七氟醚、氟烷、异氟醚对犬肝肾功能影响的临床比较

为评价七氟醚对肝肾功能的影响，并与氟烷和异氟醚作比较，对动物医院就诊的心肺功能正常，拟作手术治疗的61头患犬进行麻醉试验，所有犬均以l-美散痛和安定作为麻醉前给药。分别以1．5％七氟醚、1．0％氟烷、1．5％异氟醚维持手术麻醉，所有3组中无一组可见肝肾毒性副作用。至七氟醚麻醉后48h，GLDH，AST，ALT，γ-GT，总胆红素，AP，尿素氮和肌酐显示正常。     

乳化异氟醚及异氟醚对犬血清中C反应蛋白及总补体含量的影响

为了研究乳化异氟醚及异氟醚对犬血清中C反应蛋白(CRP)及总补体(CH50)含量的影响,将40只犬随机均分为乳化异氟醚复合制剂麻醉组(RYM组)、异氟醚麻醉组(YM组)、乳化异氟醚复合制剂麻醉+手术(RYMS)及异氟醚麻醉+手术(YMS)四组。RYM、YM两组只进行麻醉不进行手术,RYMS、YMS两组在实施麻醉的同时分别进行肠管吻合术,在麻醉前(T0)、手术完成即刻(T1,而RYM和YM组在麻醉后35~40 min进行采样)、术后24 h(T2)、术后48 h(T3)、术后72 h(T4)等时间点,采血,测定血清中CRP及CH50含量。结果表明,乳化异氟醚复合麻醉及麻醉下手术对犬血清中CRP、CH50含量的影响,与异氟醚相似,两者无明显的差异。     

七氟醚氟烷异氟醚对犬心脏功能影响的临床比较

为评价七氟醚对心脏功能的影响。并与氟烷和异氟醚作比较，对动物医院就诊、心肺功能正常、拟作手术治疗的8例患犬进行麻醉试验，所有犬均以l-美散痛和安定和为麻醉前给药，分别以1.5%七氟醚、1.0%七氟醚与66.7%笑气、1.0%氟烷、1.5%异氟醚维持手术麻醉，并作人工呼吸，各组均未观察到心律异常，手术麻醉期间，七氟醚组犬心率降幅（4.73%）低于异氟醚组（9.74%)或氟烷组（10.23%)。七氟醚组、氟烷组和异氟醚组的收缩压/舒张压轻度升高（七氟醚3.38%/11.93%氟烷6.09%/9.09%，异氟醚4.82%/6.25%)。而七氟醚与笑气组的收缩压/舒张压则降低（6.84%/5.73%)。证实七氟醚应为临床首选的吸入麻醉剂。     

静脉注射利多卡因及利多卡因复合芬太尼对异氟醚麻醉犬的血气影响

本试验旨在研究静脉注射利多卡因及利多卡因复合芬太尼对异氟醚麻醉犬血气的影响,从而确定麻醉深度的变化情况,进而评价利多卡因及利多卡因复合芬太尼对异氟醚麻醉犬的安全性及可行性。采用健康杂交犬6只,分为利多卡因组和利多卡因复合芬太尼组,由股动脉穿刺抽取动脉血0.5mL进行血气分析。结果显示,利多卡因复合芬太尼组pH值在10min后与0min相比具有统计学意义。综合血气指标及临床表现得出静脉注射利多卡因及复合芬太尼对异氟醚麻醉犬麻醉及镇痛效果良好,且安全可靠。     

犬七氟醚 氟烷 异氟醚麻醉后的苏醒时间和苏醒特点的临床比较

七氟醚是国际上的一种新型吸入麻醉剂。与氟烷和异氟醚相比较 ,七氟醚更接近人们所期待的理想吸入麻醉剂。它与其他氟化的吸入性麻醉剂的一个显著区别是其具有较低的血 /气分布系数 ( 0 .63) ,低于异氟醚 ( 1 .40 ) ,更远远低于氟烷 ( 2 .35) [1]。这可保证快速诱导麻醉和缩短苏醒时间。七氟醚从 1 990年起正式应用于医学临床 ,但因其价格较昂贵 ,尚未在兽医临床上常规应用。氟烷和异氟醚仍然是目前在兽医麻醉上最常使用的吸入麻醉剂。本文对犬七氟醚麻醉后的苏醒时间和苏醒特点进行初步观察 ,并与氟烷和异氟醚作比较 ,兹报道如下。1　材料…     

犬醒宝与苯噁唑对犬眠宝催醒效果的比较试验

应用8条犬通过自身循环对照试验,观察了犬醒宝、苯噁唑对犬眠宝麻醉犬的催醒作用。结果显示,犬醒宝在肌肉注射犬眠宝0.02 mL/kg体重后20 min肌肉注射0.02 mL/kg体重进行复苏,平均唤醒时间为1.6 min±0.7min,平均自主站立行走时间为3.1 min±1.2 min;肌肉注射犬眠宝0.02 mL/kg体重麻醉后应用1%苯噁唑0.04 mL/kg体重进行复苏,平均唤醒时间为6.6 min±2.1 min,平均自主站立行走时间为8.3 min±1.9 min。犬醒宝复苏组与1%苯噁唑复苏组比较,催醒效果差异极显著(P<0.01),且犬醒宝应用于犬眠宝的复苏具有用量小,复苏迅速安全,无复睡现象,可用于犬眠宝的临床麻醉复苏。     

异氟醚麻醉对兔心肺功能的影响

为了探讨麻醉兔的新方法来满足复杂外科手术需要,采用异氟醚吸入麻醉,研究异氟醚对兔心肺功能的影响以判断其麻醉兔的安全性。结果显示:随着吸入浓度的增加,心率、收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、呼吸次数极显著降低(P<0.01);浓度为3.5%(P<0.05)、4.5%(P<0.01)时,血氧饱个度显著或极显著升高;潮气量、每公斤每分钟呼吸量、吸气时间、氧气流量差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明:异氟醚麻醉对兔心脏功能有抑制作用,对肺功能影响较小。     

幼龄大熊猫异氟醚麻醉效果的观察

选取23只周岁左右大熊猫单纯异氟醚吸入麻醉静脉采血,观察诱导时间及复苏时间,麻醉期的眼睑反射、痛觉反应、镇静效果,并从呼吸、体温、心率、血氧饱和度、毛细血管再充盈时间等方面监测大熊猫的麻醉情况。试验结果表明,异氟醚应用于幼龄大熊猫具有麻醉效果确实,镇静、镇痛效果好,血氧饱和度充裕,且对机体各项生理功能和各项生理指标影响轻微,毒副作用低,便于机体迅速恢复与稳定,可以作为幼龄大熊猫的首选麻醉药品。     

乳化异氟醚复合右美托咪定对犬诱导麻醉的效果观察

诱导麻醉是保证动物进行吸入麻醉的关键过程,涉及麻醉前评估和麻醉方案制定等多个进程。合理有效地选择药物对于麻醉安全至关重要,本研究选择一种新型的麻醉诱导药物为研究对象,通过与常用麻醉诱导剂丙泊酚对比发现,乳化异氟醚复合右美托咪定麻醉诱导效果好、安全性高,可为动物临床诱导麻醉提供新的选择。     

静脉注射利多卡因及利多卡因复合芬太尼对犬异氟醚吸入麻醉效果的影响

利多卡因为酰胺类中效局麻药,在体内不受胆碱酯酶的影响,局麻特点为起效快、穿透性强、弥散广,无明显的血管扩张和组织刺激作用,持续时间长。利多卡因可抑制心室自律性、缩短不应期,故临床常用于室性心率失常的治疗。静脉注射利多卡因具有镇痛、抗炎、抗痛觉过敏、减少术后疼痛的作用,还可用于全身麻醉[1]。这种药物的优点是成本低、易得到     

隆朋麻醉及手术对犬血清免疫球蛋白的影响

近年来关于麻醉及手术应激对血清中免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM的影响报道并不一致.因此本试验选用12只健康犬通过肌肉注射隆朋麻醉剂及手术对其血清中免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM浓度进行动态监测,探讨隆朋麻醉及手术对犬免疫球蛋白的影响.     

谷氨酰胺对幼犬生长发育的影响

谷氨酰胺是动物血液中最丰富的一种游离氨基酸,在许多动物细胞中其浓度也相对较高。除作为蛋白质和肽的成分外,谷氨酰胺在维持机体酸碱平衡,调节机体免疫机能以及为特定器官、组织甚至细胞的物质和能量代谢提供原料等方面具有重要作用,特别在维持健康状态或修复病理状态下,机体肠道结构和功能的完整性的活动中具有其它氨基酸不可替代的作用。越来越多的研究结果表明：当动物处于应激或病理状态时,内源合成的谷氨酰胺不能满足需要,甚至会发生体内谷氨酰胺的耗竭,此时必须由外源补充。本试验就谷氨酰胺对断奶仔犬的生长发育的影响进行观察。     

The effects of stress on gastric ulceration, T3, T4, reverse T3 and cortisol in neonatal foals.

Sixteen neonatal foals stressed by disease underwent endoscopic examination of their stomachs and blood was assayed for triiodothyronine (T3), reverse T3 (rT3), thyroxine (T4) and cortisol, to determine the effects of severe physiological stress and the occurrence of gastric ulcers. compared with eight age-matched controls, six foals had abnormal cortisol, seven had abnormal T3 and 12 had abnormal T4. Eleven of 13 foals had rT3 outside the 95 per cent confidence interval for clinically normal foals of comparable ages. Gastric lesions were seen more frequently in stressed foals, and gastric glandular mucosal lesions were noted in 40 per cent of the stressed foals. Previous studies report low (3 per cent) occurrence of gastric mucosal lesions. The frequency of squamous mucosal lesions was not different from that reported previously, indicating that stress has little effect on the development of lesions at this site.     

Effect of halothane, isoflurane, and pentobarbital anesthesia on myocardial irritability in chickens

The relative myocardial irritant properties of halothane, isoflurane, and pentobarbital were evaluated in chickens. Sixteen adult male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: group-1 chickens were anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, IV), group-2 chickens were anesthetized with halothane (end tidal halothane 1.2%), and group-3 chickens were anesthetized with isoflurane (end tidal isoflurane 2.1%). Birds in any 2 of the 3 treatment groups were tested on any 1 day. Local anesthesia was induced, and blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, and blood gas variables were measured before general anesthesia was induced. Positive-pressure ventilation with an inspired O2 fraction greater than 0.95 was adjusted to result in an end tidal CO2 concentration that reflected a Paco2 similar to that obtained prior to anesthesia and ventilation. All measurements were repeated. The threshold for ventricular fibrillation in response to electrical stimulation of the heart was then determined for all birds. Effects of anesthesia on hemodynamic and blood gas variables were similar in all 3 groups. Compared with halothane or pentobarbital, isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower threshold for electrical fibrillation of the heart.     

Intravenous regional anesthesia in isoflurane anesthetized cats: lidocaine plasma concentrations and cardiovascular effects

Objective To determine if intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) can be used in cats without resulting in excessive plasma lidocaine concentrations or adverse cardiovascular effects. Study design Prospective, blinded crossover study. Animals Seven healthy male young adult cats weighing 3.96 ± 0.63 kg. Methods At 2.3% end‐tidal isoflurane concentration, lidocaine (L) 3 mg kg^?1 (1%) or saline (S) was injected in a distal cephalic venous catheter after application of two tourniquets to that forelimb which remained in place for 20 minutes. Heart and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures and ECG were recorded every 5 minutes during tourniquet application and for 20 minutes following tourniquet removal. Lidocaine plasma concentrations were measured 5 minutes after injection and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 20 and 40 minutes after tourniquet removal. End tidal isoflurane concentrations were reduced to 1.5–2.0% to elicit a response to toe pinch (RTP) in the contralateral leg. The study was repeated similarly in the contralateral leg and RTP was graded for 40 minutes. Response was also tested in the leg previously injected, the differences between the two scores determined and those differences compared between the L and S treatments. The data were analyzed using anova for repeated measures comparing values to baseline. Significance was set at p < 0.005 using the Bonferroni method for multiple comparisons. Results There were no significant differences in physiologic parameters at either isoflurane concentration. Differences in RTP were significantly larger in the lidocaine treatment. The highest mean lidocaine concentrations were measured 0.5 minutes after tourniquet removal after both injections and were 2.79 ± 1.05 and 3.10 ± 1.11 µg mL^?1. The highest individual plasma concentration was 6.46 µg mL^?1. Conclusion No adverse hemodynamic effects were evident after IVRA lidocaine in any cat. The lidocaine dose studied inhibited a RTP until 20 minutes after tourniquet removal. Lidocaine concentrations varied and were measurable prior to tourniquet removal. Clinical relevance IVRA may be a suitable technique for cats undergoing surgery of the distal limbs.     

Influence of halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane on gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether maintenance of anesthesia with halothane or sevoflurane is associated with a lower incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) than the use of isoflurane in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery. ANIMALS: 90 dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs were evaluated during elective orthopedic surgery. Dogs with a history of vomiting or that had received any drugs that would alter gastrointestinal tract function were excluded from the study. The anesthetic protocol used was standardized to include administration of acepromazine maleate and morphine prior to induction of anesthesia with thiopental. Dogs were allocated to receive halothane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane to maintain anesthesia. A sensor-tipped catheter was placed to measure esophageal pH during anesthesia. Gastroesophageal reflux was defined as an esophageal pH < 4 or > 7.5. RESULTS: 51 dogs had 1 or more episodes of acidic GER during anesthesia. Reflux was detected in 14 dogs receiving isoflurane, 19 dogs receiving halothane, and 18 dogs receiving sevoflurane. In dogs with GER, mean +/- SD time from probe placement to onset of GER was 36 +/- 65 minutes and esophageal pH remained < 4 for a mean of 64% of the measurement period. There was no significant association between GER and start of surgery or moving a dog on or off the surgery table. Dogs that developed GER soon after induction of anesthesia were more likely to regurgitate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Maintenance of anesthesia with any of the 3 commonly used inhalant agents is associated with a similar risk for development of GER in dogs.     

The hemodynamic, tissue oxygenation, and selected biochemical effects of isoflurane and halothane anesthesia in horses

Eight healthy horses (337 to 643 kgs) were used to determine the effects of halothane and isoflurane (1.5 MAC) on cardiovascular and blood gas parameters over a 4 hour perio d, while in left lateral recumbency. Each animal was used twice (2 weeks apart) and the order in which the agents were used was randomized. End tidal CO2 was maintained at 45-55 mmHg using positive pressure ventilation. The following parameters were measured every 30 minutes; HR, ET CO2, ET anes. gas cone., SAP, CVP, PAP, and CO. Heparinized samples were also drawn for blood gas analysis from the right lateral metatarsal artery, right jugular vein, and the femoral veins in each rear limb. The 02 delivered to the tissues (TOD) was calculated using the following equation: {ie396-1} It was determined that more 02 was delivered to the tissues during isoflurane anesthesia (382m102/min/m2 + 21 SEM) than halothane anesthesia (280m102min/m2 + 11 SEM). Furthermore the 02 extraction ratio (OER) in the dependent limb was significantly higher during halothane anesthesia. The differences seen in the OER's are due to both anesthetic and positional effects. Serum biochemical changes also suggest differences in tissue damage related to differences in TOD and OER.     

Hepatic effects of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in goats

OBJECTIVE: To determine hepatic effects of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in young healthy goats. DESIGN: Randomized prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: 24 healthy 9-month-old female goats. PROCEDURE: Goats were sedated with xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride and anesthetized with halothane (n = 12) or isoflurane (12) while undergoing tendon surgery. End-tidal halothane and isoflurane concentrations were maintained at 0.9 and 1.2 times the minimal alveolar concentrations, respectively, and ventilation was controlled. Venous blood samples were collected approximately 15 minutes after xylazine was administered and 24 and 48 hours after anesthesia, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities and bilirubin concentration were measured. Goats were euthanatized 25 or 62 days after anesthesia, and postmortem liver specimens were submitted for histologic examination. RESULTS: All goats recovered from anesthesia and survived until euthanasia. Serum SDH, GGT, and ALP activities and bilirubin concentration did not increase after anesthesia, but serum AST activity was significantly increased. However, serum hepatic enzyme activities were within reference limits at all times in all except 1 goat in which serum AST activity was high 24 and 48 hours after anesthesia. This goat had been anesthetized with halothane and had the longest duration of anesthesia. No clinically important abnormalities were seen on histologic examination of liver specimens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that use of halothane or isoflurane for anesthesia in young healthy goats is unlikely to cause hepatic injury.