Anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG mediated through the inhibitory Fc receptor

The molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory property of intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) was investigated in a murine model of immune thrombocytopenia. Administration of clinically protective doses of intact antibody or monomeric Fc fragments to wild-type or Fcgamma receptor-humanized mice prevented platelet consumption triggered by a pathogenic autoantibody. The inhibitory Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIB, was required for protection, because disruption either by genetic deletion or with a blocking monoclonal antibody reversed the therapeutic effect of IVIG. Protection was associated with the ability of IVIG administration to induce surface expression of FcgammaRIIB on splenic macrophages. Modulation of inhibitory signaling is thus a potent therapeutic strategy for attenuating autoantibody-triggered inflammatory diseases.     

牛IgG2 Fc受体的真核表达、纯化与结晶

【目的】制备牛IgG2 Fc受体(boFcγ2R)蛋白并分析其结构与生物学功能,为进一步研究其免疫学功能奠定基础。【方法】PCR扩增boFcγ2R的胞外区基因片段,将其克隆至真核表达载体pMT/BiP/V5-His A构建重组pMT/BiP-boFcγ2R-His质粒,利用果蝇胚胎Drosophila Schneider 2(S2)细胞表达boFcγ2R胞外区重组蛋白,通过镍柱亲和层析、凝胶过滤层析对目的蛋白进行纯化,利用Dot-blot验证其生物学功能;采用蒸汽扩散坐滴法对目的蛋白进行结晶,对晶体进行X-ray衍射分析;利用去糖基化酶Endo Hf和PNGase F对目的蛋白进行处理,以验证其糖基化修饰与晶体无衍射之间是否存在因果关系。【结果】PCR扩增获得了663 bp的boFcγ2R基因胞外区片段。成功构建了pMT/BiP-boFcγ2R-His载体,将其转染S2细胞后诱导表达出26 ku的boFcγ2R胞外区重组蛋白。SDS-PAGE结果显示,通过镍柱亲和层析、凝胶过滤层析的纯化方法得到了高纯度的boFcγ2R胞外区重组蛋白;Dot-blot结果显示,该蛋白具有较好的生物学功能。蛋白结晶的2个条件是:体积分数15%Tacsimate~(TM)(pH 7.0)、0.1 mol/L HEPES (pH 7.0)、20 g/L PEG 3350和0.1 mol/L HEPES (pH 7.5)、250 g/L PEG 3350。蛋白初筛晶体无衍射,去糖基化试验验证了boFcγ2R胞外区蛋白初筛晶体无衍射可能与其糖基化有关的推测。【结论】得到了高纯度的boFcγ2R胞外区重组蛋白,获得其初筛晶体。     

Membrane anchoring of a human IgG Fc receptor (CD16) determined by a single amino acid

CD16 is a low-affinity immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor that is expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, granulocytes, activated macrophages, and some T lymphocytes. Two similar genes, CD16-I and CD16-II, encode membrane glycoproteins that are anchored by phosphatidylinositol (PI)-glycan and transmembrane polypeptides, respectively. The primary structural requirements for PI-linkage were examined by constructing a series of hybrid cDNA molecules. Although both cDNA's have an identical COOH-terminal hydrophobic segment, CD16-I has Ser203 whereas CD16-II has Phe203. Conversion of Phe to Ser in CD16-II permits expression of a PI-glycan-anchored glycoprotein, whereas conversion of Ser to Phe in CD16-I prevents PI-glycan linkage.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of immunoglobulin G resulting from Fc sialylation

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediates pro- and anti-inflammatory activities through the engagement of its Fc fragment (Fc) with distinct Fcg receptors (FcgRs). One class of Fc-FcgR interactions generates pro-inflammatory effects of immune complexes and cytotoxic antibodies. In contrast, therapeutic intravenous gamma globulin and its Fc fragments are anti-inflammatory. We show here that these distinct properties of the IgG Fc result from differential sialylation of the Fc core polysaccharide. IgG acquires anti-inflammatory properties upon Fc sialylation, which is reduced upon the induction of an antigen-specific immune response. This differential sialylation may provide a switch from innate anti-inflammatory activity in the steady state to generating adaptive pro-inflammatory effects upon antigenic challenge.     

滇黄精的化学成分及药理研究进展

目的黄精是中国传统的药食两用中药材,但方便食用的深加工产品较为缺乏。为此,本研究建立黄精速溶茶加工工艺,以期为黄精深加工产品的开发提供技术基础。方法依次进行乙醇体积分数(0%、20%、40%、60%和80%)、料液比(1∶5、1∶10、1∶15、1∶20、1∶25和1∶30)的单因素试验和爬坡试验,进而应用响应面设计优化浸提方法。结果建立了以黄精为原料,应用65%乙醇溶液、料液比1∶28 (质量体积比,m/V)浸提2 d、过滤、50 ℃旋转蒸发仪减压浓缩至1/3体积,浓缩液加入2%麦芽糊精,170 ℃喷雾干燥的黄精速溶茶加工工艺。该工艺加工的黄精速溶茶得率为44%,产品为淡黄或棕黄色粉末,沸水中完全溶解,滋味微甜,带原药材香味,测定发现多糖含量为7.98%。结论本研究开发了一种方便的、滋味口感较好的黄精速溶茶产品,为黄精的精深加工与利用提供了技术基础。     

Anti-inflammatory activity of human IgG4 antibodies by dynamic Fab arm exchange

Antibodies play a central role in immunity by forming an interface with the innate immune system and, typically, mediate proinflammatory activity. We describe a novel posttranslational modification that leads to anti-inflammatory activity of antibodies of immunoglobulin G, isotype 4 (IgG4). IgG4 antibodies are dynamic molecules that exchange Fab arms by swapping a heavy chain and attached light chain (half-molecule) with a heavy-light chain pair from another molecule, which results in bispecific antibodies. Mutagenesis studies revealed that the third constant domain is critical for this activity. The impact of IgG4 Fab arm exchange was confirmed in vivo in a rhesus monkey model with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. IgG4 Fab arm exchange is suggested to be an important biological mechanism that provides the basis for the anti-inflammatory activity attributed to IgG4 antibodies.     

Biological activity of recombinant human interleukin-2 produced in Escherichia coli

The gene for interleukin-2 was isolated from the Jurkat cell line and from normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and, when inserted in Escherichia coli, was expressed at high concentrations. This interleukin-2 was purified to apparent homogeneity and tested for biological activity in a variety of assays in vitro and in vivo. The recombinant lymphokine supports the growth of murine and human interleukin-2 dependent cell lines, enhances the generation of murine and human cytolytic cells in vitro, and generates lymphokine activated killer cells from murine and human lymphocytes. It has a serum half-life of 2 to 3 minutes in the mouse and significantly enhances the generation of cytolytic cells in vivo after alloimmunization. No functional differences between native and the recombinant interleukin-2 molecules have been detected.     

重组纤维素酶E4酶活性改变的初步研究

纤维素酶F4是一种噬温的丝状土壤放线菌Thermomonospora fusca分泌的一种特殊纤维素酶,对细菌微结晶纤维素(BMCC)有较高的活性,可与T.fusca中典型的外切酶和内切酶协同作用.初步研究显示,其不同底物水解活性与结合域(CBD)有很大关系,因此对F4的CBD进行删除,构建4组重组质粒,转入酵母GS115表达系统表达,得到对应重组蛋白.结果显示,CBD的删除对其温度、pH稳定性都有影响,且不同底物的降解活力有明显变化,对于纤维素酶降解机理复杂性有初步研究.     

姜黄素及细菌素对子宫内膜炎大鼠血清中抗炎活性的影响

为研究姜黄素(Curcumin)及细菌素(nisin)对患大鼠子宫内膜炎血清中基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶-1(TIMP-1)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的作用,构建大鼠子宫内膜炎模型,将160只SD大鼠随机分为细菌素组、姜黄素组、阳性对照组及生理盐水组,建模型前0h和试验后24、48、72h,用ELISA试剂盒检测各试验组中MMP-9、基质金属蛋白抑制物-1(TIMP-1)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)及TNF-α的变化情况来监测治疗效果。结果表明:1)在0~72h之间,建模0h前时,细菌素组和姜黄素组中MMP-9的浓度显著高于生理盐水组和阳性对照组(P0.05),生理盐水组中MMP-9的浓度比其他各用药组显著降低(P0.05);在各药物组的作用下,MMP-9浓度的升高常伴随着TIMP-1的浓度的升高;2)各用药组均能降低血清中TNF-α的浓度,而生理盐水组0~72h时间点时血清中TNF-!的浓度持续升高,血清中TNF-α的浓度随着COX-2的浓度的升高而降低。由此可见,细菌素和姜黄素能显著提高子宫内膜炎大鼠血清中TIMP-1和COX-2的表达,抑制MMP-9和TNF-!的活性而发挥调控子宫内环境动态平衡,表明细菌素和姜黄素对MMP-9、TIMP-1、COX-2的浓度具有正调控作用,而对TNF-α恰好相反。     

Expression and cell type--specific processing of human preproenkephalin with a vaccinia recombinant

The posttranslational maturation of a complex precursor polyprotein, human proenkephalin, was assessed by infection of a wide spectrum of cell types with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed human proenkephalin. The infected cells rapidly produced both cellular and secreted Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity. Although each cell line could secrete intact proenkephalin, only a mouse pituitary line was capable of processing proenkephalin to mature enkephalin peptides. The quantity of intact proenkephalin secreted from BSC-40 cells (derived from African Green monkey kidney) was sufficient to establish the value of vaccinia virus as a mammalian cell expression vector.     

猪γ干扰素基因真核重组表达质粒的构建及活性测定

以含有全长猪γ干扰素基因的质粒为模板,通过PCR方法扩增猪γ干扰素并引入酶切位点,酶切后与PCI真核表达载体连接在一起,测序后经比较,所扩增序列同Genebank报道的IFN-γ序列同源性为99·8%.将重组质粒转染PK细胞,检测所转染的pIFN-γ的抗病毒活性.试验结果表明,转染pIFN-γ试验组与正常细胞接毒对照组比较有显著差异,说明所构建的重组质粒转染后具有抗病毒作用.     

Protection against streptococcal pharyngeal colonization with a vaccinia: M protein recombinant

Phagocytosis of group A streptococci requires type-specific antibodies directed against the variable determinants of the bacterial surface M protein molecule. As a step toward developing a broadly protective anti-streptococcal vaccine, a vaccinia virus (VV) recombinant was constructed that expresses the conserved region of the structural gene encoding the M6 molecule (VV:M6'). Mice immunized intranasally with the VV:M6' virus showed markedly reduced pharyngeal colonization by streptococci after intranasal and oral challenge with these bacteria. M protein-specific serum immunoglobulin G was significantly elevated in vaccinated animals and absent in controls. A similar approach may prove useful for the identification of protective determinants present on other bacterial and viral pathogens.     

原核表达牦牛朊蛋白的纯化及其活性测定

以原核表达的GST-BoPrP(23～242)融合蛋白为抗原,免疫BALB/C小鼠,制备抗牦牛朊蛋白的特异性抗血清。经Western blotting和间接ELISA鉴定,该抗血清可与牦牛重组成熟PrP(23～242)和牛脑组织提取物发生反应,蛋白酶K消化各抗原可消除免疫反应,但不与GST蛋白和E.coli BL21(DE3)的菌体蛋白发生反应,表明该抗血清为抗牦牛重组成熟PrP(23～242)的抗血清,其效价高达1∶12800,并能识别黄牛脑组织中的天然朊蛋白。原核表达的GST-BoPrP(23～242)融合蛋白能有效地刺激免疫动物产生PrP特异性抗体,所制备的抗血清可适用于天然朊蛋白的检测。     

基于重组毕赤酵母的鳜鱼β-防御素生物合成及其抑菌活性

鳜鱼β-防御素(Siniperca chuatsiβ-defensin,ScBD)多肽链由N端的信号肽和C端的成熟肽组成,通过构建产鳜鱼β-防御素的毕赤酵母重组菌株,以解决天然免疫小分子抗菌肽的来源问题。通过RT-PCR从鳜鱼脾脏中分离编码β-防御素成熟肽的基因ScBD,将其与表达载体pPICZαA连接后构建重组表达载体pPICZαA-ScBD并转入毕赤酵母X-33;通过含高浓度博来霉素的YPD平板筛选阳性转化子后,于28℃、250 r/min和pH 6.0的条件下,使用1%甲醇诱导表达96 h;经镍离子亲和层析对重组毕赤酵母菌株的产物进行纯化,并对纯化产物进行MALDI-TOF/TOF质谱鉴定;通过平板涂布法和浊度法检测该重组菌株产物的抑菌活性。结果表明:基于质谱分析的一级结构鉴定证明纯化产物为分子量6.35 ku的预期重组ScBD;抑菌实验显示重组菌株产物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahemolyticus)的抑制率分别为94.34%、86.97%和85.92%。本文构建的重组毕赤酵母菌株能有效合成具有生物学活性的重组ScBD,为鱼类来源天然小分子抗菌肽的进一步开发提供了技术途径。     

纤维素降解菌中葡聚糖酶基因的克隆表达及活性

为探明约氏梭菌(Clostridium josui)中纤维小体内某个酶的功能性,从该菌属CJ-1菌株中克隆出基因片段Cel9C,大小为1943 bp,编码647个氨基酸,将该基因构建于大肠杆菌表达载体p ET28a(+)中,获得重组表达载体p ET28a-Cel9C,转化至大肠杆菌菌株BL21(DE3)中进行表达。结果表明,该酶的最适反应温度为45℃,最适反应p H为p H6.0;对大麦-β-葡聚糖(Barley-β-glucan)和魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac glucomannan)具有较高的反应活性,比活值分别达到114和57 U·mg-1;几乎不能以木聚糖(Brichwood xylan)和半乳甘露寡糖(Galacto mannan)为底物。说明该酶对葡聚糖类物质时有较高的降解能力,应为葡聚糖酶。     

Bypassing a kinase activity with an ATP-competitive drug

Unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum cause trans-autophosphorylation of the bifunctional transmembrane kinase Ire1, which induces its endoribonuclease activity. The endoribonuclease initiates nonconventional splicing of HAC1 messenger RNA to trigger the unfolded-protein response (UPR). We explored the role of Ire1's kinase domain by sensitizing it through site-directed mutagenesis to the ATP-competitive inhibitor 1NM-PP1. Paradoxically, rather than being inhibited by 1NM-PP1, drug-sensitized Ire1 mutants required 1NM-PP1 as a cofactor for activation. In the presence of 1NM-PP1, drug-sensitized Ire1 bypassed mutations that inactivate its kinase activity and induced a full UPR. Thus, rather than through phosphorylation per se, a conformational change in the kinase domain triggered by occupancy of the active site with a ligand leads to activation of all known downstream functions.     

阿尔茨海默病不同临床阶段脑脊液中炎前和抗炎细胞因子水平的变化

目的:观察不同临床阶段阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者脑脊液中炎前和抗炎细胞因子水平与神经病理损伤的关系。方法:用夹心式酶联免疫吸附法测定轻、中、重度AD患者,血管性痴呆(VD)患者与正常老年人脑脊液中白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)和白介素1受体拮抗剂(IL-1ra)的水平。结果:各AD组患者脑脊液中IL-1β、TNFα的水平较其他组有不同程度升高,而IL-1ra则有不同程度降低,各AD组组间比较,随着痴呆程度的加重,IL-1β与TNFα水平相应增高,IL-1ra却相应下降,其中重度AD患者这种改变与轻度AD患者比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:炎前和抗炎细胞因子表达失衡造成的级联反应在AD脑损害过程中起重要作用。     

Three-dimensional structure of a recombinant gap junction membrane channel

Gap junction membrane channels mediate electrical and metabolic coupling between adjacent cells. The structure of a recombinant cardiac gap junction channel was determined by electron crystallography at resolutions of 7.5 angstroms in the membrane plane and 21 angstroms in the vertical direction. The dodecameric channel was formed by the end-to-end docking of two hexamers, each of which displayed 24 rods of density in the membrane interior, which is consistent with an alpha-helical conformation for the four transmembrane domains of each connexin subunit. The transmembrane alpha-helical rods contrasted with the double-layered appearance of the extracellular domains. Although not indicative for a particular type of secondary structure, the protein density that formed the extracellular vestibule provided a tight seal to exclude the exchange of substances with the extracellular milieu.     

Aldolase activity of a Plasmodium falciparum protein with protective properties

Immunization with a 41-kilodalton blood stage antigen (p41) of Plasmodium falciparum induces immunity to malaria in monkeys. However, antigenic polymorphism and repetitive amino acids commonly found in protective antigens complicate vaccine development. The gene encoding p41 has now been cloned and analyzed. Sequencing and hybridization studies revealed that the gene structure is highly conserved in 14 parasite isolates from three continents. This finding and the lack of repetitive amino acids in the translated DNA sequence may indicate that p41 has an essential function. In this study the protein was found to be 60 percent homologous to the key glycolytic enzyme aldolase from vertebrates, and the affinity-purified p41 protein from parasites showed aldolase activity.     

Physicochemical study in water of a mucoprotein with virus-inhibiting activity

Human urinary mucoprotein precipitated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and suspended in distilled water has a light-scattering molecular weight of 2.8 x 106, an intrinsic viscosity of 225, a refractive index increment of 1.73 x 10 4, and an absorption coefficient (E5" ,,) of 11.4. The molecule is therefore smaller than that of the mucoprotein isolated by Tamm and Horsfall but retains its biological activity.