板栗树体结构与产量关系的研究

应用逐步回归和通径分析研究板栗树体结构与产量关系，结果表明，单位冠幅面积果枝量，单位冠幅面积强母枝量和叶果比是影响板栗产量的主导因子，其中单位冠幅面积果枝量与单位面积产量的关系最密切。树体结构为：树高３．２－４．２ｍ，枝下高１．０－１．５ｍ冠幅６．５－８．５ｍ＾２，树冠体积１５－１８ｍ＾３，单位冠幅面积强母枝量约２８条／ｍ＾２，单位冠幅面积强枝量约３０条／ｍ＾２，单位冠幅面积果枝量约１７条／ｍ＾２     

长白落叶松优良无性系造林增产效益研究

１９８５年选择长白落叶松种子园优良无性系进行芽接,于１９８７年营造丰产林０．４８ｈｍ＾２,以普通长白落叶松作对照。树龄８年生时,优良无性系树高,胸径,材积及每公顷蓄积量平均分别为３．９９ｍ,３．４８ｃｍ,２０．２×１０＾０－４ｍ＾３,和２．２４４ｍ＾３,分别和对照１０６．２％,１０３．３％,１２３．９％和１２３．８％;１３年生时上述各因子平均值为７．１８ｍ,７．９４ｃｍ,２２．６×１０＾－４ｍ＾３     

滩地柳树无性系人工林密度试验研究

长江滩地４年生苏柳１７２等无性系密度试验结果表明，造林密度对蓄积量生长和林木干形影响显著，１ｍ×１．５ｍ密度林分，蓄积年生长量达２７．５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，滩地柳林造林密度应不低于１６６７株／ｈｍ＾２。     

油麦吊云杉人工林生长量分析

油麦吊云杉，是四川盆地西缘山地主要优质用材造林树种之一，２８年生人工林主要林分因子胸径１３．４ｃｍ、树高１２．５ｍ、蓄积２８５．７９ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，其林分胸径、树高和蓄积年平均生长量分别达到０．４８ｃｍ、０．４５ｃｍ和１０．２ｍ＾３／ｍ＾２．２８年生人工林林分养木层生物量为１７４．９６ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，平均净生产量达７８８０．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，ｙｅａｒ。这表明该树种人工林具有较高生产 在适生地区大力     

马尖相思造林技术研究

通过持续６年，面积达２３．６７ｈｍ＾２的造林试验，初步探索出适于云南引种区采用的马尖相思育苗、造林技术。在普文引种试区马尖相思生长迅速，６年生树高年均生长量达２．３１ｍ，胸径年龄生长量为２．９ｃｍ，活立木蓄积２８９．０４１４５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，年均生长量４８．１７３５７５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２；４．５年生的马尖相思林，地上部分生物量达１０５．６ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，有效高的经济和生态效益。     

页岩红壤上湿地松幼林施肥效应

１９９２－１９９５年试验结果表明，在江西省分宜县页岩坡积物发育的红壤上，湿地松纪林施用Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ肥及其配合，使树高、胸径、蓄积等总生长量分别达到３．７２－４．０３ｍ、７．２０－７．９３ｃｍ、２７．６５－３４．１５８ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，较对照显著增长５．１－１３．８％、７．０－１７．８％、１５．２－４２．４％。在各种施肥处理中，以Ｐ２Ｋ１配合的效果最佳；单施Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ肥均有效，但不同剂量间无明显差异。     

菇耳专用林定向培育：人工促进阔叶林伐后更新试验

对参试的３５．６ｈｍ＾２天然阔叶林伐后迹地进行菇耳专用林定向培育，通过树种选择，清杂，去高桩，补植，抚育，施肥等措施，４年后，幼树密度由２２５０株／ｈｍ＾２增加到７５００株／ｈｍ＾２以上；活立木蓄积由１．５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２增加到４２ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，平均生长量达１０．１ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２．ａ。     

天然阔叶林的更新改造及管理

为探索天然阔叶林经营之路，１９７５年在金盆山林场开始了天然阔叶林改造试验，目前全县已改造０．４４万ｈｍ＾２，据标准地调查，改造的年后每ｈｍ＾２生长量达９．１５ｍ＾３，比对照３．９ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２净增５．２５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２。与人工营造阔叶林比，每ｈｍ＾２可节约７５０元。     

巨尾桉人工林地上部分净生产力及养分循环的研究

对１．５－３．５年生巨尾桉扦插苗造林林分的生长、生物量增长、养分积累、凋物量及其分解、林下植物生物量及养分积累和林分养分循环的调研结果表明，安林木生长和生物量增长高峰期为２年生，３年生时开始下降。１．５，２．５和３．５年生林木地上部分生物量分别为１４．５，２８．５和３８．０ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，林下植物地上部分生物分别为２．６、３．４和６．３ｔ／ｈｍ＾２。林下植物地上部分的主要养分纱积累占２０－４０％。林     

塔拉生物生态学习性初步研究

１９９１－１９９５年在云南省昆明、景东、景洪、四川省布昆、新都等地对塔拉进行了引种试验研究，结果表明，３年生树开始开花、结实，一年２－３次，荚果单产６．０－７．５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，树高３．７ｍ，地径５．５ｃｍ。它喜光、喜热、耐干旱，适宜在砂壤土和壤土上生长。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.