母鼠围产期氟暴露对仔鼠肾脏病理变化的研究

本文以昆明小鼠建立动物模型,按照雌∶雄=2∶1将小鼠随机分为四组,分别为对照组、低氟组（含25mg/L NaF去离子水）、中氟组（含50mg/L NaF去离子水）、高氟组（含100mg/L NaF去离子水）,在围产期经水攻毒,待小鼠断奶后处死,摘取肾脏做石蜡组织切片,HE染色后观察肾脏的病理变化.研究结果表明：仔鼠接受氟暴露后,肾小球出血,肾小管上皮细胞水肿,排列紊乱,核固缩,并且随着染氟剂量的增加,病变程度也逐渐加重.     

氟中毒雄性小鼠肝脏和肾脏组织形态学研究

为了研究氟中毒对雄性小鼠肝脏和肾脏组织形态学的影响,试验采用H.E.染色技术观察了8周龄昆明种小鼠饮用低剂量(25 mg/L)、中剂量(50 mg/L)、高剂量(100 mg/L)氟化钠(NaF)45 d后肝脏和肾脏的病理变化。结果表明:各剂量NaF组肝脏中央静脉扩张,内皮细胞脱落、崩解,肝细胞肿胀;肾脏近曲小管上皮细胞肿胀、扩张、空泡变性,肾小管管腔变窄,肾小体囊腔面积增大,上皮细胞崩解。说明小鼠饮用不同浓度氟化物水45 d后,其肝脏和肾脏存在不同程度的病理变化。     

铅对昆明小鼠肾脏毒性的病理学观察

采用醋酸铅灌胃于成年昆明小鼠,观察铅致小鼠肾脏的病理形态变化。取小鼠分为4组,分别为醋酸铅高、中、低剂量组(40、20、10mg/kg)、生理盐水阴性对照组,经口灌胃每天定时定量连续给药40d。取小鼠肾脏经甲醛固定,常规石蜡包埋切片,HE染色,显微镜下观察小鼠肾脏的组织形态。结果表明,各试验组肾皮质部小管上皮细胞肿胀,胞质疏松,染色浅,空泡变性,发生广泛性颗粒变性,部分肾小管上皮细胞嗜酸性坏死;高剂量组肾皮质部肾小管周围大量淋巴细胞浸润,肾小管上皮细胞表现明显的颗粒变性和嗜酸性坏死,肾小球体积萎缩,结构破坏,出现局灶性硬化;部分肾小管管腔内可见嗜酸性凝固物,肾小球毛细血管扩张充血;中剂量组病变相对较轻;而低剂量组无明显形态学异常。结果提示铅对小鼠肾脏有毒性作用,且随剂量增加损伤加重。     

氟中毒对子代雄性小鼠肾脏中过氧化氢酶表达的影响

为研究不同剂量氟对仔鼠肾脏功能损伤的影响,本实验选取亲代母鼠在怀孕期和哺乳期经饮水摄入氟化钠0mg/L（C组）、25mg/L（L组）、50mg/L（M组）、100mg/L（H组）,采用Western Blotting技术检测21d雄性子代小鼠肾脏中过氧化氢酶的蛋白表达水平.结果显示,氟组小鼠肾脏过氧化氢酶的表达显著高于对照组,说明氟中毒对子代小鼠肾脏造成一定的影响.     

氟暴露小鼠睾丸形态计量学研究

为了观察小鼠氟中毒睾丸形态变化特点,研究氟对睾丸的毒性影响,选用45只健康性成熟雄性昆明系小鼠,随机分为对照组、低氟组(25 mg/L Na F)、高氟组(100 mg/L Na F),连续饲喂60 d,制作睾丸石蜡组织切片,H.E.染色后,显微镜下观察曲细精管形态变化,通过定量分析方法探讨氟对睾丸的毒性影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,低氟组和高氟组曲细精管半径、面积以及曲细精管管腔半径、面积均无显著性差异(P0.05);高氟组小鼠曲细精管细胞层数和厚度极明显低于对照组(P0.01);形态学观察显示,25 mg/L氟中毒小鼠睾丸生精细胞减少,100 mg/L Na F可导致生精细胞排列紊乱、各级生精细胞减少等。本试验可为氟的雄性生殖毒性研究提供直观、科学的参考。     

亚慢性铝暴露对雏鸡肾脏结构与功能的影响

采用连续腹腔注射等体积不同浓度梯度三氯化铝法,建立不同程度雏鸡亚慢性铝中毒模型,通过对血清和肾脏中铝含量、血清中肾功能指标肌酐(Cr)和尿素氮(BUN)含量测定,并应用光镜技术观察肾脏组织学结构,探讨染铝对雏鸡肾脏结构与功能的影响.结果表明:各染铝组血清和肾脏中铝含量以及血清中Cr和BUN含量均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05;P＜0.01),且存在剂量效应关系.光镜下,低剂量染铝组肾小球轻度肿胀,肾小管和近曲小管未见明显变化.中、高剂量染铝组肾小球肿胀,肾小球内细胞数量增多,肾小管浊肿,近曲小管上皮细胞肿胀.上述结果说明,亚慢性铝中毒可致雏鸡肾脏结构及功能受损.     

鱼藤酮大鼠急性中毒病理学研究

采用一次性灌胃法考察鱼藤酮对SD大鼠的急性毒性。结果显示,鱼藤酮对SD大鼠的经口急性毒性LD_(50)为34.10 mg/kg,LD_(50) 95%可信限为23.44-49.62 mg/kg。攻毒后,大鼠急性毒性症状主要为恶心、呼吸困难、抽搐、共济失调,且呈明显的量效关系。大鼠组织病理学变化主要为心肌细胞肿胀,空泡变形,胞浆可见粉染颗粒;肝脏中央静脉瘀血,肝细胞可见脂肪空泡;肺脏部分肺泡间隔增宽,炎性细胞浸润;肾脏肾小管上皮细胞可见空泡和粉染颗粒。提示鱼藤酮急性中毒后可广泛损害心、肝、肺、肾、胃等多个组织器官,甚至引起这些组织器官的变性坏死。     

高氟致雏鸡肾脏病理学损伤和相关生化指标改变的研究

300只1日龄艾雏菌内鸡随机分为4组,分别喂以对照日粮(F 23 mg/kg)和高氟日粮(F 400 mg/kg,高氟Ⅰ组;F 800 mg/kg,高氟Ⅱ组;F 1 200 mg/kg,高氟Ⅲ组)6周.与对照组比较,高氟Ⅲ组、高氟Ⅱ组雏鸡肾脏出现不同程度的病理损害,肾小管上皮细胞肿大颗粒变性和空泡变性,或见肾小管上皮细胞坏死,并与基膜脱离S超微结构观察,肾小管上皮细胞内质网扩张和线粒体肿大、嵴断裂或消失,核膜局部扩张呈囊泡状.同时,高氟Ⅲ组、高氟Ⅱ组肾脏氟含量、血清氟含量和血清肌酐含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结果表明,日粮氟含量800～1 200 mg/kg可致雏鸡肾脏病理损伤和相关生化指标改变,肾功能降低.     

还原型谷胱甘肽对氟中毒小鼠睾丸的影响

研究不同剂量还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对氟中毒小鼠睾丸的影响。将50只3周龄ICR雄性小鼠随机分为5组,其中1组为对照组,其余4组为高氟组。对照组给予蒸馏水,染氟组给含100mg/L NaF的蒸馏水,自由饮用30d。在染氟组中选取3组分成100mg/L NaF+200mg/kg GSH组、100mg/L NaF+400mg/kg GSH组和100mg/L NaF+800mg/kg GSH组,这3组小鼠每只每日分别以200、400、800mg/kg GSH的剂量进行灌胃,同时这5组小鼠再自由饮含氟水30d。饲养结束后,摘取小鼠睾丸进行活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)、GSH含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶(GPx)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性检测;制作石蜡切片,HE染色进行组织形态结构分析。结果显示,与对照组相比,100mg/L NaF组ROS和MDA含量显著升高,GSTs和GR活性显著降低;与100mg/L NaF组相比,添加GSH组100mg/L NaF+800mg/kg GSH组GR活性显著升高。与对照组相比,100mg/L NaF组曲细精管结构稀疏,细胞壁细胞层厚度变小,各级生精细胞排列紊乱,还有部分生精细胞脱落,管腔半径变大且管腔中央精子数量明显减少;随着GSH浓度的增加,100mg/L NaF+800mg/kg GSH组得到最大程度的恢复。添加GSH后氟中毒小鼠谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统酶活性有所升高,睾丸组织形态结构一定程度上有所恢复,对睾丸功能有一定的改善作用。     

不同水平钙对氟中毒大鼠肾组织细胞内质网凋亡通路的影响

为探讨不同水平钙对氟中毒大鼠肾组织细胞损伤内质网凋亡通路的影响,将120只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(C)(常规饲料)、高氟组(F)(常规饲料,含150 mg·kg~(-1)F~-)、高氟低钙组(L)(常规饲料,含150 mg·kg~(-1)F~-+0. 5%CaCO_3)、高氟中钙组(M)(常规饲料,含150 mg·kg~(-1)F~-+1%CaCO_3)和高氟高钙组(H)(常规饲料,含150 mg·kg~(-1)F~-+2%CaCO_3),自由采食和自由饮水120 d,试验结束后取肾组织进行病理学检测,分别运用RT-PCR、免疫组织化学法和Western blot技术检测肾组织细胞中内质网通路相关基因及蛋白的表达。结果显示:(1)氟中毒可使大鼠肾小球肿胀,肾球囊间隙变宽,近曲小管上皮细胞肿胀并出现空泡变性,低、中剂量的钙可使氟的肾毒性减轻,而高剂量钙组损伤更加严重;(2)高氟组内质网凋亡通路中Caspase-12、Caspase-3和JNK基因mRNA水平表达显著升高,IRE1、ASK1、TRAF2基因表达显著下降,但L组和M组中其表达量有不同程度的改变,缓解了氟的肾毒性;(3)高氟组内质网通路Bcl-2蛋白表达量显著下降,Caspase-12、JNK、Bax蛋白及Bax/Bcl-2的比值显著升高,而补充低、中剂量的钙可缓解内质网通路相关蛋白的过表达,从而抑制氟的毒性作用。高氟可诱发肾组织细胞内质网通路中Caspase-12信号通路和JNK信号通路导致肾细胞凋亡加速,而低、中剂量的钙可通过抑制肾组织细胞中内质网凋亡通路相关基因及蛋白的表达缓解氟的毒性作用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.