Role of the S. typhimurium actin-binding protein SipA in bacterial internalization

Entry of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium into host cells requires membrane ruffling and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, it is shown that the bacterial protein SipA plays a critical role in this process. SipA binds directly to actin, decreases its critical concentration, and inhibits depolymerization of actin filaments. These activities result in the spatial localization and more pronounced outward extension of the Salmonella-induced membrane ruffles, thereby facilitating bacterial uptake.     

Epithelial cell surfaces induce Salmonella proteins required for bacterial adherence and invasion

Salmonella bacteria are capable of entering (invading) and multiplying within eukaryotic cells. Stable adherence to and invasion of epithelial cells by S. choleraesuis and S. typhimurium were found to require de novo synthesis of several new bacterial proteins. This inducible event appears to be a coordinately regulated system dependent on trypsin- and neuraminidase-sensitive structures present on the epithelial cell surface. Mutants of S. choleraesuis and S. typhimurium were unable to synthesize these proteins and did not stably adhere to nor invade eukaryotic cells. Two such S. typhimurium mutants were avirulent in mice, an indication that these proteins are required for Salmonella virulence.     

氟苯尼考双混悬型乳剂的体外药效学研究(英文)

[目的]为了探明氟苯尼考双混悬型乳剂的体外药效学特征。[方法]以氟苯尼考注射液为对照组对氟苯尼考双混悬型乳剂进行5种细菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)和耐药突变选择窗(MSW)的测定,对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌进行抗生素后效应(PAE)和抗生素后亚抑菌浓度效应(PASME)的测定。[结果]相对于普通注射液氟苯尼考双混悬型乳剂对5种细菌的MIC和MBC无明显变化,但其明显缩小了对5种细菌的MSW(P<0.01),并且明显的延长了对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌PAE和PASME(P<0.01)。[结论]氟苯尼考双混悬型乳剂在体外能够减小细菌耐药几率,明显延长抗生素对细菌的后效应时间,从而有效地提高抗菌效果。     

以亚甲基蓝为杂交指示剂的电化学适配体鼠伤寒沙门氏菌传感技术

【目的】构建一种更具实用性的可定量检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的新型电化学适配体传感器,克服传统沙门氏菌检测方法在时效性、灵敏度和操作简便性等方面的不足。【方法】将反应制得的氧化石墨烯（GO）滴涂在玻碳电极（GCE）表面,于PBS缓冲液中采用电化学还原法将其还原为还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）,随后放置电极于氯金酸溶液中进行电沉积,于表面修饰一层纳米金（AuNPs）。依靠金硫键的作用将鼠伤寒沙门氏菌适配体互补链（S）固定在电极上,滴加封闭剂巯基己醇（MCH）占据电极表面空余位点,保证电极无非特异性吸附后,再将鼠伤寒沙门氏菌适配体（Apt）滴涂于电极表面,使S与Apt杂交形成DNA双链结构。将电极于37℃下同鼠伤寒沙门氏菌与核酸外切酶I（Exo I）的混合液孵育,依靠鼠伤寒沙门氏菌与Apt高度特异性结合,将Apt从电极表面带离,再基于Exo I对单链DNA的剪切作用,使鼠伤寒沙门氏菌得以循环重复作用于适配体,再将电极浸入亚甲基蓝（MB）溶液一段时间后,通过监测电极表面的电信号,并对其在菌液中的孵育时间及Exo I的浓度进行优化,构建检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的新型电化学适配体传感器。使用构建的传感器对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺氏菌、单增李斯特菌以及副溶血弧菌进行检测,以确定该传感器的特异性;对2×10²-2×10⁷ cfu/mL的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌进行检测,以确定该传感器的敏感性;对猪肉样品进行鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的定量检测,以确定该传感器的实用性。【结果】所构建的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌电化学适配体传感器在菌液中的最适孵育时间为40 min,Exo I的最适浓度为0.8 U·µL^-1。特异性试验结果表明,该传感器仅在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌存在时有电信号响应,而对非目标菌无响应。敏感性试验结果表明,该传感器具有很高的敏感性,对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的敏感性可达67 cfu/mL。使用构建的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌电化学适配体传感器对猪肉中的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌进行定量检测,加标回收率在97.3%-106.7%。【结论】所构建的新型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌电化学适配体传感器具备灵敏度高、特异性强、易于操作、检测迅速及成本低廉等优点,有望应用于食品工业中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的现场快速定量检测。     

沙门菌鞭毛基因表达的相变换研究进展

沙门菌是目前研究较多的细菌之一,广泛分布于脊椎动物的肠道和很多种类的节肢动物中。大多数沙门菌为Ⅱ相菌株,具有鞭毛相变换的特征,这与其毒力和逃避宿主免疫监视有关。综述了沙门菌鞭毛相变换的研究进展,为进一步研究沙门菌的致病机制提供了理论依据。     

猪肉及其制品中几种病原微生物芯片检测方法的建立及应用

[目的]建立金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌O157：H7、单增李斯特氏菌和空肠弯曲杆菌检测的基因芯片方法,并在实际应用中检测芯片的效果。[方法]以5种目标菌保守基因片段为模板设计引物,用待检样品增菌后提取的DNA模板进行2个独立的多重PCR扩增。扩增产物与固定有5种目标致病菌特异性探针的基因芯片进行杂交,用芯片扫描仪对芯片杂交结果进行扫描并判定结果。[结果]使用基因芯片检测5种细菌的检测下限分别为：金黄色葡萄球菌8.7×105cell/ml;大肠杆菌O157：H7 5.0×105cell/ml;沙门氏菌4.4×105cell/ml;单增李斯特氏菌2.4×105cell/ml;空肠弯曲杆菌6.2×106cell/ml。[结论]与传统方法比较,芯片法具有较高的特异性和灵敏性,是一种能应用于实际的快速高通量检测细菌的方法。     

Separation of signal transduction and adaptation functions of the aspartate receptor in bacterial sensing

In order to investigate the functions of stimulus recognition, signal transduction, and adaptation, the aspartate receptor gene for bacterial chemotaxis in Salmonella typhimurium has been sequenced and modified. A carboxyl-terminal truncated receptor was shown to bind aspartate and to transmit a signal to change motility behavior. However, the truncated receptor showed greatly reduced methyl-accepting capacity, and did not allow adaptation to the sensory stimulation. The separation of receptor functions by alteration of primary structure emphasizes that the receptor is directly involved in adaptation and is not solely a device for transmitting a signal across a membrane.     

Salmonella pathogenicity island 2-dependent evasion of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase

A type III protein secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) has been found to be required for virulence and survival within macrophages. Here, SPI2 was shown to allow Salmonella typhimurium to avoid NADPH oxidase-dependent killing by macrophages. The ability of SPI2-mutant bacteria to survive in macrophages and to cause lethal infection in mice was restored by abrogation of the NADPH oxidase-dependent respiratory burst. Ultrastructural and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated efficient localization of the NADPH oxidase in the proximity of vacuoles containing SPI2-mutant but not wild-type bacteria, suggesting that SPI2 interferes with trafficking of oxidase-containing vesicles to the phagosome.     

Salmonella SipA polymerizes actin by stapling filaments with nonglobular protein arms

Like many bacterial pathogens, Salmonella spp. use a type III secretion system to inject virulence proteins into host cells. The Salmonella invasion protein A (SipA) binds host actin, enhances its polymerization near adherent extracellular bacteria, and contributes to cytoskeletal rearrangements that internalize the pathogen. By combining x-ray crystallography of SipA with electron microscopy and image analysis of SipA-actin filaments, we show that SipA functions as a "molecular staple," in which a globular domain and two nonglobular "arms" mechanically stabilize the filament by tethering actin subunits in opposing strands. Deletion analysis of the tethering arms provides strong support for this model.     

鹅－鱼立体养殖环境的菌群特征研究

禽－鱼立体混合养殖是全球罗非鱼养殖的一种重要模式．由于该模式可能存在着致病菌由禽向鱼类沿养殖链和食物链传递的风险,被认为会对罗非鱼的健康养殖造成危害,但目前缺乏相应的理论依据．通过连续采集某鹅－鱼养殖场中罗非鱼鳃、鹅粪便、池塘水体及底泥样品,采用高通量测序技术检测了其中的菌群结构及多样性,结果发现,在５次采集的鱼鳃、鹅粪便、池塘水及底泥样品中,平均分别鉴定到细菌２２门和１６９属、２７门和１７６属、３８门和２０６属、６０门和２０５属,菌群丰富度最高的为底泥样品（Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ指数６.６４）．在门水平,鱼鳃、底泥、池塘水的菌群组成较稳定,其优势菌群依次为厚壁菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门和蓝藻门．鹅粪便则在随时间变化差异较大．在属水平,鹅粪便和鱼鳃上没有发现共同的致病菌．但值得注意的是,鹅粪便中含有众多病原菌如不动杆菌属（Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）、梭杆菌属（Ｆｕｓｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）、梭菌属（Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍ）和空肠弯曲菌属（Ｃａｍｐｙｌｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）．鱼鳃上则发现有丰富的乳酸杆菌属（Ｌａｃｔｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ）、土芽孢杆菌属（Ｇｅｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ）和芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ）等有益菌,同时也有假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｄａｃｅａｅ）和链球菌属（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ）等病原菌．底泥中发现的大部分细菌为厌氧菌,如脱氯单胞菌属（Ｄｅｃｈｌｏｒｏｍｏｎａｓ）、厌氧粘细菌属（Ａｎａｅｒｏｍｙｘｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）和地杆菌属（Ｇｅｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）．β-多样性分析表明,不同来源样品的细菌组成相似性很小．结果表明立体养殖池塘中各类样品的菌群组成在属水平差别较大;没有直接证据表明,病原菌会由鹅水平转移至罗非鱼．     

Convergence of Campylobacter species: implications for bacterial evolution

The nature of species boundaries in bacteria remains controversial. In particular, the mechanisms of bacterial speciation and maintenance in the face of frequent genetic exchange are poorly understood. Here, we report patterns of genetic exchange that show two closely related zoonotic pathogenic species, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, are converging as a consequence of recent changes in gene flow. Population expansion into a novel ecological niche generated by human activity is the most probable explanation for the increase in genetic exchange between these species. Bacterial speciation can therefore occur by mechanisms analogous to those seen in metazoans, where genetic diversification and incipient speciation caused by ecological factors have been reported in several genera.     

天刃牌消毒液对4种细菌的抑菌和杀菌效果

将天刃牌消毒液(pH值为6.5和7.5)按照不同的稀释度稀释后与炭疽芽孢杆菌、金色葡萄球菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌分别作用不同时间,进行抑菌、杀菌效果的检测。结果表明,2种pH值消毒剂在不同稀释倍数下对4种细菌均有一定的抑制和杀灭作用。     

德氏乳杆菌对鸡肠道菌群的影响

[目的]探索德氏乳杆菌对鸡肠道菌群的影响。[方法]从肉鸡肠黏膜上分离培养制备试验菌株。在45只肉鸡雏苗中投喂添加由单一德氏乳杆菌制备的微生态制剂和土霉素,在55d的投喂期内,采用平板计数法检测好氧性异养菌、鸡伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和德氏乳杆菌的数量。[结果]从肉鸡肠黏膜上分离培养得到6株菌,均为G+菌,生理生化鉴定表明,S2为嗜酸乳杆菌,S4为德氏乳杆菌乳亚种,S6为德氏乳杆菌德氏亚种,S1、S3和S5为粪肠球菌。在投喂冻干菌粉30d后德氏乳杆菌数量达到稳定并在肠道内定植。同时,由于德氏乳杆菌的抑制作用,肠道中的鸡伤寒沙门氏菌数量下降最明显。德氏乳杆菌对鸡肠道的好氧性异养菌没有任何影响。[结论]德氏乳杆菌对鸡肠道菌群的影响与抗生素具有相近的效果,表明德氏乳杆菌作为饲料添加剂可以取代抗生素应用在肉鸡的养殖中。     

用NBT还原法检测细菌无细胞溶解物中SOD活性

目的：了解不同细菌无细胞溶解物中ＳＯＤ活性。方法：采用ＮＢＴ还原法检测２株大肠杆菌和８株沙门氏菌（其中７株伤寒沙门氏菌、１株鼠伤寒沙门氏菌）无细胞溶解物中ＳＯＤ活性。结果：２株大肠杆菌ＳＯＤ活性明显低于８株沙门氏菌（Ｐ＜０．０１）;鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ＳＯＤ活性明显高于伤寒沙门氏菌（Ｐ＜０．０１）;而伤寒沙门氏菌Ｌ型返祖株ＳＯＤ活性低于其它株伤寒沙门氏菌（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：不同细菌的ＳＯＤ活性有差异;伤寒沙门氏菌Ｌ型返祖株细胞壁的缺陷可能是导致其ＳＯＤ活性降低的原因之一     

Common mechanism for repellents and attractants in bacterial chemotaxis

The migrational response of Salmonella typhimurium away from compounds such as phenol, indole, acetic acid, and leucine occurs because the bacteria tumble less frequently while descending gradients of repellents. This contrasts with their response of tumbling less frequently while ascending gradients of attractants. The results of competition experiments suggest that repellents, like attractants, operate through specific receptors, and the algebraic additivity experiments indicate that repellents and attractants utilize a common memory mechanism for taxis.     

不同粒度的低聚木糖对3种猪常见致病菌的体外抑菌效果

研究了在体外状态下,不同粒度的低聚木糖(常规和超微下粉碎)对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌3种常见的猪源性致病菌的抑菌效果.结果表明,不同粒度的低聚木糖均能抑制3种致病菌的生长.常规低聚木糖对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为20.0、17.5和25.0 mg·mL~(-1);超微低聚木糖对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的MIC分别为20.0、20.0和30.0 mg·mL~(-1).可见,不同粒度的低聚木糖对3种致病菌均有抑菌作用.     

双歧杆菌对病原菌粘附肉鸡肠粘液的影响

研究两歧双歧杆菌、禽大肠杆菌O78、大肠杆菌ATCC25922、鸡白痢沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌与肉鸡不同肠段粘液糖蛋白的粘附性能，探讨两歧双歧杆菌对四种病原菌的粘附排斥作用。结果表明，在不同的肠道部位，两歧双歧杆菌、鸡白痢沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌与肠粘液糖蛋白的粘附能力不同，而禽大肠杆菌O78、大肠杆菌ATCC25922在各肠段粘液上的粘附性能相近；在相同的肠道部位，所试菌与肠粘液糖蛋白的粘附能力有差异，其中两歧双歧杆菌的粘附作用最强；肠粘液糖蛋白经两歧双歧杆菌处理后，禽大肠杆菌O78、大肠杆菌ATCC25922和鸡白痢沙门氏菌的粘附作用受到抑制，而鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在十二指肠、空肠粘液上的粘附率未见下降。