毛乌素沙地花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)根围AM真菌生态学研究

2007年5月、8月和10月在鄂尔多斯沙地草地生态研究站定点采集花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)根围土样,系统研究了AM真菌的时空异质性及其与土壤因子的关系.结果表明:花棒能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系.菌根类型为Ⅰ-型;AM真菌孢子密度随土壤深度增加而下降,最大孢子密度出现在10月份的0～10cm 土层,最大定殖率出现在10月份10～20cm土层;孢子密度与泡囊定殖率呈极显著正相关;土壤有机质、速效氮和脲酶活性均与孢予密度呈极显著正相关,与菌丝定殖率、泡囊定殖率和总定殖率呈显著正相关;pH值与丛枝定殖事、菌丝定殖率和总定殖率呈极显著负相关;蛋白酶活性与丛枝定殖率呈显著正相关.AM真菌与土壤因子的高相关性,说明丛枝菌根不同结构定殖程度和孢子密度可作为沙生土壤环境状况评估的有效指标.     

关中西部葛藤(Puerraria)根区AM真菌分布与定殖

分析陕西武功的药葛、粉葛和菜葛3个葛藤品种（Puerraria lobata）根区AM真菌的空间分布和定殖情况,以了解AM真菌分布和定殖与土壤因子间的相关性。结果表明：AM真菌定殖和空间分布与宿主种类和土壤深度密切相关。同一植物,品种不同AM真菌定殖率也不同,菜葛的总定殖率,泡囊和菌丝定殖率分别高达98．85％,82．79％,95．96％,均高于粉葛与药葛。丛枝定殖率粉葛显著高于药葛;孢子密度药葛高达7．95个/g土,显著高于菜葛和粉葛。AM真菌孢子密度和菌丝,丛枝及总定殖率均在0～10cm土层达到最大值,而其泡囊定殖率最大值则出现在10-20cm土层。葛藤根际土壤有机质与丛枝定殖率呈显著正相关。土壤pH值与总定殖率呈极显著负相关,与菌丝定殖率呈显著负相关。土样中AM真菌多为球囊霉属（Glomus）种类。也有少数无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）和盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）种类,详细情况有待于进一步鉴定。     

毛乌素沙地3种豆科植物根际AM真菌生态分布研究

通过对毛乌素沙地草木樨(Melilotus suaveolens)、胡枝子(Leapedeza bicolor)和沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)等3种豆科植物根际土壤样品和根样的采集和分析,研究了3种植物根际AM真菌的群落组成和生态分布.试验结果表明,在已分离出的3属28种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)种类占绝对优势;3种豆科植物都有较高的AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度,但不同种之间或同一种植物在不同样地之间的AM真菌种类和分布差异显著.AM真菌泡囊定殖率和总定殖率与土壤速效N有显著负相关,其定殖强度可能主要取决于宿主植物和AM真菌的相互选择性.     

河北中部药用植物AM真菌生态学研究

2005年8月和10月,对河北省安国市境内种植的9种药用植物AM真菌侵染状况及与土壤因子的相关性进行了调查分析.结果表明,9种药用植物都能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系,不同药用植物形成菌根的能力不同.形成的菌根包括重楼型(Paris-type)和疆南星型(Arum-type)2种类型.土壤碱解N与丹参和麻山药的孢子密度、北沙参菌丝定殖率和总定殖率呈显著正相关,与紫苑丛枝定殖率呈显著负相关.土壤速效P与丹参丛技定殖率、麻山药泡囊定殖率呈显著正相关,与桔梗孢子密度、白术泡囊定殖率呈显著负相关.土壤有机质与北柴胡孢子密度呈显著负相关.土壤pH与北沙参菌丝定殖率和总定殖率、北柴胡孢子密度呈显著负相关,与北沙参孢子密度呈显著正相关.     

旱生条件下柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌生态学研究

通过从分布于山西、陕西和内蒙古三省区12个样地中的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)根围采集土样和根样,系统研究了柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌种类组成和生态分布.试验结果表明,在已分离鉴定出的12种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)6种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)3种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)1种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种,而摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)是优势菌种. AM真菌能与柠条锦鸡儿形成良好的共生结构,AM真菌平均总定殖率59.98%,平均孢子密度为830.59个/100 g土.不同采样地之间的AM真菌种类和分布差异显著.孢子密度与菌丝和总定殖率呈显著正相关;孢子密度与土壤速效N呈极显著正相关,丛枝定殖率与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,总定殖率和菌丝定殖率与土壤pH呈极显著正相关.     

植物根际细菌HQ1-2的根际定殖与土壤微生态调节及枯萎病防治

为研究植物根际细菌HQ1-2在黄瓜根际定殖能力及对根际土壤微生态和枯萎病的影响,本研究采用稀释涂布平板法测定HQ1-2在黄瓜根际定殖密度,采用对峙试验和孢子萌发试验测定其对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制活性,通过盆栽试验评价其对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果和对黄瓜根际土壤微生态的影响,并对其进行鉴定。结果表明,HQ1-2在黄瓜根系和根际土壤具有稳定的定殖能力,处理12 d时在黄瓜根系和根际土壤分别能保持10⁴和10⁶ cfu/g的定殖密度;HQ1-2处理显著增加黄瓜根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量,减少真菌数量,提高根际土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,增加根际土壤速效氮、磷、钾的含量。在室内试验,HQ1-2对尖孢镰刀菌的菌丝生长、分生孢子形成和孢子萌发均具有显著的抑制作用,在盆栽试验,HQ1-2显著防治黄瓜枯萎病,其防效达到84.62%。另外,根据形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA序列同源性分析,将HQ1-2菌株鉴定为多粘类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa。     

陕北南泥湾湿地农田养分及AM真菌多样性

研究选取南泥湾湿地6种不同作物类别的农田为样地,并设荒野次生林地为对照,分0~10、10~20cm和20~30 cm土层深度采集土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,分析丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌多样性及其孢子密度。结果表明:0~30 cm土层范围,土壤有机质含量为7.54~17.23 g·kg~(-1),蔬菜地有机质含量显著高于其它地类;土壤速效氮含量为12.01~27.10 mg·kg~(-1);土壤速效磷的含量为3.08~9.67 mg·kg~(-1),云杉和林地土壤速效磷的含量显著低于其它地类;土壤速效钾含量为98.61~152.51 mg·kg~(-1);南泥湾农田养分含量偏低,尤其缺乏土壤速效氮和土壤速效磷。试验共分离出3属10种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)6种,占60%;无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)3种,占30%;盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种,占10%。林地AM真菌物种丰度最大,其次是云杉,水稻地AM真菌物种丰度最小。地球囊霉(G.Geosporum)是优势种类,美丽盾巨孢囊霉(Scu.Calospora)属于偶见种,摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)只出现在耕作土壤。不同地类孢子密度差异显著,以0~30 cm土层平均值比较:林地土孢子密度(2.24个·g~(-1))云杉幼苗地土孢子密度(2.18个·g~(-1))谷子地土孢子密度(1.46个·g~(-1))玉米地土孢子密度(1.31个·g~(-1))蔬菜土孢子密度(0.76个·g~(-1))水稻土孢子密度(0.73个·g~(-1))黄豆土孢子密度(0.67个·g~(-1))。     

温湿度及土壤类型对土壤中绿僵菌孢子萌发的影响

平沙绿僵菌Metarhizium pingshaense是一种潜力巨大的生防真菌,绿僵菌能否在土壤环境下快速定殖是有效控制地下害虫的重要条件,而孢子萌发是定殖的第一步。本文研究了土壤温、湿度及竹林土、河滩土和农田土等3种土壤类型对绿僵菌孢子萌发的影响,并利用土壤平板法观察了孢子在土壤中的生活周期。结果表明,土壤温度和湿度对孢子萌发影响显著,土壤类型对孢子萌发影响较小。在供试3个土样中,在最适温、湿度条件下,孢子萌发率均可达到80.0%以上。土壤类型不同,适宜孢子萌发所需的温、湿度不同,竹林土最适温度为25℃,随湿度增加孢子萌发率增加,湿度24%时孢子萌发率最高为80.8%;农田土最适温度为25℃,随湿度增加孢子萌发率降低,湿度6%时孢子萌发率最高为86.5%;河滩土最适温度为30℃,随湿度增加孢子萌发率降低,湿度6%时孢子萌发率最高为80.0%。土壤类型与土壤温、湿度的互作对孢子萌发有显著影响,绿僵菌孢子在25℃、土壤湿度12%条件下,12 h开始萌发产生芽管,24~96 h为营养生长期,120~144 h为生殖生长期,之后开始产孢,168 h即可观察到链状分生孢子。     

用gfp基因标记法研究金龟子绿僵菌在玉米根际的定殖动态

利用草胺磷抗性基因bar为筛选标记,将绿色荧光蛋白基因（gfp）转入载体pbarGPE1,得到了组成性表达载体pGPE-GFP,并转入金龟子绿僵菌RCEF3377,获成功表达。用含有gfp基因的金龟子绿僵菌孢子粉配制种衣剂,对玉米种子包衣。于玉米苗期对根际定殖情况进行定期取样观测。结果表明,与非根际土壤相比,在根际土壤中被标记的绿僵菌带菌量不仅最大,而且在播种后10d数量达最大,20～30d内数量即不再显著变动。相比之下,非根际土壤中的带菌量不仅极显著少于根际土壤,且随时间的延长明显降低;在表层土中的带菌量很低,亦随时间的延长显著降低。表明应用该种衣剂剂型,金龟子绿僵菌孢子在玉米根际有较高活力和定殖效果。     

土壤不同处理对木霉菌定殖及其生防效果的影响

重茬土经施肥改土、高温灭菌后,增施木霉菌的试验结果表明:木霉菌可以在甜瓜根表、根际定殖存活,同时不影响其他有益微生物的正常生长;土壤经高温灭菌后,土壤中的微生物呈真空状态,有利于木霉菌的快速定殖,促进甜瓜生长,降低甜瓜枯萎病的病情指数。甜瓜枯萎病发病率与土壤中镰刀菌孢子的存活量成正相关,与土壤中木霉菌、细菌数量的多少成负相关。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in Asteraceae plants growing in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia

The present research was undertaken to explor the possibility of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) association with Asteraceae plants in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia(Al-Ghat, Buraydah, Thumamah and Huraymila). AM fungal colonization in the roots, spore numbers in the rhizosphere soil, fungal species diversity and correlation between AM properties and soil properties were determined. The highest colonization was in Conyza bonariensis(65%) from Al-Ghat, Anthemis cotula(52%) from Buraydah and C. bonariensis(53%) from Thumamah. The lowest was in Vernonia schimperi(41%) from Al-Ghat, Pulicaria undulata(25%) from Buraydah, Acanthospermum hispidum(34%) from Thumamah, Asteriscus graveolens(22%) and V. schimperi(22%) from Huraymila. Vesicular and arbuscular colonization were also presented in all plant species examined. The number of spores were 112–207 in Al-Ghat, 113–133 in Buraydah, 87–148 in Thumamah and 107–158 in Huraymila. Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum and G. aggregatum were identified. Relative frequency of AM fungal species varied widely and was irrespective of location and plant species. Diversity index varied with the rhizosphere soils of different plant species at various locations. Soil properties varied with locations and no distinct correlations were observed among the soil properties, root colonization and the number of spores. The results of the present study specified the association of AM fungi in different plants of Asteraceae and its significance in the ecological functioning of annual plants in the punitive environments of the rangelands in Saudi Arabia.     

Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with desert ephemeral plants in Gurbantunggut Desert

Previous studies documented that most desert plants can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi,however,little is known about how the dynamics of AM fungi are related to ephemerals in desert ecosystems.The dynamics of AM fungi with desert ephemerals were examined to determine the effects of host plant life stages on the development of AM fungi.Mean colonization of ephemeral annual plants was 45% lower than that of ephemeral perennial plants.The colonizations were much higher in the early part of the growing season than in later parts,peaking at flowering times.The phenology of AM fungi in root systems varied among different ephemerals.The density of AM fungal spores increased with the development of ephemeral annual plants,reached its maximum at flowering times,and then plateaued about 20 days after the aboveground senescence.A significant positive correlation was found between AM fungi spore density and biomass of ephemeral annual plants.The life cycles of AM fungi associated with desert ephemerals were very short,being about 60-70 days.Soil temperature and water content had no direct influence on the development of AM fungal spores.We concluded that the development of AM fungi was in response to desert ephemeral phenology and life history strategy.     

2种沙蒿根围AM真菌时空分异

为阐明荒漠生境中沙生植物根围AM真菌时空分布规律及其与土壤因子的关系,在陕西省榆林市北部沙地设立样地,于2007年4月、7月、10月在密集型克隆植物黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）和白沙蒿（Artemisia sphaero-cephala）根围分0～10 cm,10～20 cm,20～30 cm,30～...     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity are affected by host plant species and soil depth in the Mu Us Desert,northwest China

The vertical diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were investigated in the Mu Us Desert, northwest China. Soils were sampled to 50?cm in depth in the rhizospheres of Hedysarum laeve, Artemisia ordosica, and Psammochloa villosa and 44 AM fungal species belonging to 10 genera were isolated. Several of these species have peculiar morphological features, which are distinct from other habitats. AM fungal diversity and distribution differed significantly among the three host plants and the five soil layers. Spore density, species richness, and the Shannon-Wiener index of AM fungi were 0.55–4.3 spores g^?1 soil, 7–36 and 1.78–2.89, respectively. Spore density and species richness had a significant positive correlation with soil total phosphorus content (0.0377–0.1129?mg?g^?1), and a negative correlation with soil pH (7.19–7.64). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling, PerMANOVA, and structural equation model analysis demonstrated that host plant species and soil depth significantly and directly influenced the structure of AM fungal communities. We concluded that diversity and distribution of AM fungi might be influenced by plant species, soil depth patterns, and soil nutrient availability in desert ecosystems. This research into AM fungal communities may lead to the development of AM fungi treatment for the mitigation of soil erosion and desertification using mycorrhizal plants, such as H. laeve, A. ordosica, and P. villosa.     

Effects of climatic factors on native arbuscular mycorrhizae and Meloidogyne exigua in a Brazilian rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) plantation

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne exigua and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may both occur in the roots of Brazilian rubber trees ( Hevea brasiliensis ). AM fungi may stimulate plant growth whereas nematodes usually reduce it. Variations of native AM fungi and M. exigua populations in soil and roots of rubber trees were studied for one year in a Brazilian plantation. The number of AM spores in the soil was generally greater in the rainy season than in the dry season, although AM colonization of roots was unaffected by season. During the dry season, numbers of juveniles and eggs of M. exigua in roots were lower than in the rainy season. A site without nematodes in the soil or roots showed the greatest numbers of AM spores in soil and highest AM colonization of roots. A negative correlation was observed between the percentage of AM colonization and the number of second-stage juveniles in soil and second-stage juveniles and eggs in roots. Microscope observations revealed (i) tissue specificity for each of the microorganisms in the roots, with a cortical location of mycorrhizae and a mainly vascular cylinder location of nematodes, and (ii) that Gigaspora was the most abundant AM genus in the plantation soil.     

天津滨海盐碱土中VA茵根真菌资源调查研究

对天津盐碱土中植物的VA菌根真菌共生状况进行了研究,结果表明:在9科23种盐生植物中,有19种盐生植物被菌根真菌侵染。所调查植物的VA菌根结构类型与宿主植物类型有关,禾本科(Poaceae)植物为P型菌根,豆科(Leguminosae),菊科(Compositae),柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)等其它科植物均为A型菌根;植物的菌根侵染率和植物本身的特性有关;菌根侵染率和孢子密度显著不相关(P=0.9740,r=0.1841,n=23)。