饲喂复合益生菌对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

本文旨在研究不同剂量的复合益生菌制剂对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响。试验选用18头体重、胎次、产奶量均相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用完全随机设计,分为3个处理组,即(对照组)、0.6×1011 cfu/d(试验1组)与1.2×1011 cfu/d(试验2组),试验期70 d(预试期10 d,正试期60 d)。结果表明:试验1组、2组与对照组相比产奶量分别提高3.11%、4.80%,4%乳脂校正乳提高5.14%、8.07%,能量校正乳提高4.74%、8.76%,差异均显著(P<0.05);试验2组较对照组乳脂率和乳蛋白率分别提高5.56%、5.86%,并显著提高乳脂、乳蛋白、非脂乳固体物的产量(P<0.05)。两试验组牛奶中的乳糖率及乳糖产量与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。这表明,日粮中饲喂复合益生菌可以显著提高奶牛生产性能,从而提高饲料利用效率。     

乳倍利对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

试验选用产后约112d的奶牛30头,采用单因子配对试验,以泌乳天数、胎次和产奶量基本一致为配对原则分成试验组和对照组。试验组奶牛的日粮中用1kg乳倍利代替部分的蛋白饲料和过瘤胃脂肪(钙皂),其他成分同对照组。探索乳倍利对奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率和体细胞数的影响。试验结果表明,日粮中添加乳倍利可以使奶牛的产奶量提高1.15kg/d.头;与对照组相比乳脂率提高4.92%,差异不显著(P>0.05);乳蛋白率提高了3.24%,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

复合酶对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究复合酶对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响。选择胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦泌乳牛30头,随机分为2组,即试验组和对照组,试验组每日在TMR中添加复合酶制剂50g。结果显示,试验组奶牛日均产奶量对比照组提高了6．6％,差异显著（P〈0．05）;试验组乳蛋白率比对照组提高0．19％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,乳脂率比对照组提高0．3％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,乳糖含量比对照组提高0．2％;经济效益每天每头奶牛比对照组多盈利3．88K。说明每日在奶牛TMR中添加50g复合酶,可提高奶牛产奶量,改善牛奶品质,增加经济效益。     

双低菜粕对泌乳前期奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

320头泌乳前期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,试验采用交叉设计,研究双低菜粕替代豆粕等蛋白质饲料对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响。结果:与对照组相比,双低菜粕组奶牛日粮中组氨酸、蛋氨酸等必需氨基酸水平提高,奶牛产奶量提高了0.21 kg/d,乳蛋白提高了0.19百分点,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);乳尿素氮水平下降了13.51%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。表明双低菜粕替代豆粕棉粕等蛋白质饲料不影响奶牛对饲料的采食量,能够替代奶牛日粮中部分豆粕等蛋白质饲料。     

胎次和热应激程度对广州地区奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

为了探究不同胎次和热应激程度对奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、脂蛋比、体细胞数和高峰奶量的影响,收集了广州某奶牛场360头荷斯坦泌乳母牛近5年的奶牛生产性能测定体系(DHI)数据,用R (Version 3. 3. 2)和SPSS 20. 0软件分析了不同胎次和热应激程度对产奶量及乳成分的影响。结果:相比于其他胎次的奶牛,头胎母牛产奶量、高峰奶量较低(P<0. 05);头胎牛的脂蛋比显著高于其他胎次牛(P<0. 05),其余各胎次间差异不显著(P>0. 05);随着胎次的增加,牛奶中体细胞数存在明显的上升趋势(P<0. 05)。中度热应激下的产奶量、高峰奶量显著低于轻度热应激(P<0. 05);中度热应激下产犊的奶牛体细胞数会稍稍偏高,但与无热应激和轻度热应激下产犊的奶牛相比差异不显著(P>0. 05);乳脂率、乳蛋白率各组差异不显著(P>0. 05)。     

植物甾醇对泌乳前期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

根据年龄、胎次、泌乳时间和产奶量选择24头泌乳奶牛,随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组。对照组饲喂奶牛场配制的全混合饲料,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组每头奶牛日粮中分别添加40 g/d和80 g/d植物甾醇,研究植物甾醇对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组奶牛的产奶量分别提高了2.07 kg/d(5.64%,P0.05)和1.74 kg/d(4.75%,P0.05);试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组奶牛乳脂率分别提高了8.22%(P0.01)和2.97%(P0.05);乳蛋白率分别提高了2.45%(P0.05)和1.05%(P0.05);非脂固形物分别提高了1.29%(P0.05)和0.23%(P0.05),体细胞数分别下降了37.31%和19.34%,但差异均不显著(P0.05);牛奶中乳尿素氮含量分别降低了5.29%(P0.05)和7.58%(P0.01)。结果表明泌乳前期奶牛补饲一定量的植物甾醇能够提高产奶量和改善乳成分。     

半胱胺盐酸盐对泌乳中期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究散栏式饲养方式下,饲喂半胱胺盐酸盐对泌乳中期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响。选择48头健康荷斯坦奶牛[体重(562.25±37.85)kg,泌乳天数(123.64±10.67)d,胎次(1.23±0.42)胎,日产奶量(26.58±1.58)kg],根据体重、泌乳天数、产奶量相同或相近的原则,随机分成4组(每组12头),对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加半胱胺盐酸盐3、15、30 g/kg。预试期12 d,正试期30 d。结果显示:随半胱胺盐酸盐添加剂量的增加,奶牛呼吸频率和直肠温度呈显著的线性降低(P0.05);干物质采食量、乳脂较正乳产量、能量校正乳产量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率均呈先升高后降低的显著的二次曲线变化(P0.05),并且以添加3 g/kg组的效果较好;正试期末,3、15 g/kg组血清甲状腺素浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05),15 g/kg组血清皮质醇浓度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结果提示,半胱胺盐酸盐能有效缓解散栏饲养的泌乳中期奶牛热应激,提高产奶量和乳品质,本试验条件下,饲粮中添加3 g/kg半胱胺盐酸盐较为适宜。     

DCAB对热应激奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

为研究日粮阴阳离子平衡(DCAB)对泌乳期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响,选取试验奶牛64头,分为8组,每组8头,日粮DCAB分别为泌乳前期:A1组(DCAB为185 mEq/kgDM)、B1组(DCAB为243mEq/kgDM)、C1组(DCAB为317mEq/kgDM)、D1组(DCAB为442mEq/kgDM);泌乳中后期:A2组(DCAB为83mEq/kgDM)、B2组(DCAB为172mEq/kgDM)、C2组(DCAB为217 mEq/kgDM)、D2组(DCAB为357 mEq/kgDM)。结果表明:在一定范围内增加日粮DCAB,能提高泌乳前期奶牛的产奶量,各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),B1组奶牛产奶量较高,乳蛋白、乳密度显著高于其他组(P<0.05);日粮高DCAB水平能显著增加泌乳中后期热应激奶牛的产奶量(P<0.05),乳蛋白含量随DCAB增加呈二次变化,差异显著(P<0.05),乳脂肪随DCAB的增加而增加,D2组显著高于其他试验组(P<0.05)。综合产奶量和乳成分分析,泌乳前期日粮DCAB为243 mEq/kgDM、泌乳中后期日粮DCAB为217 mEq/kgDM时能提高奶牛的产奶性能,利于奶牛机体健康和生产高质量牛奶。     

不同青贮饲料日粮对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

根据胎次相同、产奶量、泌乳时间相近的原则选择泌乳中前期奶牛30头,随机分为2组,每组15头,分别饲喂全株玉米青贮和小麦青贮饲料,研究其对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响.结果发现,与全株玉米青贮相比,小麦青贮组奶牛产奶量提高0.26kg/d,乳脂率、乳糖、非脂固形物和总固体均有提高,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);小麦青贮替代全株玉米青贮可实现每头奶牛每天多盈利0.31元.结果表明,小麦青贮替代全株玉米青贮能够提高奶牛产奶量和改善乳成分.     

活酶宝对泌乳奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

本试验选用60头中国荷斯坦奶牛,按照胎次、体况及产奶量随机分成对照组和试验组。对照组饲喂原有全混合日粮(TMR);试验组在此基础上,每天每头牛在精料中添加17g的活酶宝。结果表明,活酶宝可以提高奶牛的产奶量、乳脂肪率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、干物质率和脂蛋比(P>0.05),并降低体细胞数(P>0.05)。与对照组相比较,试验组泌乳量、乳脂肪率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、干物质率的值分别相对提高1.7kg、0.23、0.12、0.09和0.27;体细胞数相对下降26.16百万个。     

过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

为研究不同过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响,试验选择胎次(3～5胎)、产奶量、产犊日期相近,体重(600±20)kg健康荷斯坦泌乳高峰期奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6头。1组为对照组,饲喂牛场常规日粮;2、3、4组为试验组,分别在常规日粮基础上添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ500 g/(d.头)。正式期60 d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物后,均可明显提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中总干物质含量。尤其是复合物Ⅲ,添加效果最为理想,平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及总干物质含量分别比对照组提高21.19%(P<0.05)、21.31%(P<0.05)、9.72%(P<0.05)和10.34%(P<0.05),平均日校正乳产量提高35.70%(P<0.05)。     

Effects of heat stress during pregnancy on postpartum reproductive changes in Holstein cows

Effects of heat stress during the last third of gestation on reproductive changes postpartum were studied in Holstein cows. Cows and heifers 160 to 190 d of gestation were assigned in June 1978 to shade (n = seven cows and two heifers) or no shade (n = eight cows and two heifers) management treatments. After parturition, all cows (n = 19) were moved to the milking herd and managed uniformly. On the day of calving and on each Monday, Wednesday and Friday thereafter until d 50 postpartum, jugular blood samples were collected. Beginning approximately 7 d postpartum, the reproductive tract of each cow was examined rectally after collection of blood samples. Estrus was monitored twice daily and cows were inseminated after d 45 postpartum. Prepartum heat stress increased 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) concentrations postpartum and increased the rate of uterine involution. Regardless of prepartum treatment, progesterone concentrations indicated that luteal phases had begun by d 12.4 +/- 1.3 postpartum, which was about 3 d before PGFM was basal. The first luteal phase lasted only 10.7 +/- .9 d. First estrus was not detected until d 32.3 +/- 4.8 postpartum. The previously gravid uterine horn had a negative effect on ovarian volume, diameter of the largest follicle and percentage of ovaries with a corpus luteum. However, prepartum heat stress attenuated this effect. This study indicates that heat stress prepartum had residual effects on postpartum reproductive changes, and that the previously gravid uterine horn exerted some control, which was attenuated by heat stress, over ovarian recrudescense. Even though heat stress prepartum affected sensitive measures of postpartum reproductive function, it did not alter days to first estrus, days open (102.3 +/- 13.1) or services/conception (2.5 +/- .3).     

屎肠球菌制剂对泌乳中期奶牛泌乳性能和乳体细胞分类的影响

文中主要研究饲粮中添加屎肠球菌制剂对泌乳中期奶牛泌乳量、乳成分、乳体细胞分类的影响。试验选取24头体重、胎次、泌乳量、泌乳期、体况等基本一致的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为3组:对照组、低剂量组、高剂量组。试验期分为预试期(14 d)和正试期(28 d),在每个周末采集奶样进行测定。结果表明,低剂量组的泌乳量和4%校正乳均显著低于其他两组(P<0.05);对于嗜酸性细胞,对照组显著高于低剂量组(P<0.05);低剂量组和高剂量组中的嗜中性细胞显著低于对照组(P<0.05);对于嗜碱性细胞,高剂量组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);对于淋巴细胞,对照组显著高于其他两组(P<0.05);对照组的单核细胞数值最高,高剂量组其次,低剂量组最低(P<0.05);高剂量组的体细胞总数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加屎肠球菌提高了泌乳量,降低了各类乳体细胞及其总数数量,有利于牛奶蛋白总含量的提高。     

Impact of crossbreeding Holstein and Brown Swiss cows on milk yield,composition, and fatty acid profiles in subtropics

Milk yield (MY), composition, and fatty acid profiles of purebred Holstein (HO) cows, Brown Swiss (BS), and their F₁ crossbreds (HS) were compared under subtropical climate in Egypt. Pure HO had significantly greater 305-MY, total-MY, and daily-MY (p?<?0.05) than pure BS and crossbred HS. Furthermore, HO and HS had significantly higher peak-MY (44.2 and 43.3 kg, respectively) than BS (36.1 kg). In comparison with HO, BS had significantly higher milk fat, protein, total solids, and solid-not-fat % (p?<?0.05); however, no significant differences were observed between BS and HS for milk fat %. The milk fat of BS had higher concentrations of saturated (C17:0 and C18:0) fatty acids (FA) than that of the HO and HS (p?=?0.001 and 0.008, respectively). Content of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C12:0, and C15.0 FA did not differ between genotypes. Milk from HO and BS had significantly higher concentrations of unsaturated (C20:1 and C20:5) FA than that from HS (p?<?0.05). C14:1 (myristoleic), C16:1 (palmitoleic), and C18:2 (linoleic) FA contents were similar for all genotypes. In conclusion, BS surpassed HO for all milk composition traits and some FA components; however, HS had comparable milk fat percentage with BS. There appears to be an opportunity to modify the concentration of certain FA by breeding.     

复合益生菌制剂对奶牛泌乳性能及乳品质的影响

为研究复合益生菌制剂对奶牛泌乳性能及乳品质的影响,试验选取45头泌乳期相近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为3组,对照组、试验1组、试验2组,每组3个重复,每个重复5头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2组分别在基础日粮中添加1%、2%的复合益生菌制剂,试验期为60d。结果表明:试验2组在第10、30、60天奶牛产奶量较对照组分别提高2.28%、0.62%、9.08%(P<0.05),试验1组在第10、60天较对照组分别提高4.6%、8.9%(P<0.05);第30天时,试验1、2组乳中总固形物含量较对照组均显著性提高(P<0.05),乳糖率、乳蛋白率、乳脂率之间差异不显著(P>0.05);第60天时,与对照组相比,试验1、2组乳中乳糖率分别提高了4.41%、7.02%(P<0.05),乳蛋白率提高了4.16%、9.97%(P<0.05),总固形物含量提高了2.44%、3.02%(P<0.05),乳脂率含量之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,日粮中添加复合益生菌制剂可有效提高奶牛产奶量及乳品质,且添加2%复方益生菌制剂效果更优。     

Effects of malic acid on feed intake, milk yield, milk components and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of malic acid (MA) on feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood metabolites and energy balance in early lactation Holstein dairy cows from 1 to 63 day in milk (DIM). Twenty-eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows, blocked by lactation number, previous 305-d mature equivalent milk production, and expected calving date, were arranged into four groups in a randomized block design. Treatments were: control (without MA), LMA, MMA and HMA with 70, 140 and 210 g malic acid per cow per day, respectively. The supplement of food grade MA (99.8% of MA) was hand-mixed into the top one-third of the daily ration. Cows were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration consisting of equal proportion of forage and concentrate. Milk yield increased (P = 0.04), but feed intake and milk components were not affected (P > 0.05) by MA supplementation. The energy balance, expressed as the difference between energy input and output, tended to be higher (P = 0.08) for MA supplemented cows during the 63-DIM period MA and supplemented cows showed a trend (P = 0.07) toward less loss of BW during the 63-day period, especially during the first 21-day of lactation. Concentrations of plasma glucose and serum insulin were higher for cows fed LMA, MMA, and HMA relative to control and linearly (P < 0.01) increased with increasing MA supplementation. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and urine ketones were lower for MA-supplemented cows at 7, 14 and 21 DIM of lactation and linearly (P < 0.01) decreased with increasing MA supplementation. Although feed intake was not affected, milk yield increased, MA-supplemented cows experienced higher concentrations of plasma glucose and serum insulin, lower concentrations of plasma BHBA and NEFA, and lower concentrations of urine ketones, suggesting that nutrient digestibilities and energy availability may have been improved.     

Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows

Estimates of environmental heat stress are required for heat stress relief measures in cattle. Heat stress is commonly assessed by the temperature-humidity index (THI), the sum of dry and wet bulb temperatures. The THI does not include an interaction between temperature and humidity, although evaporative heat loss increases with rising air temperature. Coat, air velocity, and radiation effects also are not accounted for in the THI. The Holstein dairy cow is the primary target of heat stress relief, followed by feedlot cattle. Heat stress may be estimated for a variety of conditions by thermal balance models. The models consist of animal-specific data (BW, metabolic heat production, tissue and coat insulation, skin water loss, coat depth, and minimal and maximal tidal volumes) and of general heat exchange equations. A thermal balance simulation model was modified to adapt it for Holstein cows by using Holstein data for the animal characteristics in the model, and was validated by comparing its outputs to experimental data. Model outputs include radiant, convective, skin evaporative, respiratory heat loss and rate of change of body temperature. Effects of milk production (35 and 45 kg/d), hair coat depth (3 and 6 mm), air temperature (20 to 45 degrees C), air velocity (0.2 to 2.0 m/s), air humidity (0.8 to 3.9 kPa), and exposed body surface (100, 75, and 50%) on thermal balance outputs were examined. Environmental conditions at which respiratory heat loss attained approximately 50% of its maximal value were defined as thresholds for intermediate heat stress. Air velocity increased and humidity significantly decreased threshold temperatures, particularly at higher coat depth. The effect of air velocity was amplified at high humidity. Increasing milk production from 35 to 45 kg/d decreased threshold temperature by 5 degrees C. In the lying cow, the lower air velocity in the proximity of body surface and the smaller exposed surface markedly decrease threshold temperature. The large variation in thresholds due to environmental and animal factors justifies the use of thermal balance-based indices for estimating heat stress. Such an approach may make possible estimates of threshold temperatures at which heat stress relief is required for widely different cattle types and environmental situations.     

Effect of supplemental Bacillus cultures on rumen fermentation and milk yield in Chinese Holstein cows

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of supplemental 100 g/day of live Bacillus cultures (2 × 10¹¹ cell of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) on rumen fermentation as well as milk yield and composition in Chinese Holstein cows. In experiment 1, investigating 3 × 10 cows, milk yield and milk protein were increased by using B. licheniformis (p < 0.05) in comparison with an unsupplemented group and the B. subtilis group. Body weight was not significantly affected by Bacillus culture supplementation (p > 0.05). Percentage of milk fat and lactose was not significantly different between treatments (p > 0.05). But milk protein increased with B. licheniformis supplementation (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, carried out with three non‐lactating ruminally and duodenally fistulated cows, results showed that B. licheniformis supplementation increased microbial crude protein flow into duodenum (p < 0.05) and decreased the ammonia nitrogen concentration in ruminal fluid at 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h after morning feeding (p < 0.05). Bacillus licheniformis supplementation increased total VFA and acetate concentration in ruminal fluid at 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h after morning feeding (p < 0.05). Bacillus subtilis had no significant effect on rumen fermentation characteristics, duodenal microbial N flow and ruminal apparent nutrient digestibility (p > 0.05). Bacillus licheniformis increased ruminal apparent nutrient digestibility of neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, and organic matter (p < 0.05).