6%井冈霉素A·蛇床子素可湿性粉剂防治水稻纹枯病试验

试验了6%井冈霉素A.蛇床子素可湿性粉剂等4种不同药剂或不同浓度的处理对水稻纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,6%井冈霉素A.蛇床子素可湿性粉剂对水稻纹枯病防效十分显著,浓度60 g/667 m2的防效达86.11%,适合在水稻生产上推广应用。     

环烷基磺酰胺类化合物对拟轮枝镰孢菌抑制作用及伏马菌素生物合成基因表达的影响

采用菌丝生长速率法,以噁霉灵原药为对照药剂,从62种环烷基磺酰胺类化合物中筛选出436、MSQ8和WML-1等3种对拟轮枝镰孢菌菌丝生长有明显抑制作用的化合物,其EC_(50)分别为11.42μg/mL、20.85μg/mL和33.76μg/mL,高于或接近于对照药剂噁霉灵的EC_(50)(20.77μg/mL)。对拟轮枝镰孢菌分生孢子萌发抑制进行试验,结果表明,化合物WML-1、MSQ8和436的EC_(50)分别为165.25μg/mL、185.12μg/mL和274.46μg/mL,均低于对照药剂噁霉灵的EC_(50)(65.81μg/mL)。qRT-PCR结果表明,3种药剂处理后对伏马菌素的生物合成基因表达无明显影响。     

几种杀菌剂防治水稻纹枯病试验研究

对12%苯醚甲.井冈霉素可湿性粉剂等5种杀菌剂及其不同浓度与用药次数防治水稻纹枯病效果进行了试验。结果表明,12%苯醚甲.井冈霉素A可湿性粉剂40 g/667 m2对水稻纹枯病防效较好,校正防效达76.14%。     

大黄和肉桂乙醇提取液对人参病原菌抑菌活性研究

为对人参的病害进行生物防治,选用大黄和肉桂的乙醇提取液对人参枯萎病、立枯病、根腐病的抑菌活性进行研究.结果表明:药剂浓度为50μg/mL肉桂对枯萎病抑菌率为100％,药剂浓度为50μg/mL大黄和药剂浓度12.5μg/mL以上的肉桂对立枯病的抑菌率为100％,药剂浓度为50μg/mL肉桂和大黄对根腐病的抑菌率为80％左...     

绿茶和白茶中茶多酚提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性比较

通过正交试验优化绿茶和白茶中茶多酚提取工艺,采用羟基自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力评价其抗氧化活性.结果表明:绿茶中的茶多酚最佳提取工艺为超声温度60℃、料液比为1:50 g/mL、乙醇浓度70％、超声时间110 min,提取率为19.68％;白茶中的茶多酚最佳提取工艺为超声温度70℃、料液比为1:60 g/mL、乙醇浓度80％、超声时间90 min,提取率12.07％.对羟基自由基的IC50值为:绿茶76.76μg/mL、白茶101.29μg/mL、Vc 145.17μg/mL;对DPPH自由基的IC50值为:绿茶47.53μg/mL、白茶69.55μg/mL、Vc 156.12μg/mL.两种茶均具有很强的抗氧化活性,且绿茶强于白茶.     

紫外光的照射与绿缰菌对多菌灵敏感性变化的关系

为了探明紫外光的照射与绿僵菌对多菌灵的敏感性变化的关系,首先进行了绿僵菌对多菌灵的敏感性测定。结果表明,所有供试野生型菌株的MIC均小于5.0μg/mL,EC50为1.658￣1.853μg/mL。紫外光对绿僵菌分生孢子照射后的结果表明,各菌株均出现了抗性菌落,突变率为2×10-6￣7×10-5,且这些抗性突变体能在600μg/mL下缓慢生长,EC50在245.47￣302.00μg/mL,其抗性至少比野生型菌株(<5.0μg/mL)高120倍。抗性突变体经再次的紫外光照射后,均回复突变成野生型菌株的敏感状态,在多菌灵5.0g/mL的PPDA培养基中均不能生长。表明了由紫外光诱导的绿僵菌抗性突变体在有紫外光的环境中其抗性是不稳定的。     

金龟子绿僵菌对多菌灵的室内抗药突变体的诱导及其抗药性

紫外线(UV)照射金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)MA4菌株后,从中分离筛选到高抗多菌灵(MBC)的突变菌株。对其中部分突变菌株的抗药稳定性分析,突变菌株MA4-1在无多菌灵培养基中继代培养10代后,仍然能在600μg/mL的多菌灵浓度下生长,而菌株MA4只能在0.5μg/mL多菌灵浓度下生长。结果表明:突变菌株MA4-1抗多菌灵浓度提高了1200倍,且抗药性稳定。方差分析结果表明:菌株MA4与突变菌株MA4-1,MA4-2,MA4-3的几丁质酶活力不存在显著差异。     

防治大豆疫霉根腐病的药剂筛选

采用实验室测定和温室盆栽方法研究了8种杀菌剂对大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)菌丝生长和繁殖的影响及它们对大豆疫霉根腐病的接种防治效果。结果表明,50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、97%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂和58%甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂对大豆疫霉菌的菌丝生长和繁殖具有很好的抑制作用,该3种药剂能够明显抑制菌丝生长,抑制中浓度(EC50)值依次为0.1208μg/mL、0.1563μg/mL和0.3603μg/mL。浓度为10.0μg/mL时,对孢子囊形成和萌发的抑制率均为100%,对卵孢子形成抑制率分别为64.5%、59.5%和55.0%。接种防治试验结果显示,以上3种药剂喷药后7d防效依次为73.4%、68.8%和60.5%,其余的5种杀菌剂防治效果相对较差。     

羧基化壳寡糖络合碘（CCOS-I）对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制作用及机理初讨

为明确羧基化壳寡糖络合碘（CCOS-I）对水稻纹枯病的防治作用，以 20%井冈霉素可湿性粉剂为对照药剂，测定 CCOS-I 对水稻纹枯病菌的室内抑菌效果和田间防效，以及对超氧化物歧化酶（superoxidedismutase，SOD）、叶片过氧化物酶（peroridase，POD）、多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase，PPO）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia-lyase，PAL）和 β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（β-1,3-glucanase）等相关防御酶活性的影响。结果表明：羧基化壳寡糖络合碘对该病菌抑制效果明显，经室内毒力测定，其 EC50 值 12.22 mg/L，明显高于对照药剂 20%井冈霉素粉剂。田间药效试验结果表明，在水稻第 3 次用药后 14 d，100 g/hm2 的羧基化壳寡糖络合碘防效达到 80.66%，与井冈霉素有效剂量 150 g/hm2 的效果相当，优于同剂量井冈霉素处理。CCOS-I 在试验剂量范围内对水稻纹枯病有很好的防治作用，且对水稻生长无任何药害现在发生，可以诱导水稻相关防御酶活性提高，适用于水稻纹枯病的防治，具有一定的开发推广价值。     

枇杷细胞悬浮培养生产熊果酸的调控

以枇杷悬浮培养细胞的生长量及熊果酸（UA）的含量为考察指标,从蔗糖浓度、装液量、pH值、接种量、温度、光照强度、摇床转速、激素等开展培养参数的筛选。结果表明：接种量8 g/100 mL,pH6.0,蔗糖30 g/L,25 ℃,白炽灯400 lx,转速130 r/min,装液量130 mL/250 mL,MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L,15 d收获,细胞鲜重是起始的3.577倍,UA含量为34.993 mg/g DW,是自然界枇杷叶的约3.5倍。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.