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1.
Tidhar Turgeman Yaron Sitrit Ofer Danai Yoram Luzzati Amnon Bustan Nurit Roth-Bejerano Varda Kagan-Zur Segula Masaphy 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,84(3):337-343
A Tuber melanosporum plantation established in 1994/1995 on Kibbutz Bar’am (in the Upper Galilee, Israel) gradually lost its T. melanosporum mycorrhiza. In 1999, T. aestivum inoculated seedlings were inadvertently introduced into the plantation to fill the gaps between trees. A single T. melanosporum fruit body was found in 1999. Although no truffles were found after 1999 and until 2009, in that year and in 2010, truffles
were collected. Morphological and molecular analyses proved these to be T. aestivum. Thus, the intentionally introduced T. melanosporum mycorrhiza was replaced by that of another introduced mycorrhizal fungus, T. aestivum. Local oak species produced higher yields compared to introduced host species known to be good T. melanosporum plant symbionts. The yield was comparable to that reported for young commercial orchards, but the fruiting season was earlier
than in Europe. 相似文献
2.
Juan A. Oliet María Tejada K. Francis Salifu Aleyda Collazos Douglass F. Jacobs 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(3):253-263
Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) seedlings were exponentially (E) nutrient loaded using incremental increases in fertilizer addition or conventionally
(C) fertilized using a constant fertilizer rate during nursery culture. The fertility treatments (mg N plant−1) were control (0), 25E, 100E, and 100C. Subsequently, 1-year-old plants were transplanted under simulated soil fertility
gradients in a greenhouse to evaluate effects of nutrient loading and post-transplant fertility on seedling performance. Post-transplant
fertility consisted of fertilizing plants at two rates (0 vs. 200 mg N plant−1). A water-soluble fertilizer 20-20-20 was supplied in both nursery and post-transplant experiments. Nutrient loading increased
plant N content by 73% in 100E and by 75% in 100C relative to controls, although no significant differences were detected
between constant and exponential fertilization regimes at the 100 mg N plant−1 rate. When transplanted, nutrient loading promoted post-transplant root growth relative to shoot, implicating potential to
confer competitive advantage to loaded holm oak seedlings after trans-planting. In contrast, post-transplant fertility increased
new shoot dry mass by 140% as well as N, P and K content relative to controls. Results suggest that holm oak seedlings can
be successfully nutrient loaded in the nursery at higher fertility rates, improving its potential to extend new roots, but
alternative fertilization regimes and schedules that better fit nutrient availability to the growth rhythm and conservative
strategy of this species must be tested. 相似文献
3.
Libertad Castro-Colina Miguel Martínez-Ramos Maria Esther Sánchez-Coronado Pilar Huante Ana Mendoza Alma Orozco-Segovia 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(3):747-756
To facilitate restoration of the lava field forests surrounding Mexico City, we developed methods to improve the germination and field seedling performance of Quercus rugosa using hydropriming (regulated hydration of seeds in water), and we used special watering regimes to improve seedling acclimation. The size, dry mass, fresh mass and water content of seeds were measured, and curves were generated to evaluate acorn hydration and dehydration. The effects of stratification (5°C), heat shock (50°C) and scarification on germination were tested. All treated seeds and controls were germinated in control chambers at 21°C. One hydropriming cycle (PC) consisted of two hydration days followed by two dehydration days; treatments of 1, 2 and 3 PCs were tested. Seedlings from 1PC to 2PC were acclimated in a shade house under high and low watering regimes (400 and 200 mL week?1, respectively). In the shade house and field, the effects of hydropriming and watering treatments were evaluated by measuring length, basal diameter, crown cover, number of leaves and branches and leaf area of seedlings. Dry and fresh mass were used to calculate acorn water content. Dehydration and hydration curves displayed hysteresis. Acorns exhibited physiological dormancy, which could be overcome by stratification or by 1 month of storage. 1PC led to increased germination rates and final germination. In both the shade house and field, 1PC showed a positive effect on all seedling growth parameters except branch number. Field survival was not affected. Generally, 1PC favoured efficient seed germination, seedling vigour and homogenous plant production. 相似文献
4.
M. Vaz J. Maroco N. Ribeiro L. C. Gazarini J. S. Pereira M. M. Chaves 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,82(2):173-181
We studied morphological, biochemical and physiological leaf acclimation to incident Photon-Photosynthetic-Flux-Density (PPFD) in Quercus ilex (holm oak) and Quercus suber (cork oak) at Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands of southern Portugal. Specific leaf area (SLA) decreased exponentially with increasing PPFD in both species. Q. ilex had lower SLA values than Q. suber. Leaf nitrogen, cellulose and lignin concentration (leaf area-based) scaled positively with PPFD. Maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax), capacity for maximum photosynthetic electron transport (Jmax), rate of triose-P utilization (VTPU) and the rate of nonphotorespiratory light respiration (Rd) were also positively correlated with PPFD in both Quercus species, when expressed in leaf area but not on leaf mass basis. Q suber showed to have higher photosynthetic potential (Vcmax, Jmaxm and VTPUm) and a higher nitrogen efficient nitrogen use than Q.ilex. Leaf chlorophyll concentration increased with decreasing PPFD, improving apparent quantum use efficiency (Φ) in both Quercus species. We concluded that, in Q.ilex and Q.suber, leaf structural plasticity is a stronger determinant for leaf acclimation to PPFD than biochemical and physiological plasticity. 相似文献
5.
Francisco J. Baquedano Fernando Valladares Federico J. Castillo 《European Journal of Forest Research》2008,127(6):495-506
The Mediterranean evergreen woody plants Quercus coccifera and Pinus halepensis grow in a range of environments where selection by drought, heat and high irradiance can drive genetic and phenotypic differentiation
of populations. However, the role of these stresses in filtering out maladaptive genotypes remains unknown. We hypothesize
that this filtering is an important process for woody Mediterranean species due to their low phenotypic plasticity reported
in previous studies. We have studied the response of saplings of Q. coccifera and P. halepensis, originating from two contrasting populations (a rock outcrop and a garrigue formation), to water stress. Isozyme characterization
of genetic diversity was done to determine whether populations were genetically distinct. Water response analysis was based
on water relations, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, pigment content, antioxidant status and morphological and structural parameters. Ecotypic differentiation was
found for both Q. coccifera and P. halepensis populations, with a higher population isozyme similarity and a higher frequency of dominance of a few genotypes at the rock
outcrop in both the species. P. halepensis exhibited small but significant differences between populations for plastic responses to water, with lower phenotypic plasticity
in saplings from the rock outcrop. Although it was not found in Q. coccifera, this pattern suggests that ecotypic differentiation rendering stress-tolerant ecotypes involves a decreased plasticity. Phenotypic
plasticity was not high but it explained over 75% of the total variability among individual plants. Thus, and although evidence
for ecotypic divergence was found in both the species, saplings were plastic enough to blur ecotypic differentiation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
6.
Biological and other alternative control methods were tested against the woolly beech aphid (Phyllaphis fagi). Field applications of mineral oil to the egg stage reduced initial aphid population by 75%, but only when the eggs were exposed to oil close to the time of hatching. Earlier oil treatments had no effect. Bioassays with the insect pathogenic fungus Lecanicillium lecanii (Verticillium lecanii) in the commercial formulation Vertalec® were conducted using different dosages, i.e. 1 × 106 ml?1 (recommended dosage) and 2 × 107 ml?1. Both nymphs and adults were susceptible to fungal infection at both dosages. The existence of a dense wax-covering in adult P. fagi had no protective effect against fungal infection. In bioassays where leaves were treated with the recommended dosage of Vertalec, there was no difference in mortality measured after 14 days between adult P. fagi with an intact wax-layer and adult P. fagi where the wax-layer had been removed. In semi-field trials with two L. lecanii treatments at the recommended dosage, the aphid population was reduced. There was no enhanced effect with the addition of an additive to the fungal suspension or from covering the plants with a polypropylene cover. The results reveal potential alternative control methods against P. fagi populations. However, adequate control with L. lecanii probably requires several treatments as opposed to the two that were tested in the present experiment. Furthermore, efficiency may depend on summer temperatures and humidity. 相似文献
7.
• Background
The Holm oak (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota [Desf.] Samp.) is an evergreen tree widely distributed in the western Mediterranean Basin. Forest restoration programs using this species have enjoyed only limited success, and knowledge concerning the effect of fertilization on plant quality and post-transplantation response is sparse. 相似文献8.
Inoculation with edible fungi bestows an added value on mycorrhized plants since production of mushrooms as a secondary crop
can be an economically-valuable resource in forestry management. In order to establish a protocol for controlled mycorrhization
of Pinus halepensis with the edible fungus Lactarius deliciosus, several factors such as fertilisation (35, 60 or 120 mg total N and 13.5, 27 or 54 mg total P), potting substrate (sphagnum
peat or sphagnum peat/vermiculite) and fungal inoculum (mycelial slurry produced in a bioreactor, alginate beads or peat/vermiculite)
were assessed. The most effective inoculum was mycelial slurry at a dose of 10 ml/plant. The two potting substrates assessed
were compatible with mycorrhiza formation. The greatest number of mycorrhized seedlings was obtained with a moderate level
of N (35 mg/plant) or P fertilisation (27 mg/plant). Inoculation did not produce a consistent growth effect on P. halepensis, but seedlings met the quality requirements, making them suitable for planting out. 相似文献
9.
The browse potential of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and thornless honey locust [Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis (L.) Zabel] has not been adequately tested. Our objective was to determine effects of fertilization and pollarding on biomass
and foliar nutritive value in separate studies of black locust and thornless honey locust in Arkansas, USA. Shoots were sampled
monthly for two consecutive growing seasons in 2002 and 2003 to determine foliar, shoot, and total aboveground biomass, shoot
basal diameter, and foliar nutritive value (crude protein and in vitro digestibility). Black locust yielded more foliar biomass when pollarded at 50 or 100 cm and fertilized with 600 kg P ha−1, than at 5 cm with or without P, averaging 3.5 Mg dry matter ha−1. Black locust foliar crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility ( ≤ 170 and 534 g kg−1, respectively) decreased as leaves aged, but still met maintenance needs for beef cattle (Bos taurus L.). Thornless honey locust had little agronomic potential because of slow establishment, low foliar yield (330 kg ha−1), and a 2% reversion to undesirable thorny phenotype. Black locust should be considered for livestock browse when drought
induces semi-dormancy of herbaceous forages. 相似文献
10.
We conducted field and pot experiments to investigate the effects of brassinolide on 1-year-old Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings. In the field experiment, seedling roots were soaked in brassinolide solutions containing 0–0.4 mg/l pure brassinolide
before planting. Survival and growth of the seedlings were determined 8 months later. The results showed that soaking roots
in brassinolide prior to planting significantly increased the survival and growth of seedlings. The best results were in the
0.2 mg/l brassinolide treatment. In the pot experiment, roots were soaked in 0–0.4 mg/l brassinolide before planting followed
by a foliar application of brassinolide when the seedlings leafed out. After the seedlings were established, the soil water
content in the pots was regulated to simulate drought conditions and various physiological parameters were measured. The results
showed that treatment with 0.2 mg/l brassinolide decreased the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and malondialdehyde
(MDA) content of seedlings growing under moderate or severe water stress compared to untreated seedlings. Leaf water content,
predawn water potential, soluble sugar content, free proline content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and
catalase (CAT) activities were all greater in water-stressed seedlings in the 0.2 mg/l brassinolide treatment compared to
the control. The results indicate that the application of brassinolide can ameliorate the effects of water stress and enhance
drought resistance of Robinia seedlings. Treatment of seedlings with brassinolide may be a useful management tool for afforestation projects in arid and
semiarid areas. 相似文献
11.
The problem of salinized soils has become one of the most serious constraints to agricultural and forest productivity. With the purpose of enhancing salt stress tolerance of Populus tomentosa, we transformed this tree species with spermidine synthase (SPDS) genes derived from an apple by an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Four transgenic clones were confu'med by PCR and Southern blot analysis. As well, the expression of introduced SPDS genes was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. 相似文献
12.
A digestion trial was conducted to estimate the potential contribution of the chaparral browse Quercus durata (leather oak) and Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) on intake and nutrient digestion in goats and sheep. Four wether Kiko goats (avg. wt. 22.9 kg) and four wether
Targhee sheep (avg. wt. 39.6 kg) were housed in metabolism cages. Alfalfa pellets were used as a dietary supplement. Digestibility
of the shrubs was measured by difference and metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) were calculated from digestibility
and plants intake values. Oak and chamise had low crude protein (CP) content (6.5 and 4.3% DM) and high content of extractable
condensed tannins (17.8 and 9.8% DM). In vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) and ME for oak and chamise were 35.6 and
33.1% and 5.0 and 4.7 MJ/kg DM, respectively. In vivo OMD (calculated by difference with alfalfa) and MEI, for browse were
greater (P < 0.01) for goats fed chamise compared to sheep. In oak, OMD was similar for both animal species but MEI was greater (P < 0.01) for goats. Greater (P < 0.05) DM and CP intakes (per kg BW0.75) were observed for goats fed either oak or chamise compared with sheep. When an energy source was given as supplement, the
potential contribution of chamise and oak to total ME requirements for maintenance was about 58.3 and 60.4% in goats and about
17.1 and 32.9% in sheep, respectively. In consequence, metabolizable energy supplied by these shrubs may not be adequate for
maintenance when, during grazing, they are consumed in high proportions with other chaparral plants that may have lower nutritional
value than the alfalfa supplemented in this study. Under an appropriate supplementation program, goats could be more effective
than sheep to control fuel load in California chaparral, as they consume more chamise and leather oak and obtain more nutrients
from them. 相似文献
13.
Spatial pattern of recruitment is an important factor influencing population dynamics of plant communities. The spatial pattern is determined by seed dispersal and by the spatial variability of germination and initial survival. In the process of forest expansion following farmland abandonment, mid- and late-successional species are often dispersed in pioneer forests by birds. This could result in an aggregated spatial pattern of seeds that could influence the dynamics of these species in mixed pioneer forests. In the sub-Mediterranean area, mid- and late-successional species such as Quercus pubescens (downy oak) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech) are expected to replace pioneer Pinus species. Using a point sampling method we demonstrated that beech and oak seedlings (height <2 m) have a clumped distribution in the understorey of pine. This could result from an aggregated dispersal by jays (dispersal effect) or from preferential recruitment in particular habitats (habitat effect). To test these hypotheses we proposed a statistical analysis of spatial patterns of regeneration of beech and oak. Ground cover variables (i.e. cover by rock outcrops, herbs, box shrubs, mosses or pine) did not differ significantly around seedlings as compared with random sample plots. Likewise, clumped seedlings had growth similar to isolated seedlings, thus refuting the hypothesis of preferential location in the most favourable microsites. Aggregated dispersal seems to be involved in the process of regeneration. Since beech and oak seedlings have contrasting ecological demands, we discuss the implication of this pattern for the replacement dynamics of pine by these species. 相似文献
14.
Maman?Turjaman Yutaka?Tamai Hendrik?Segah Suwido Hester?Limin Joo Young?Cha Mitsuru?Osaki Keitaro?Tawaraya
Trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae are the dominant trees in Southeast Asian tropical forests where they play an important ecological role and are also important commercially. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of dipterocarp species in peat soils. Seedlings of Shorea pinanga were inoculated with spores of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus arhizus and Scleroderma sp. were grown in pots containing sterilized peat soil for 7 months. The percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization on S. pinanga exceeded 86%. Colonization of S. pinanga roots by ectomycorrhizal fungi resulted in increased shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and shoot fresh and dry weight. Survival rates of S. pinanga were greater for inoculated seedlings than control seedlings. These results suggest that inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi can improve the early growth of S. pinanga grown in tropical forests and that this technique will accelerate the rehabilitation of degraded dipterocarp forests. 相似文献
15.
Akram Taghizadeh Saroukolai Saeid Moharramipour Mohammad Hadi Meshkatalsadat 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(1):3-8
Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) are considered to be the major insect pests in storage. Essential oils from aromatic plants are recognized as proper
alternatives to fumigants. Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) is one of these plants that have medicinal properties and is indigenous to Iran. The essential oil
was obtained from aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Carvacrol (44.69%) and thymol (11.05%) were the
major constituents of the oil extracted. In this experiment, fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was studied against T. castaneum, S. oryzae at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH in dark condition. The adult insects were exposed to the concentrations of 51.9, 111.1, 207.4
and 370.4 μl/l air to estimate median lethal time (LT50) values. The fumigant toxicity was increased in response to increased essential oil concentrations. The LT50 values at the lowest and the highest concentrations tested were ranged from 28.09 to 13.47 h for T. castaneum, and 3.86 to 2.30 h for S. oryzae. It was found that S. oryzae adults were much more susceptible to the oil than T. castaneum. After 24 h of exposure, the LC50 values (95% fiducial limit) for T. castaneum and S. oryzae were estimated to be 236.9 (186.27–292.81) and 3.34 (2.62–4.28) μl/l air, respectively. These results suggest that T. persicus essential oil merits further study as potential fumigant for the management of these stored-product insects. 相似文献
16.
Victoria González-Rodríguez Rafael M. Navarro-Cerrillo Rafael Villar 《Annals of Forest Science》2011,68(3):637-646
Introduction
The limited ability of Quercus species to regenerate naturally in Mediterranean forests has led to the development of various artificial regeneration methods; however, there is no general consensus as to what specific method is the best one for this purpose. 相似文献17.
Agroforestry is a leading alternative for food security and forest conservation. A full understanding of positive and negative,
i.e. allelopathic, interactions between crops and forest trees is necessary for producing crops and conserving forests especially
within the threatened Mediterranean forest ecosystems. The present study explored the allelopathic effects of green and senescent
leaf and soil extracts of two agroforestry trees—Pinus halepensis and Quercus coccifera—on the germination of wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea, and fababean as the major grain crops of Jordan. Results revealed
that allelopathic effects reduced seed germination of these crops. Germination reduction reached a maximum of 75% in fababean
treated with green extracts of Q. coccifera and differed among crops and extract sources, but not between tree species. Comparing between green and senescent leaf and
soil extract, regarding their effect on germination percentage, it was noticed that these effects were similar in some crops
and were different in others. Germination responses were generally different between cereals and legumes where cereals tend
to be less affected by allelopathic influences than legumes, especially fababean. We suggest using cereals such as wheat and
barley in agroforestry practices in the Mediterranean region of Jordan. 相似文献
18.
Current policy in Ireland calls for increased quality and quantity of broadleaved seedling plantings. Simultaneously, concerns
regarding environmental contamination necessitate development of nursery production methods that minimize impacts. Exponential
(E) fertilization has potential for producing high-quality seedlings through nutrient loading, while simultaneously minimizing
nitrogen (N) losses during culture. We investigated the effects of a wide range (0.10–1.0 g N seedling−1 year−1) of E fertilization rates on seedling morphology and nutrition of Quercus robur L., as well as soil N status and N budget during one growing season in a bareroot nursery in County Carlow, Ireland. The
N budget showed significant N losses, especially in the highest fertilizer treatments, due to high precipitation. Seedlings
receiving the 0.5 E rate were morphologically and nutritionally superior to all other treatments. Results indicate that it
may be possible to produce 1-0 bareroot seedlings meeting target specifications in Ireland and other countries of similar
climate and soils if further manipulations to seedling culture are implemented; however, potential environmental degradation
via N leaching must be considered when N loading in wet years. 相似文献
19.
Key message
In the African rim of the Western Mediterranean Basin, cork oak forests and pine plantations coexist. Under similar fire regimes, cork oak forest is more resilient in terms of habitat structure (canopy, understory, and complexity of vegetation strata) than pine plantation. By contrast, both woodland types show similar resilience in plant species composition. Resilience in habitat structure varies between the two woodland types because of the resprouting and seeding strategies of cork oak and pine species, respectively. These differences can be relevant for the conservation of biodiversity of forested ecosystems in a future scenario of increased fire frequency and scale in the Mediterranean basin.Context
Wildfires have major impacts on ecosystems globally. In fire-prone regions, plant species have developed adaptive traits (resprouting and seeding) to survive and persist due to long evolutionary coexistence with fire. In the African rim of the Western Mediterranean Basin, cork oak forest and pine plantation are the most frequently burnt woodlands. Both species have different strategies to respond fire: cork oak is a resprouter while pines are mostly seeders.Aims
We have examined the hypothesis that pine plantations are less resilient in habitat structure (canopy, understory, diversity of vegetation strata) and plant composition than cork oak woodlands.Methods
The habitat structure and plant species composition were measured in 30 burnt and 30 unburnt 700-m transects at 12 burnt sites from north-western Africa, where the two forest types can coexist. Habitat structure and plant species composition were compared between burnt and unburnt transects from cork oak and pine plantation woodlands with generalized linear mixed models and general linear models.Results
The results showed significant interaction effect of fire and forest type, since cork oak forest was more resilient to fire than was pine plantation in habitat structure. By contrast, both forest types were resilient to fire in the composition of the plant communities, i.e., plant composition prior to fire did not change afterwards.Conclusion
The higher structural resilience of cork oak forest compared to pine plantation is related to the resprouting and seeding strategies, respectively, of the dominant tree species. Differences in the responses to fire need to be considered in conservation planning for the maintenance of the Mediterranean biodiversity in a future scenario of changes in fire regime.20.
We developed a shoot multiplication protocol for Syringa reticulata Blume var. mandshurica Hara from in vitro cultured seedlings that derived from in vitro germinated seeds. The shoots could be induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with proper plant growth regulator combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The better medium for shoot multiplication and growth was MS + 5 mg L?1 BA + 0.5 mg L?1 IBA + 20 g L?1 sucrose + 7 g L?1 agar, and the corresponding shoot induction rate was 75 %. The plantlets grew well after rooting on 1/2MS medium (macro-elements of MS medium are at half-strength) supplemented with 1 mg L?1 IBA, and the survival percentage was >80 % at 16 weeks after transplanting. 相似文献