平和经济阈值,分析确定若虫危害期防治指标。[结果]当虫口密度达到250～300头/百束针叶时,油松材积生长量显著下降,进一步分析后确定,中华松干蚧2龄若虫期（主要危害虫期）理论防治指标为220.5头/百束针叶。[结论]该研究确定了中华松干蚧2龄若虫期的防治指标,对生产实践具有指导意义。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.