腹腔镜与开腹膀胱造口术对小型猪主要临床体征的影响

试验选用14头健康小型猪,随机分成两组,分别进行腹腔镜膀胱造口术(LC组)和开腹膀胱造口术(OC组)。两组手术全程用重症监护仪和呼吸监护仪进行监护,在试验前、麻醉后、术中10、30、60 min及术后即刻记录RR、HR、BP、SpO_2、PetCO_2和T,以分析对比两种手术方法对机体生理功能的影响。两组手术均成功完成,LC组术中HR、BP、SpO_2高于OC组,但差异不显著。LC组术中RR和PetCO_2显著高于OC组(P0.01),术后即刻在数值上LC组高于OC组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。结果表明,与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术在术中对机体主要的临床体征未产生较大不良影响,从而证明腹腔镜下小型猪膀胱造口术是安全可行的。     

两种安装多位点血管瘘手术方法对山羊机体免疫应激的影响

本研究旨在探讨2种安装多位点血管瘘手术方法对山羊机体免疫应激的影响。选取8只体重相近、年龄约1岁的健康麻城黑山羊公羊,按体重相近的原则分成2组,分别采用腹腔镜法与传统开腹法手术安装山羊肠系膜静脉、门静脉及肝静脉血管瘘管。测定术前、术后第1、3、5天试验羊血清免疫应激指标。结果表明:术后第1天,腹腔镜组白细胞总数显著低于开腹组(P0.05),C反应蛋白(CRP)水平极显著低于开腹组(P0.01),Ig G水平显著高于开腹组(P0.05);术后第3天,腹腔镜组IL-6、CRP水平显著低于开腹组(P0.05);术后腹腔镜组和开腹的TNF-α、Ig A和Ig M水平差异不显著(P0.05)。本试验结果表明,腹腔镜手术对山羊机体应激更小,机体免疫功能恢复更快。     

犬腹腔镜与开腹胆囊摘除术对比试验研究

探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)和开腹胆囊切除术(OC)对试验犬的手术时间、切口长度及免疫应激指标的影响,比较两种手术方法的优缺点.试验结果表明,开腹手术组术后各项指标变化都明显高于腹腔镜手术组,所以腹腔镜手术要优于开腹手术.     

双孔腹腔镜猫卵巢子宫切除术对炎性反应的影响

为了研究双孔腹腔镜猫卵巢子宫切除术对炎性反应的影响,并和开腹卵巢子宫切除术进行对比,为腹腔镜手术的发展提供科学理论依据。方法:术后测定白细胞(WBC)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的水平。结果:显示腹腔镜手术组(LOVH)的WBC和IL-6在各时间点均低于开腹手术组(OVH)。结论:双孔腹腔镜猫卵巢子宫切除手术引起的机体炎性反应程度比开腹手术轻,有利于手术后机体的更快恢复。     

犬腹腔镜和开腹肾脏切除术对氧化应激的影响

为了对比腹腔镜和开腹肾脏切除手术对犬机体氧化应激的影响,为腹腔镜手术在兽医领域的发展提供理论依据,试验在犬腹腔镜和开腹组肾脏切除术前及术后即刻、4小时、1天、2天采取静脉血,检测丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)。结果表明:腹腔镜和开腹肾脏切除术都使MDA含量升高,SOD和GSH-Px水平降低。但是腹腔镜组影响较为迅速,术后4小时与术前相比差异极显著(P<0.01),术后1天就恢复到术前水平;开腹组术后1天才与术前相比差异显著(P<0.05),术后2天也未能恢复到术前水平。说明腹腔镜和开腹肾脏切除术都能造成犬机体氧化应激损伤,但与开腹肾脏切除术相比,腹腔镜手术对动物机体氧化应激损伤轻。     

猫腹腔镜膀胱切开与缝合术

膀胱结石主要表现为痛性尿淋沥、尿频和血尿。在无法正常排除结石的情况下,如母猫结石直径大于5mm或公猫结石直径大于1mm无法通过尿道腔排出时,必须进行膀胱切开手术。常规开腹手术对动物机体的影响较大,如牵拉引起的疼痛、器官暴露增加感染率等。术者结合腹腔镜技术对6只成年本地猫进行了腹腔镜膀胱切开术,以探讨一种创口小、手术视野清晰、对机体影响小、术后疼痛反应轻、恢复快、     

脂肪间充质干细胞对小型猪肝缺血再灌注合并肝切除组织细胞焦亡的影响

本研究旨在探究脂肪间充质干细胞(adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells, ADSCs)对小型猪肝缺血再灌注损伤(ischemia-reperfusion injury, IRI)合并肝切除组织细胞焦亡的影响。将18头巴马小型猪随机平分成3组,每组6头,分别为假手术组(sham组)、模型组(IRI组)、异体移植ADSCs干预组(ADSCs组,剂量为1×10⁶ cells·kg^-1),通过腹腔镜微创技术建立肝IRI合并肝切除损伤模型,于术后即刻分别向IRI组和ADSCs组小型猪肝实质注射生理盐水和ADSCs。于术后1、3和7 d采集血液和肝组织样本。应用ELISA法对血清中促炎因子白细胞介素18(interleukin-18, IL-18)、白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)的含量进行测定,应用RT-qPCR技术和Western blot技术对细胞焦亡相关基因与蛋白进行检测。结果显示,术后1、3 d时,相比于sham组,IRI组血清中促炎因子IL-18、IL-1β含量显著增加(P&l...     

肾脏部分切除与肾脏切除对小型猪术后恢复的影响

为了研究肾脏部分切除与肾脏切除对小型猪术后恢复情况的影响,试验以6头广西巴马小型猪作为试验动物,将其平均分为腹腔镜肾脏部分切除术组(LPN)与腹腔镜肾脏切除术组(LRN),于术前、术后即刻、术后第1天、第2天、第3天、第5天、第7天分别监测心率、血压、体温、呼吸,并采血检测血常规与血肌酐和血尿素氮,比较两组术后恢复情况。结果表明:LPN组与LRN组比较,术后心率、呼吸、白细胞数、血肌酐有一定程度升高,但差异不显著;LPN组术后即刻体温显著低于LRN组(P0.05),术后第7天血尿素氮高于LRN组,差异极显著(P0.01)。说明腹腔镜肾脏部分切除术与腹腔镜肾脏切除术相比对术后恢复的影响较大,应谨慎选择。     

猪放线杆菌胸膜肺炎模型的构建及其评价

采用生物学指标监测猪的疾病状态可为评价各种抗生素的临床疗效提供客观依据。本文通过血清急性相炎症蛋白（C反应蛋白,CRP;血清淀粉样蛋白,SAA）和前致炎细胞因子（IL-6,TNF-α和IFN-γ）含量的检测,结合疾病诊断中传统的临床评价指标（临床症状、X光检查、病理学检查）,对构建的猪放线杆菌胸膜肺炎模型进行了评价。试验猪随机分为3组：两感染组通过气管内注射血清2型胸膜肺炎放线杆菌构建肺炎模型,另一组接种无菌生理盐水作为阴性对照。一个感染组在接种16小时后经口一次性给予替米考星粉（20mg／kg）。接种后．猪血清CRP,SAA和IL-6的水平随着疾病发生逐渐升高,而血清TNF-α和IFN-γ水平则无显著变化。给予替米考星后有效降低了血清CRP和SAA的水平和持续时间。因此,血清CRP,SAA和IL-6的水平可以有效地评价猪放线杆菌胸膜肺炎模型。此外,CRP和SAA可以作为评价抗生素治疗的有效生物学指标。     

脂肪来源间充质干细胞条件培养基对小型猪腹腔镜肝损伤氧化应激反应的影响

旨在探究脂肪来源间充质干细胞条件培养基（adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium，ADSCs-CM）对小型猪肝损伤氧化应激反应的影响，作者选取24头健康小型猪，随机分为4组，每组6只，分别为模型组（IRI）、DMEM对照组（DMEM）、ADSCs-CM治疗组（CM）和ADSCs治疗组（ADSCs）。4组均通过腹腔镜技术建立小型猪肝缺血再灌注（ischemia reperfusion，IR）合并部分肝切除的肝损伤模型，IRI组移植生理盐水，DMEM组移植浓缩的基础培养基，CM组移植浓缩的脂肪来源间充质干细胞培养基，ADSCs组移植脂肪间充质干细胞。各组分别于术前、术后1、3、7 d采集血液与肝组织样本，使用肝功能检测试剂盒对血清中总胆红素（T-BIL）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、总蛋白（TP）进行检测；使用氧化应激检测试剂盒对肝组织中丙二醛（MDA）、髓内过氧化物酶（MPO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）进行检测。结果显示：术后1、3 d：模型组和对照组肝功能严重损伤，发生明显氧化应激反应，CM和ADSCs治疗组显著促进肝功能的恢复，且氧化应激相应指标较模型组和对照组表达明显下降。术后7 d，各组基本恢复到术前水平。结果显示：腹腔镜肝缺血再灌注合并肝部分切除损伤可致小型猪发生氧化应激反应，脂肪来源间充质干细胞及其条件培养基均可改善肝损伤后的氧化应激反应。     

Tube cystostomy in the dog and cat]

Prepubic tube cystostomy was performed in 10 dogs and one cat. Indications include urinary bypass following urethral trauma or surgery (six cases), following surgery for prostatic abscesses or cysts (four cases) and bladder atony secondary to urethral obstruction (one case). Tubes were left in situ for a minimum of seven days. All patients returned to normal micturition following tube removal. Urine leakage occurred for up to four days after tube removal by which time the stoma was granulating. Nosocomial infection was a consistent finding, but was controlled with antibiotic treatment following tube removal. Tube cystostomy was considered an effective means for diverting irritant urine from healing epithelium and thereby minimising the risk of urethral cicatrisation. It may also be indicated in the management of urinary retention as an alternative to repeated urethral catheterisation. This study indicates that tube cystostomy is readily performed, with few unexpected or serious complications.     

Cystotomy, partial cystectomy, and tube cystostomy

Knowledge of the regional anatomy and healing characteristics of the urinary bladder are crucial to successful surgical intervention in common disorders of the bladder. Innervation and blood supply enter the neck region of the bladder on the dorsal surface. Surgical approach to the bladder is via a ventral midline incision. Cystotomy is most commonly performed on the ventral surface of the bladder and the incision is closed using absorbable suture material in a single-layer, appositional closure. Removal of urinary calculi is the most common indication for cystotomy and should be accompanied by mucosal biopsy and culture. After cystotomy for removal of calculi, a lateral radiograph should be made to confirm removal of all calculi. Partial cystectomy is indicated for bladder trauma, neoplasia, patent urachus, and urachal diverticula. A large percentage of the bladder wall can be excised with gradual return to near normal function when the trigone region is preserved. Complete cystectomy is not recommended because of the patient morbidity and client dissatisfaction with these procedures. Tube cystostomy is performed routinely for temporary or permanent urinary diversion. Temporary diversion may be performed concurrently with surgical repair of urethral trauma or to relieve acute urethral obstructions. Permanent cystostomy may be performed in cases of neurogenic bladder atony or bladder cancer.     

Caprine obstructive urolithiasis: requirement for 2nd surgical intervention and mortality after percutaneous tube cystostomy, surgical tube cystostomy, or urinary bladder marsupialization

OBJECTIVES: To determine the requirement for 2nd surgical interventions and mortality after 3 different surgical techniques (percutaneous tube cystostomy [10 goats], surgical tube cystostomy [25 goats], urinary bladder marsupialization [10 goats]) for caprine obstructive urolithiasis, and to determine whether pre- or 24-hour postoperative physical examination findings or serum chemistry results could be used as predictors of mortality. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Male goats (45) with obstructive urolithiasis. METHODS: Medical records for all male goats admitted and operated for obstructive urolithiasis between 1993 and 2003 were reviewed. Data retrieved included signalment, pre- and 24-hour postoperative values for temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, packed cell volume, serum K(+), serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]. The type of initial surgical procedure, time to 2nd surgical intervention, time to death, and duration and cost of hospitalization were also obtained. RESULTS: Percutaneous tube cystostomy was associated with a significantly increased requirement for (5.6-fold increased hazard) and decreased time to a 2nd intervention (P=.002). There were no differences between the 3 procedures for time to mortality. Increased BUN and respiratory rate at admission were associated with increased mortality (hazards ratio of 4.8 and 5.0, respectively). Urinary bladder marsupialization was associated with significantly decreased hospitalization time (P=.02) and cost (P=.04) compared with surgical tube cystostomy and percutaneous tube cystostomy. CONCLUSION: Surgical tube cystostomy and bladder marsupialization are both acceptable surgical methods for treatment of caprine obstructive urolithiasis. Each procedure has inherent complications that should be discussed with the owner before choosing the surgical treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There are acceptable options for treatment of caprine obstructive urolithiasis; however, percutaneous tube cystostomy should be avoided.     

Clinical use of low-profile cystostomy tubes in four dogs and a cat

Traditional cystostomy tubes (used for temporary or permanent diversion of urine in dogs and cats) are long (> or = 22 cm) and cumbersome to stabilize, requiring sutures or bandages to hold the tube against the body. Use of a low-profile gastrostomy port system as a low-profile cystostomy tube (LPCT) in 4 dogs and a cat was investigated; owner satisfaction with the device was assessed. Technical difficulty associated with placement and management of LPCTs was similar to that for traditional cystostomy tubes; with LPCTs, activity and mobility of pets was not compromised, and bandaging was not required. Complications included lower urinary tract infection, mild peristomal leakage of urine and leakage from components of the system, and subcutaneous peristomal infection. Four of 5 owners considered the tube to be easy to use; all owners said they would be comfortable repeating their decision to use the LPCT in their pet.     

The use of a low-profile cystostomy tube to relieve urethral obstruction in a dog

A 10-year-old, spayed female Dalmatian was diagnosed with granulomatous urethritis causing urethral obstruction. Due to the extensive involvement of the urethra, a urethrostomy was not possible. A commercially available, silicone, low-profile gastrostomy tube was placed as a prepubic cystostomy tube to achieve urinary diversion. This tube is easy to use, has a one-way valve, and lies flush with the skin margin, thereby decreasing the likelihood of inadvertent removal. This tube should be considered to achieve long-term urinary diversion when urethral involvement is extensive.     

Percutaneous tube cystostomy and vesicular irrigation for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in a goat

Treatment of a 3-month-old male goat with obstructive urolithiasis by means of percutaneous tube cystostomy and vesicular irrigation with a chemolysis solution is described. The cystostomy tube was inserted percutaneously with ultrasonographic guidance. Patency of the urethra was reestablished with no clinical evidence of urethral stricture or recurrence of obstruction during the following 12 months. Results in this goat suggest that percutaneous tube cystostomy may be an economical alternative to surgical cystostomy tube placement. Chemical dissolution of calcium phosphate uroliths with a commercially available compound appears to be feasible in goats.     

The effects of indwelling transurethral catheterization and tube cystostomy on urethral anastomoses in dogs.

The influence of urinary diversion procedures on urethral healing was studied in 15 male dogs following transection and anastomosis of the intrapelvic portions of their urethras. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups and had urine diverted from the surgical site by indwelling transurethral catheter, cystostomy catheter, or a combination of transurethral catheter and cystostomy catheter. There were no statistically significant differences in urethral healing when considering the different diversion methods, based on clinical, radiographic, and urodynamic parameters evaluated.     

Temporary tube cystostomy as a treatment for urinary obstruction secondary to adrenal disease in four ferrets

Adrenal neoplasia is a common problem in middle-aged to older ferrets. Male ferrets may present for stranguria and dysuria due to prostatic/paraurethral tissue enlargement secondary to elevation in androgens produced by the neoplastic tissue. Progressive urethral compression followed by complete urinary obstruction can result. Urinary obstruction can persist for days following surgery requiring urinary diversion. Four ferrets presenting with signs consistent with urinary obstruction secondary to adrenal disease were immediately treated with urethral catheterization or cystocentesis followed by adrenalectomy and temporary tube cystostomy. The tube cystostomy placement and use were associated with minimal complications and allowed recovery from surgery.