温度、盐分对木地肤Kochia prostrata种子萌发的影响

以分布于准噶尔荒漠的木地肤为材料,研究了木地肤种子在4个温变周期(5/2℃、15/2℃、25/15℃、30/15℃,光12 h/暗12 h)下以及0.0~4.0mol/L NaCl溶液中的萌发。结果表明:木地肤种子萌发的适宜温周期为30/15℃和25/15℃,萌发率均大于85%;低温周期(5/2℃、15/2℃)明显抑制种子的萌发。低浓度的NaCl盐溶液(≤0.1mol/L)促进木地肤种子萌发,有一定的增效效应;小于0.6mol/LNaCl盐溶液对种子累积萌发率(≥80%)无显著影响;NaCl浓度大于1mol/L后,随着盐浓度的增加,盐度与萌发率呈显著负相关关系;盐胁迫解除后,种子具有一定的恢复萌发能力,随着盐浓度的不断增加,种子的恢复萌发率逐渐下降;在NaCl盐溶液高达2.0、4.0mol/L时,恢复萌发率为36%和39.6%。     

温周期及果翅对梭梭种子萌发行为的调控

种子萌发行为的受控机制是生殖生态学的重要研究内容.通过对适宜的温周期下,不同贮藏时期果翅对梭梭种子萌发影响的研究.结果表明:梭梭种子在温周期为5℃/25℃,5℃/15℃和15℃/25℃(暗/光=12 h/12h)中均能快速萌发.果翅对秋天新成熟种子的萌发有显著的抑制作用,使种子处于强迫休眠状态;果翅对种子萌发的抑制作用随着贮藏时间的推移逐渐降低,到翌年春天(4月)解除这种抑制作用.果翅对梭梭种子萌发行为的调控作用确保了种子在合适的时间萌发与种群的成功定居,这也是梭梭在荒漠地区广泛分布的主要原因.     

温度、盐分和储藏时间对多花柽柳种子萌发的影响

通过研究储藏时间、温度以及不同浓度NaCl溶液对多花柽柳种子萌发的影响,结果表明:多花柽柳种子褐色,棒状,长(0.368±0.005)mm,宽(0.172±0.004)mm,千粒重(20.518±2.500)mg;种子寿命约240 d;在5/15 ℃,5/25 ℃,15/25 ℃和25/35 ℃(光/暗=12/12 h)4个温变周期下,多花柽柳新成熟种子的萌发率均在90%以上,且彼此间差异不显著;盐分浓度小于0.2 mol/L时不抑制种子萌发,大于0.6 mol/L时萌发率随盐浓度的增高而降低,直至为零,且复水后恢复萌发率低,表明NaC1处理后的部分种子永久地失去萌发力.最后探讨了多花柽柳种子的萌发行为对荒漠环境的适应意义.     

密花柽柳(Tamarix arceuthoides)春夏两季种子的萌发行为

密花柽柳(Tamarix arceuthoides)具有两季开花结实特性,通过对春花期与夏花期种子的形态和萌发特性的比较,结果表明:密花柽柳春花期种子与夏花期种子在形状、大小、颜色上无显著差异。新采收的春花期种子与夏花期种子在5～15℃,5～25℃,15～25℃和25～35℃4个温变周期下都能够快速萌发,且春花期种子比夏花期种子的萌发速率快,春花期种子萌发率达到50%仅需要2～36h。浓度低于0.2mol/L的NaCl溶液对密花柽柳春花期种子和夏花期种子萌发的影响不大;但从0.4mol/L起萌发率随着浓度增高而降低,直至为0;将在盐溶液中处理8d的种子转移至蒸馏水后,萌发恢复率均为0,表明NaCl处理后的春花期种子和夏花期种子永久地失去萌发力。室温储存2个月密花柽柳春花期种子和夏花期种子的活力保持在80%以上,之后随着贮藏时间的延长种子活力逐渐下降,贮藏6个月时春花期和夏花期的种子活力均下降40%～50%。     

不同温度、水热条件对3种植物种子物理休眠解除的影响

研究种子物理休眠解除机制及其影响因素是了解种子休眠生态学和种群适应策略的重要途径。准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum)、银沙槐(Ammodendron bifolium)和乌拉尔甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)是在干旱区分布的3种豆科珍稀物种,其种子均存在物理休眠现象。以3种植物种子为研究对象,探讨冷层积(5℃)、夏季高温及干/湿处理对种子物理休眠解除的作用。研究表明:1 3种植物种子的硬实率高,种皮透水性低,划破种皮的处理方法可有效解除3种植物种子的物理休眠。2冷层积对3种植物种子的物理休眠解除无显著影响。3高温、干/湿条件和处理时间显著影响3种植物种子的萌发率,其中,湿热条件更能有效解除3种植物种子的物理休眠。准噶尔无叶豆和银沙槐种子的物理休眠解除率与温度呈正相关,在80℃和65℃湿热条件下其萌发率最高,分别达到(70.48±2.92)%和(78.13±3.67)%,而乌拉尔甘草种子的物理休眠解除率与温度呈负相关,40℃湿热条件下的萌发率最高,达到(85.23±3.82)%。表明荒漠地区夏季的极端高温有利于种子物理休眠的解除,但较少的降水量却限制了种子的萌发,这可能是导致该地区3种植物自然种群实生苗稀少,有性更新弱的主要原因之一。     

影响丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长的主要环境因子

运用培养皿滤纸法和盆栽法,分别研究温度、光照和水分条件对热带常见杂草丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:丰花草种子萌发温度范围广泛(5~40℃),随温度升高,丰花草幼苗的鲜质量和生长长度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;恒温下30℃为其种子萌发的最适温度,其发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均相对较高,而平均发芽时间最短;25℃时生长的幼苗最健壮,其芽长、根长和芽鲜质量、根鲜质量均显著高于其他温度时的对应值。而变温条件更有利于丰花草种子萌发,12 h D/12 h L、5℃/15℃时发芽率达55.63%,15℃/25℃时发芽率90%,25℃/35℃时的种子萌发率、幼苗长度、幼苗鲜质量均最大。光照不是影响丰花草种子萌发的关键因子,但光照可能有利于促进丰花草幼苗生物量向根部分配,光暗交替(12 h D/12 h L)条件下丰花草幼苗生长情况相对最好(长度根冠比为1.05∶1;鲜质量根冠比为0.51∶1)。水分是决定丰花草种子能否萌发的关键因素,25℃、12 h D/12 h L条件下,在土壤最大持水量60%时丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长状况均最佳。     

不同光照和温度下白花鬼针草和金盏银盘种子萌发研究

通过在人工培养箱内模拟环境条件,探讨了不同光照和温度对白花鬼针草和金盏银盘种子萌发的影响,结果表明：光照和温度不是白花鬼针草种子萌发的必要条件,白花鬼针草种子萌发的温度适应范围比金盏银盘宽,在15＇12／10oc、20℃／15℃、25℃／20℃、30℃／25oC、35℃／30℃、40℃／35℃下均能萌发,在15％／10气、20％／15℃、25％／20℃、30~E／25℃时萌发率均达94％左右,金盏银盘种子在40％／35℃时不能萌发;温度影响白花鬼针草和金盏银盘种子萌发高峰的出现时间及峰值大小,而光照不影响。     

外来有害植物土荆芥种子贮藏与萌发特性的研究

研究了不同光照和温度对外来有害植物土荆芥（Chenopodium ambrosioides L．）种子萌发率的影响及种子在不同贮藏时间和不同贮藏温度下萌发率的变化。结果表明，光照是土荆芥种子萌发的必要条件，全黑暗条件下萌发率仅为9．7％。种子在15～20℃恒温条件下萌发率均达到80％以上，25℃恒温和10℃恒温能显著抑制其萌发。零下低温（-20℃）和零上低温（4℃）贮藏3个月的土荆芥种子萌发率分别为86．3％和84．7％，与贮藏前萌发率（89．3％）相比无显著差异，而在室温和25℃条件下贮藏的种子，萌发率显著下降。     

菠菜种子发芽试验

利用不同发芽处理研究菠菜种子的休眠和萌发特性，旨在解决菠菜种子发芽中的困难。结果表明：带果皮的菠菜种子在纸床和沙床上均难以萌发，在土床上的发芽率为85％；而去果皮的种子在纸床、砂床和土床上的发芽率为92％；完整菠菜种子的渗液显著抑制去果皮菠菜种子的萌发；低温处理可以打破休眠，提高种子的发芽率。菠菜果皮结构致密以及果皮内含有的抑制性物质是控制休眠的关键因素。     

异子蓬二态性种子萌发对生境条件的响应

试验研究了异子蓬(Borszczowiz aralocaspica)的果实多态性表现,并通过培养箱萌发试验,对其大小2种类型种子的萌发特性进行了研究.结果显示:大种子能在10～35 ℃的范围内萌发,萌发适应温度范围宽,萌发速度快,同时能够在1.3 mol/L的NaCl溶液中萌发,对盐分的忍耐能力极强;小种子一般适于在30 ℃以上较高的温度下萌发,萌发受到盐分的强烈抑制,萌发缓慢,表现出一定的休眠现象,但当盐浓度降低时,具有一定的萌发恢复.这意味着异子蓬的大种子和小种子具有不同的萌发策略.因此得出,异子蓬通过形成2种类型的种子,而将2种不同的萌发策略统一于一体,增加了对环境的适合度,有利于在不利条件下的定居和生长.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.