昆虫信息素在森林害虫综合治理中的应用及前景

综述昆虫信息素在森林害虫综合治理中应用的现状和前景,主要包括昆虫信息素研究的概况和在种群监测以及大量诱杀、交配干扰和驱避防治等综合治理中的应用,并展望了昆虫信息素在内蒙古克什克腾旗的应用前景,为昆虫信息素在克什克腾旗森林害虫综合管理中发挥更大作用提供参考和借鉴。     

自然保护区害虫综合治理对策

对自然保护区森林害虫的综合治理提出了在生态学理论基础上进行虫情监测，生物防治，应用营林措施，保护天敌资源和加强科学研究等综合治理对策来达到控制害虫种类和种群数量的目的。     

生物防治中的多种天敌昆虫

生物防治是害虫综合治理的重要组成部分,对环境安全且害虫不会产生抗药性。该文主要介绍了几种天敌昆虫在害虫生物防治中的应用情况。     

美国林业有害生物的生物防治近况

１９７８年以来,有害生物综合治理（ＩＰＭ）已成为美国政府对有害生物进行防治的基本政策。为了实施这项政策,美国林务局确定了林业有害生物综合治理目标,进一步强调自然控制、营林措施、生物防治,减少化学农药的使用,保护自然生态环境。为了加强和保持有害生物综合治理中的生物防治措施,生物农药在美国林务局愈来愈受到重视。１　舞毒蛾（ＬｙｍａｎｔｒｉａｄｉｓｐａｒＬ．）舞毒蛾是美国最为严重的食叶害虫之一,１９世纪６０年代末期从欧洲传入美国,现几乎遍布全美东部地区。为了治理这种外来害虫,美国先后鉴定、引进并饲养和…     

苹果前期害虫防治新技术

苹果生长前期的主要害虫有苹果绵蚜、瘤蚜、黄蚜和叶螨(苹果红蜘蛛、山檀红蜘蛛)。历年来,全国各地发生面积较大,危害严重。因而果农不得不采取多次喷施杀虫杀螨剂来防治,不但费工费力、花钱多,而且防治效果差,同时又污染环境。为寻求防治新技术,提高其防治效果,自1990年招远县植保站与北京农业大学联合研究果树涂抹剂生产应用技术。1991年“涂抹剂涂干防治苹果前期害虫技     

青海云杉种实害虫危害情况及综合治理调查分析

青海云杉的种实害虫有十几种，危害严重的有三种，即云杉球果小卷蛾、云杉蛀果斑螟和云杉梢斑螟，主要发生在甘肃祁连山林区。本文经过调查，根据青海云杉和种实害虫的生物学特性，提出加强青海云杉林的经营管理，尽量减少广谱性化学药剂的大面积使用；尽可能多的应用营林技术为主的、不杀伤天敌的防治措施，以达到青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的良性循环；并提出青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的策略、原则以及评价青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的步骤和方法。     

苏云金杆菌在森林害虫综合治理中的应用(英文)

苏云金杆菌是一种重要的微生物杀虫剂，而且能够编码几种昆虫毒蛋白基因。本文概述 了苏云金杆菌在森林害虫综合治理中的应用。苏云金杆菌HD1菌株及其衍生物被广泛用于防 治各种森林害虫，如Lymantria dispar, Choristoneura fumiferana, Thaumetopoea pityo campa, Rhyacionia buoliana和Lymantria monacha。文章提供了Bt毒蛋白基因在林木中的 构建和表达方面的研究进展并对Bt产品在森林害虫综合治理上的应用前景及限制因素进行了 初步讨论。     

改革传统用药 生产无公害苹果

针对胶东半岛苹果园长期大量使用化学农药,在量杀伤天敌,果园生态结构恶化,害虫抗药性日趋严重,次要害虫暴发,果实残毒量增加等问题。作者总结了６年来研究,生产无公害苹果的经验。提出了少用化学农药,不用剧毒,全杀,对害虫易产生高抗性的１６０５、乐果,菊酯类农药,以应用昆虫生长调控药剂,生物药剂,高脂膜和果实套塑膜袋等技术措施为主,最大限度保护生态平衡,达到生产无公害苹果的目的。     

森林害虫治理对策

本文根据危害特性,将害虫分为间接性害虫和直接性害虫两类。简述了害虫综合治理、全部种群治理和大面积种群治理的不同观点。认为森林害虫治理系统须依据生态学原则,侧重预防策略,兼施防治策略。对间接性害虫宜用害虫综合治理,而对直接性害虫,可采取全部种群治理战略。     

昆虫信息化学物质及其在综合治理中应用的前景

昆虫能够产生支配其各方面行为的信息化学物质,该物质具有无毒、无害和种属特异性等特点,可利用其进行高效、可持续的害虫治理。数百种昆虫信息素和相关引诱剂已被广泛用于害虫种群监测和大面积生产防治。目前,应用能改变昆虫行为的信息化学物质已成为国内外特别是欧美发达国家防治害虫的重要措施。为充分发挥昆虫信息化学物质的作用,综述了国内外昆虫信息化学物质及其应用前景,主要包括昆虫信息化学物质研究的简要回顾、信息化学物质的概念、作用与特点以及在害虫综合治理中应用的现状。     

Repellent and attractive effects of herbs on insects in pear orchards intercropped with aromatic plants

There is increasing interest in the use of vegetation such as aromatic plants as intercrops to biologically control insect pests in agroecosystems and orchard ecosystems. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the repellent effects of aromatic plants on orchard pests (e.g., scarabaeid pests) can lead to improved application of intercropping cultivation practices in orchards. We tested eight intercropping treatments, each containing a different species of aromatic plant, in a pear orchard, along with a natural grass treatment and a clean tillage (control) treatment. The results showed that intercropping reduced the annual cumulative number and abundance of scarab beetles relative to the control. The annual dynamics of scarab populations were also significantly altered where intercrops were used. However, with the exception of Ichneunmonidae, the natural parasites of scarabs showed no preference for the aromatic plants. A correlation analysis indicated that the reduction in some of the scarab beetle species was related to the abundance of certain specific natural enemy species. In addition, the diversity, evenness and degree of dominance of natural enemy species may have contributed to the decrease in scarab populations. This study shows that intercropped aromatic plants can be applied to control the scarab beetles in orchard ecosystems, but that effects vary across aromatic plant species.     

北京紫竹院公园早园竹叶螨及蚜虫综合治理技术研究

对北京市紫竹院公园早园竹林叶螨及蚜虫的综合防治技术进行了研究。结果显示,竹林密度和通风条件影响害虫的发生情况;施用低毒高效的生物药剂可有效控制害虫的蔓延;保护利用天敌可有效控制害虫的发生;竹林害虫的防治宜采取化学防治和生物防治相结合的综合防治措施。     

红环瓢虫的生物学与应用技术研究进展

红环瓢虫是杨树人工林害虫——草履蚧的主要捕食性天敌,对控制害虫危害具有重要的利用价值。该文对其形态分类、生物学特性和应用技术等方面的研究进展作了较为系统的综述,并提出了利用红环瓢虫开展杨树人工林草履蚧可持续控制的对策。     

植物多样性在园林病虫害生态控制中的作用

通过探讨植物多样性与害虫、天敌发生的关系,提出以提高植物多样性为基础,采取多种生态控制措施,达到预防、控制园林病虫害的目的。     

Effect of ploughing and previous crop on winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under integrated farming system in Slovakia

The effects of ploughing and previous crop on winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under an integrated farming system was investigated in an experimental area in Slovakia. The experiment consisted of 4 small plots (50?m² each) to which both organic and inorganic fertilisers were applied. Moreover, there was one application of herbicide and a fungicide on each plot. The ploughing was either deep or shallow, and either silage-maize or pea was used as a previous crop. The effects of the ploughing and previous crop was studied by means of multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) and subsequent Monte-Carlo permutation test. The results showed that there was a considerable temporal variation in the abundance of insect pests and their natural enemies. Of the two husbandry treatments, only ploughing caused significant difference in the composition and abundance of both pests and natural enemies. However, while most of the pests favoured deep ploughing, the majority of natural enemies occurred more abundantly on shallowly ploughed plots. The previous crop did not affect numbers of either pests or natural enemies. Two systems, integrated and organic, which have been surveyed previously, were mutually compared with respect to the abundance of insect pests. The organic farming system turned out to be more sustainable.     

Winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under organic farming system in Slovakia: Effect of ploughing and previous crop

Organic farming system of winter wheat was investigated in Solvakia over three years, 1995–1997. The system was carried out on a small scale (four plots of 50 m²). Neither pesticides nor inorganic fertilisers were applied. Effect of two treatments, ploughing and previous crop, on the community of pests and natural enemies was surveyed. There were two types of ploughing (shallow and deep) made in autumn before sowing. As previous crops, silage-maize and alfalfa were used each season. The effect of all factors was analysed by multivariate method, redundancy analysis (RDA) and Monte Carlo permutation to assess statistical significance. During three years, 37 taxons of pests and 27 taxons of natural enemies were recorded. The results of RDA showed that the community of insects (pests and natural enemies) was mainly influenced by temporal variation. The highest abundance of all insects was observed in 1996. The effect of the two treatments on the community of pests and natural enemies was less obvious. Pests were found to be significantly more influenced by ploughingthan by previous crop. Most of pests occurred more abundantly on plots with shallow ploughing and on plots after maize. Abundance of natural enemies were, however, significantly affected by previous crop. Majority of them were more abundant on plots after maize than after alfalfa. Ploughing had only marginally significant effect on natural enemies that were more abundant on shallow ploughed plots. Both ploughing and previous crop had only negligible effect on species diversity of natural enemies.     

人工林物种多样性与害虫的控制

根据国内外的最新研究成果,从人工林害虫可持续控制的需求出发,对利用物种多样性与系统稳定性控制虫害的可能性、人工林物种多样性与害虫控制的关系及其内在作用机制、天然林与人工林在抑制虫害能力上的差别进行综述,分析人工林植物物种多样性与昆虫物种多样性对害虫控制的影响,认为植物物种多样性主要从植食性昆虫搜寻寄主植物,植物营养的差异对植食性昆虫取食和发育的影响,及种类组成不同的植物群落中植食性昆虫天敌数量的变化3个方面影响害虫的发生;要通过调节植物群落中昆虫物种的多样性影响目标害虫的种群数量,既要维护其天敌类群的稳定,也要使与害虫处于同一营养层次的其他植食性昆虫有足够的多样性,甚至也要保护和利用中性、中位及顶位昆虫.对人工林害虫的控制,可借鉴天然林自控虫害的原理,采用生态育林、封山育林及生物技术措施,逐步调整林分的结构,提高其物种多样性,增强林分自身的抗虫能力.     

Unravelling pest infestation and biological control in low-input orchards: the case of apple blossom weevil

Low-input farming is an alternative production system that provides a great opportunity to disentangle the natural mechanisms regulating crop pests, since neither pests nor their natural enemies are disrupted by pesticides. Here, we use a key apple pest in Europe, the apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), as a model case to unravel the factors driving pest infestation and its biological control in a low-input context, namely the cider apple orchards of NW Spain. We applied a holistic approach based on the complete life cycle of the pest and combined large-scale observation (23 orchards) with small-scale experimental assessment. Weevil attack (0.4–37.4% of flowers) increased with the proportion on apple trees in the immediate orchard neighbourhood and with semi-natural woody habitat in the surrounding landscape and decreased with tree distance to orchard edge and apple bloom level. Thus, the prevalence of the pest depended on the availability of the various resources required for foraging, egg-lying and overwintering. Three types of natural enemies supplied complementary pest control by preying on weevils at different stages in their life cycle: seven parasitoid species attacked immature weevils (6.4–81.5%), while the additive effects of birds and crawling arthropods were evident in terms of the removal of adult weevils (31–44%). We conclude that the effective biological control of A. pomorum can be achieved in low-input systems to maintain the pest at non-harmful levels, through combined management of the pest, its habitat and its natural enemies.     

红树林自然保护区无瓣海桑主要害虫及其寄生性天敌种类调查研究

2009～2011年,采用平行取样法,在广西钦州康熙岭红树林自然保护区无瓣海桑纯林内,对无瓣海桑主要害虫及其寄生性天敌进行调查,分叶部、枝梢及蛀干害虫,按轻、中、重3级划分危害程度,结果表明,在研究地调查收集到无瓣海桑害虫种类共4目13科21种,其中绿黄枯叶蛾、木麻黄枯叶蛾、迹斑绿刺蛾、白囊袋蛾和荔枝茸毒蛾是无瓣海桑的主要害虫,均为食叶类害虫。并收集了危害无瓣海桑较严重的绿黄枯叶蛾及木麻黄枯叶蛾的寄生性天敌,共2目4科8种,其中绿黄枯叶蛾卵的寄生蜂,寄生率达67.3%。因此,保护和利用天敌是无瓣海桑害虫防治的有效方法。     

中国红树林的害虫种类及其综合防治

通过查阅文献资料,共统计中国红树林害虫128种,隶属2纲7目55科,其中以鳞翅目、半翅目昆虫为主,分别占总数的52.4%和26.6%。危害无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala、桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum、秋茄Kandelia obovata、白骨壤Avicennia marina、海桑Sonneratia caseolaris的害虫分别有45种、45种、37种、32种和20种。广东红树林害虫种类最多,共95种;广西其次,49种。鳞翅目害虫主要包括海榄雌瘤斑螟Acrobasis sp.、桐花树毛颚小卷蛾Lasiognatha cellifera Meyrick、棉古毒蛾Orgyia postica Walker、蜡彩袋蛾Chalia larminati Heylaerts、丽绿刺蛾Latoia lepida Cramer等,多以幼虫取食为害;半翅目害虫主要有考氏白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli(Cooley)、广翅蜡蝉Ricania sp.等,以幼虫、成虫吸食植物汁液为害。在害虫的综合防治中,以生物防治为主,如利用寄生蜂、苏云金杆菌、白僵菌、捕食性天敌和生物制剂等进行防治,结合物理防治可以提升防治效果。同时,探讨分析了红树林虫害暴发的原因和机制。