Identification of resistance to new virulent races of rust in sunflowers and validation of DNA markers in the gene pool

Sunflower rust, caused by Puccinia helianthi, is a prevalent disease in many countries throughout the world. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service, Sunflower Research Unit has released rust resistant breeding materials for several decades. However, constantly coevolving rust populations have formed new virulent races to which current hybrids have little resistance. The objectives of this study were to identify resistance to race 336, the predominant race in North America, and to race 777, the most virulent race currently known, and to validate molecular markers known to be linked to rust resistance genes in the sunflower gene pool. A total of 104 entries, including 66 released USDA inbred lines, 14 USDA interspecific germplasm lines, and 24 foreign germplasms, all developed specifically for rust resistance, were tested for their reaction to races 336 and 777. Only 13 of the 104 entries tested were resistant to both races, whereas another six were resistant only to race 336. The interspecific germplasm line, Rf ANN-1742, was resistant to both races and was identified as a new rust resistance source. A selection of 24 lines including 19 lines resistant to races 777 and/or 336 was screened with DNA markers linked to rust resistance genes R(1), R(2), R(4u), and R(5). The results indicated that the existing resistant lines are diverse in rust resistance genes. Durable genetic resistance through gene pyramiding will be effective for the control of rust.     

Production of tobacco mosaic virus in and its infectivity from leaves of two Nicotiana species treated with 6-azauracil

A correlation between the amount of virus as determined by infectivity test and that determined by a serological-spectrophotometric method was established in leaf discs ofNicotiana tabacum White Burley which had floated on a solution of 6-azauracil (AzU) before and after inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus. More virus, determined in the two different ways, was present in the AzU-than in the water-treated leaf discs at 24 and 48 h after inoculation. Thereafter, the amount of virus was less than that in the control. The inhibitory effect of the pyrimidine analogue on the amount of infectivity in sap from AzU-treated discs proved to be dependent on the dilution of sap used. The higher the dilution the more inhibition occurred.In inoculated leaf discs ofNicotiana glutinosa the formation of local lesions in the AzU-treated series was strongly inhibited at 48 h after inoculation whereas at that time the amount of virus determined by the serological-spectrophotometric method was higher than that in the water-treated control ones. The latter mentioned stimulating effect disappeared later than 48 h after inoculation and gave way to inhibition.The infectivity of tobacco mosaic virus from AzU-treated leaf discs of White Burley tobacco was 23% of that from water-treated controls when undiluted clarified sap was used.     

玉米大斑病菌有性杂交F1代菌株的生理小种鉴定和AFLP分析

玉米大斑病菌是异宗配合真菌，有性杂交有可能增强病菌的致病力，或形成新的致病小种，因此对该病菌有性杂交后代进行致病性测定和遗传多态性分析对控制该病菌的危害具有重要意义。对亲本菌株132、135和它们杂交产生的70个单子囊孢子F1代菌株进行了生理小种鉴定和AFLP（扩增性片段长度多态性）分析。生理小种鉴定结果表明，F1代菌株中与亲本菌株132（23N号小种）属于同一小种类型的占41．4％，与亲本菌株135（23号小种）相同的占20．0％，另外还出现了0、1、2、3、13、123、12N、13N和123N号小种，所占比例分别为2．9％、1．4％、2．9％、2．9％、4．3％、8．6％、1．4％、4．3％和10．0％，说明有性杂交可使后代菌株的致病性发生比较广泛的变异。AFLP分析表明，F1代菌株之间分子遗传相似系数在0．87～0．99之间，其中84．3％的F1代菌株与亲本菌株的遗传相似系数在0．878以上，但与亲本菌株132同源性较强的F1代菌株数目大约是与亲本菌株135的5倍，说明不同菌株具有不同的遗传传递能力。比较生理小种鉴定和AFLP分析结果，发现生理小种分化和AFLP分子遗传多态性间有一定的相关性，但不能完全对应，不存在遗传谱系就等于小种的简单对应关系。     

Molecular cloning of two chitinase genes from Serratia marcescens and their expression in Pseudomonas species

Two chitinase encoding EcoRI fragments from the enteric soil bacterium Serratia marcescens were cloned. From a genomic library of 5686 transductants, 21 expressed chitinase activity as indicated by clearing of a chitin-containing medium. The chitinase encoding clones could be divided into two groups. Four had an 18kb EcoRI fragment and 17 had a 9·4 kb EcoRI fragment. In Southern hybridization experiments the 18kb fragment showed no homology to the 9·4 kb fragment and restriction enzyme maps indicated no similarity. Triparental mating with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. yielded transconjugants that expressed chitinase activity, inhibited growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. redolens germ tubes and reduced disease of radish caused by the same fungus.     

六种农药对两种果蝇成虫室内毒力和主要解毒酶活性的影响

为明确田间常用农药对伊米果蝇Drosophila immigrans和海德氏果蝇D. hydei的毒力和解毒机制,采用药膜法在室内测定6种田间常用农药原药对2种果蝇实验种群成虫的LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50),并研究其中3种农药的亚致死剂量(LC_(10)、LC_(20))对果蝇谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)3种主要解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,乙基多杀菌素对伊米果蝇的毒力最大,LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50)分别为0.29、0.51和1.51 mg/L;甲维盐对海德氏果蝇的毒力最大,LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50)分别为0.14、0.36和2.09 mg/L;吡虫啉对2种果蝇的毒力均最低。不同亚致死浓度的乙基多杀菌素处理伊米果蝇24 h后,CarE和AchE活性均显著高于对照,而GST活性在低浓度时显著高于对照;高浓度甲维盐仅对海德氏果蝇AchE活性有显著抑制作用;吡虫啉可抑制伊米果蝇AchE和海德氏果蝇CarE活性。表明伊米果蝇和海德氏果蝇可通过改变3种解毒酶的活性来防御杀虫剂对其造成的影响。     

Studies on the Pathogenic Races of Tilletia foetida and Tilletia caries and their Pathogenicity on Some Wheat Varieties in Turkey1

Twenty-nine pathogenic races of Tilletia foetida and eight of T. caries were identified during a survey of bunt races in Turkey in 1960–1971; 244 bunted heads and eight differential wheat varieties were used in these experiments. The pathogenicity of the 21 most extensive races was checked in 1970–1971. Some of them were stable in their pathogenicity, and some were not. In further race studies carried out since 1974, using more bunt material, 11 differential wheat varieties and the new classification method, 35 T. foetida and eight T. caries races were identified. Obviously, the number of races will increase as the studies continue. The 21 most extensive races identified in the primary studies were tested on 16 wheat varieties cultivated in Turkey. All races used were virulent on nine varieties and avirulent on two varieties. Virulence on the other five varieties was variable.     

小麦丙氨酸氨基转移酶基因TaAlaAT1的克隆及表达特征分析

 在已构建的受条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici)诱导的小麦非亲和抑制差减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)文库中,筛选到1个与水稻丙氨酸氨基转移酶基因高度相似的表达序列标签(expressed sequence tag,EST),利用电子克隆与RT-PCR相结合的方法,从小麦中获得1个1563bp的cDNA序列,命名为TaAlaAT1。序列分析表明,TaAlaAT1包含1个完整的开放阅读框,长1440bp,推测编码479个氨基酸。该氨基酸序列具有氨基转移酶的保守特征,与水稻、葡萄、大豆、拟南芥、苜蓿等多种植物的丙氨酸氨基转移酶高度相似,其中与水稻的亲缘关系最近。半定量RT-PCR与实时定量PCR结果显示,TaAlaAT1在小麦与条锈菌互作的非亲和组合中总体呈上调表达,在亲和组合中呈下调表达,且在2个组合中的表达差异显著。推测TaAlaAT1参与了小麦对条锈菌的防御反应。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌株HRH317对感染串珠镰孢菌玉米幼苗伏马毒素B1含量及相关防御酶活性的影响

为探讨解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens菌株HRH317对感染串珠镰孢菌Fusarium moniliforme玉米幼苗产生伏马毒素B_1(FB_1)的影响,采用牛津杯法测定菌株HRH317对串珠镰孢菌的抑制活性,并通过浸种处理进行盆栽试验,应用高效液相色谱技术对生长至3叶期后不同时间玉米幼苗叶片中FB_1含量进行测定,同时于室内测定玉米幼苗叶片防御酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性。结果表明:解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌株HRH317能明显抑制串珠镰孢菌生长,抑菌圈直径平均可达33.31 mm;玉米幼苗生长至3叶期后1～6 d,菌株HRH317能有效抑制玉米植株体内FB_1含量,经串珠镰孢菌分生孢子悬浮液与菌株HRH317菌悬液1∶1混合液处理玉米种子后,对幼苗中FB_1的抑制率为59.20%～75.70%;而玉米种子先接种菌株HRH317菌悬液后接种串珠镰孢菌分生孢子悬浮液处理对幼苗中FB_1的抑制率为76.77%～88.10%。且这2种处理中幼苗叶片的SOD、CAT、PAL和POD活性均较对照有不同程度提高,其峰值是对照的1.24～5.45倍。表明解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌株HRH317可通过抑制FB_1产生来降低串珠镰孢菌对玉米幼苗的侵害,同时能诱导玉米植株体内防御酶活性的表达而增强其系统抗性,在防治玉米穗腐病方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Prevalence and Control of Septoria Leaf Blotch in the Aegean Region1

While a number of common wheat diseases are well controlled in Turkey, Septoria leaf blotch (due to Septoria tritici ) has been gaining in importance in Turkey since 1967, when the Mexican wheat varieties were first imported. Surveys in six locations in the Aegean Region in April-May 1975–1977 showed that S. tritici was common throughout the region. In 1978, trials with four fungicides (mancozeb, benomyl, carbendazim in two formulations) in eight combinations showed that threefold treatment with benomyl was most effective. However, a better economic return was obtained with two applications of Derosan. The first application can usefully be combined with normal weed control.     

Trends and Costs in the Development and Testing of Plant Protection Machinery1

New developments in plant protection technique give rise to new requirements in the development of spray equipment, which must then be tested for its efficiency, uniformity and optimum performance in relation to output and droplet characteristics. The problems in doing this are illustrated by the results of a trial on orchard spraying in Hungary. The need to relate performance to biological requirements is particularly stressed.     

Progress with an Electrostatic Device for enhancing the Selectivity of Herbicides in Cereal Crops1

Apparatus is described that produces uniformly sized and charged drops that can be propelled to the target at a range of speeds. Results from the use of this equipment suggest that drop momentum, rather than just drop size, may have an effect on spray deposition. The magnitude of this effect is dependent on the characteristics of leaf surfaces. For example, spray deposition on cereal leaves is sensitive to changes in drop momentum but this is not the case for Raphanus sp. This factor, if exploited, could be the basis for altering selectivity between plant species.     

Effects of two surfactant series on the absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate in sicklepod and prickly sida

The weed species, prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.), were treated with ¹⁴C-glyphosate alone and formulated with different polyethlylane oxide (PEO) surfactants in tallow amine ethoxylate and non-ionic alkoxylate series to determine the amount of ¹⁴C-glyphosate absorption and translocation. The surface tension, contact angle, and ¹⁴C-glyphosate distribution were significantly affected by both the presence of different waxes on the plants and by the addition of surfactants to the glyphosate. The surface and contact angle values of the surfactants, with and without glyphosate, showed a significant increase as the PEO number increased in both surfactant series. A higher absorption of the ¹⁴C-glyphosate was recorded for S. spinosa compared with S. obtusifolia. The absorption and translocation of the ¹⁴C-glyphosate increased with the increase in the PEO number of tallow amine ethoxylate. In the case of the non-ionic alkoxylate surfactant series, an increase in the absorption of ¹⁴C-glyphosate was recorded when the surface tension and contact angle values decreased. There was no significant difference in the translocation values obtained in the two species after the addition of the surfactants. The amount of ¹⁴C-glyphosate absorbed by the treated leaf was significantly higher in the case of S. spinosa compared with S. obtusifolia. A linear relationship was observed with the physical properties, ¹⁴C absorption, and the efficacy of glyphosate with the addition of the non-ionic alkoxylate surfactant series. The percentage control was higher with the higher PEO surfactant in the tallow amine ethoxylate surfactant series and with the lower PEO surfactant in the non-ionic alkoxylate surfactant series as the two series are chemically different.     

西伯利亚蝗卵发育过程中血蓝蛋白基因Hc1、Hc2表达、差异及其与土壤温度的关系

为明确血蓝蛋白基因在新疆优势害虫西伯利亚蝗Gomphocerus sibiricus卵发育过程中的作用,本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测血蓝蛋白基因Hc1、Hc2在西伯利亚蝗卵不同发育阶段和1龄蝗蝻中的相对表达量,比较基因Hc1、Hc2相对表达量的差异,并分析这2个基因与土壤温度的相关性。结果表明,血蓝蛋白基因Hc1和Hc2在西伯利亚蝗卵所有发育阶段均有表达,并具有阶段特异性。在蝗卵早期发育阶段,Hc1基因相对表达量较高,Hc2基因相对表达量较低,其中在I阶段,Hc2基因相对表达量最低,为0.05;在滞育阶段,Hc1基因相对表达量降低,且在深度滞育期降至最低,为0.12,Hc2基因相对表达量略有增加;在滞育解除后发育阶段,Hc1基因相对表达量无显著变化,Hc2基因相对表达量在第VIII阶段最高,为17.26;在1龄蝗蝻阶段,Hc1基因相对表达量急剧升高至最大值,为39.43,Hc2基因相对表达量急剧下降。在西伯利亚蝗卵发育过程中,Hc1基因相对表达量平均数为8.83,高于Hc2基因的平均数,且蝗卵早期发育阶段、滞育后发育阶段和1龄蝗蝻阶段的Hc1和Hc2基因相对表达量之间差异显著。土壤温度与西伯利亚蝗卵各发育阶段和1龄蝗蝻阶段中Hc1基因相对表达量正相关,但相关性不显著,与Hc2基因相对表达量无显著相关性。     

两株虫生真菌对草地贪夜蛾的致病力及高毒力菌株与卵寄生蜂的相容性

为有效防控新入侵我国的重大农业害虫草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda,采用浸叶法测定球孢白僵菌 Beauveria bassiana菌株Bb1237、 Bb201017、 Bb20091317及金龟子绿僵菌 Metarhiziumanisopliae菌株Ma189和莱氏绿僵菌 M. rileyi菌株MrCDTLJ1对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的致病力,筛选对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫有较强致病力的菌株,并测定该菌株对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的致病力和对其天敌的致死率。结果显示,球孢白僵菌Bb20091317和莱氏绿僵菌MrCDTLJ1对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的累计校正死亡率显著高于其他菌株,分别为95.59%和97.06%,致死中时LT₅₀分别为3.42 d和5.72 d, LC₅₀分别为7.05×10⁶个/mL和2.25×10⁵个/mL。2种菌在高浓度1×10⁸个/mL下对草地贪夜蛾天敌夜蛾黑卵蜂 Telenomus remus和玉米螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma ostriniae成蜂的致死率也仅介于15%~20%之间。表明球孢白僵菌Bb20091317和莱氏绿僵菌MrCDTLJ1不仅对草地贪夜蛾有高致病力,同时与夜蛾黑卵蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂有较好的相容性。     

Bt稻Cry1Ab蛋白的表达和降解及对采后季节土表灰橄榄长角跳虫发生的影响

Bt水稻及其植株残体中的Bt杀虫蛋白对土壤跳虫具有潜在的生态风险。作者以Bt杂交稻东龙(DL)及非亲本对照汕优46(XY)和西农优1号(XN)为材料,采用ELISA法分析了DL各植株组织中Cry1Ab蛋白的田间表达和采后残留,并评价了采后季节DL植株秸秆还田对稻田土表跳虫发生量的影响。结果表明,在测定的各生长阶段,DL Cry1Ab在叶、茎和根系中的表达量为2.49~16.13μg/g FW;在采后季节,DL各秸秆还田植株残体中的Cry1Ab可残留较长时间,在试验第132天地表茎叶、稻桩和根系中的残留量分别为0.072、0.074和0.033μg/g DW;DL秸秆还田未对采后季节稻田土表发生量大的灰橄榄长角跳虫Entomobrya griseoolivata (Packard) 种群数量产生显著影响,该跳虫种群密度动态在DL与对照XY和XN稻田基本相似,多数调查日期发生量无显著差异。     

MfSre1基因参与调控桃褐腐病菌对外源渗透的胁迫和对DCFs杀菌剂敏感性

 美澳型核果链核盘菌(Monilinia fructicola)引起的褐腐病是严重威胁桃生产的重要真菌性病害。为揭示该病原菌的抗药性机制和发掘新的药剂靶标,本研究利用同源重组分割标记法对MfSre1基因进行了敲除,并研究了该基因的生物学功能。与亲本甾醇14-α-脱甲基化酶抑制剂(DMI)抗性菌株Bmpc7相比,敲除转化子的菌落形态、菌丝生长速率、产孢能力和致病力没有显著变化(P>0.5),对DMIs杀菌剂的敏感性、过氧化氢和高浓度甘油渗透胁迫也没有显著性区别。但对金属离子、糖类、细胞壁/细胞膜破坏剂的敏感性明显降低,对二甲酰亚胺类杀菌剂(DCFs)的抗性水平显著上升。这些结果表明,MfSre1参与调控对部分外源渗透的胁迫和对DCFs杀菌剂的敏感性。     

大螟两个mGST1基因的时空分布及经氯虫苯甲酰胺诱导后的表达情况

为明确微粒体谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（microsomal glutathione S-transferase,mGST）是否参与大螟Sesamia inferens对氯虫苯甲酰胺的解毒代谢,采用Illumina深度测序技术分析大螟转录组数据获得mGST1基因序列,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定其在大螟不同龄期幼虫和4龄幼虫不同组织中的表达模式,及经不同浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺处理不同时间后的相对表达量。结果表明,共获得2个mGST1基因序列,分别命名为SimGST1-1和SimGST1-2(GenBank登录号分别为OL770267和OL770268)。SimGST1-1和SimGST1-2的开放阅读框分别为456 bp和447 bp,分别编码152个和149个氨基酸,均具有昆虫mGST的特征序列。SimGST1-1和SimGST1-2在大螟不同龄期幼虫体内均有表达,且在4～6龄幼虫体内的相对表达量显著高于1～3龄幼虫。SimGST1-1在4龄幼虫中肠和脂肪体中的相对表达量显著高于在头部和表皮中的相对表达量,SimGST1-2在头部和中肠中的相对表达量显著高于在表皮和脂肪体中的相对表达量。与对照组...