绿竹造林及丰产培育技术研究

1996～1997年在福建省福安市对绿竹不同立地造林和竹林结构、留母竹株数、打蔸、扒晒、施肥及切鞭等丰产栽培技术进行了试验研究。绿竹造林以山坡中下部较河滩地和平地效果好。绿竹竹林结构以保留1～2年生竹和切鞭对竹丛产笋量增产效果显著。绿竹施肥以饼肥最佳,其次是施尿素2次和复合肥。4月份扒晒对产笋有增产效果。     

毛竹林大小年改“均年”的技术措施研究

毛竹林大小年现象分明,每二年约有六个月的竹叶发黄、脱落、换新小叶时间,这期间竹林光能利用效率不高,严重影响次年的产量。通过小年留笋养竹、大年疏笋、控制新竹数量,并采取切断部分立竹的支鞭,利用竹子生长顶端优势,多发叉鞭,造成大小年立竹的多鞭系统竹林结构,同时结合松土、施肥,改善土壤理化性质,提高竹林光能利用率,使每年都有出笋成竹,其产量可比大小年分明的竹林增产20～30％。     

绿竹笋丰产培育的关键技术

本文总结了绿竹笋丰产培育的关键技术:调整竹林结构、挖除地下老竹蔸、加强肥水管理、适时扒晒培土、科学采笋育笋及防治竹林病虫。     

施肥后毛竹鞭笋产量提高的原因分析

通过对毛竹林实施施肥与不施肥的试验,分析施肥对提高鞭笋产量的影响。试验结果表明,施肥与不施肥的主要差别:1鞭笋单支重量变化很小,仅增加0.76%;鞭笋支数增加27.93%,t=18.965 6t0.012.821 4,达到极显著差异。2毛竹林竹鞭在土层中鞭段数所占的比例:0H≤10 cm和11 cmH≤20 cm分别增加153.11%和11.09%;21 cmH≤30 cm减少19.95%;31 cmH≤40 cm和H40 cm分别增加4.54%和7.56%。施肥提高鞭笋产量的主要原因是施肥可为主鞭提供充足的养分,确保支鞭萌发正常生长;但施肥后导致分布在土层中的竹林幼鞭上浮,鞭笋被采挖。因此,建议对施肥的林地,采取边挖鞭笋边埋鞭措施,以保证毛竹林的正常生长。     

云南甜龙竹低产林改造复壮效果及效益分析

在新平县古城低产林改造复壮示范林及县城南面山钟楼背后示范林内设置样地观测系列复状技术产生的效果,分析相应经济效益。结果表明:对云南甜龙竹低产竹林采取疏伐老秆、伐桩清理、施肥抚育措施,发笋量比对照提高20%以上;采取扒晒、除蔸、施肥等抚育措施,每年可收益17 928元/hm2;采取灌水、施肥等抚育措施,每年可收益52 860元/hm2,竹林效益得到极大提高;未进行抚育的竹林发笋量很少。     

施肥对毛竹鞭笋产量和地下竹鞭生长的影响

通过4 a对毛竹林(Phyllostachys pubescens)实施施肥与不施肥的试验,分析施肥对地下竹鞭生长和鞭笋产量的影响。结果表明:施肥鞭笋产量增加28.9%,鞭笋支数增加27.9%,达到极显著差异;施肥鞭笋单支重量变化很小,仅增加0.7%;施肥地下竹鞭的总长度、竹鞭粗度、竹鞭节间长度均略有增长;施肥毛竹林竹鞭分布在土层中鞭段数所占的比例:0H≤10 cm和11 cmH≤20 cm分别增加153.11%和11.09%,21 cmH≤30 cm减少19.95%,31 cmH≤40 cm和H40 cm分别增加4.54%和7.56%。可见,施肥对鞭笋产量的提高效果显著,对竹鞭的生长影响不大。但是,连续施肥会导致分布在土层中的竹林幼鞭向上靠地表生长,对竹林经济产量不利,影响笋的孕育和萌发。因此,建议对连续施肥的林地,应及时采取埋鞭措施,确保毛竹林的正常生长。     

绿竹混农模式的初步研究

研究表明，三种绿竹－农作物混农模式对绿竹林内湿、温度有显著影响，对绿竹的出笋个数有明显的促进作用；并显著地提高了绿竹的高生长。同时绿竹混农模式增加了经济效益，充分达到以短养长的目的，其中以绿竹－黄豆或花生的混农模式效果为佳。     

浙南地区的绿竹笋用林丰产高效栽培技术

绿竹是我国南方著名优良丛生食用笋竹种，因其笋形似马蹄，故俗称“马蹄笋”。马蹄笋为温州传统名优特产，已有1700多年的栽培历史。作者根据绿竹的出笋习性，提出了绿竹造林、扒土培笋、水肥管理、竹林结构调整、采笋留竹技术、竹笋产期调整等丰产高效栽培技术措施。     

竹桩施肥法

竹极施肥是在竹子采伐后，向新鲜的竹极准入化学肥料，使养分进入竹鞭的输导组织后直接供竹子吸收，快速发挥肥料效果。它不受地形限制，平地山坡、荒芜竹林、成片竹林等都能适用。尤其是老竹林采用竹桩施肥，可减少养分损失，避免伤鞭，促进竹林竹笋双增产。施肥时间：在秋冬时节，竹子砍伐后立即进行。刚砍伐的竹蒲头比较新鲜，生理机理尚未减退，吸收能力较强。对5－6月砍伐的纸浆竹林，也可采用此法施肥，以促进当年发鞭，根繁叶茂，保证笋竹双增产。施肥种类：宜选用尿素、碳酸氢控等速效性肥料，迟效性肥料不宜选用。施肥方法：伐竹时…     

早竹笋用林丰产栽培技术

早竹又叫早园竹、燕竹，为刚竹属竹种，是重要的竹种资源，具有较大的发展前景。燕竹笋是竹笋中的上品，笋肉洁白，甘甜鲜嫩，味美可口，营养丰富，每１００g笋中含蛋白质２．７４g、脂肪０．５２g、总糖１．６８g、粗纤维０．５５g，还有磷、铁、钙等微量元素，至少含有１８种人体所需的氨基酸。培育早竹笋用林是以生产竹笋为主要目的，每６６７m２年产笋可达１０００～１５００kg，生产效益较高，目前已成为各地农业结构调整的重要项目之一。一、造林建园林地应选择地势较高、地下水位７０cm以上、土层厚度５０cm以上的地块造林，砂壤土最宜。造林时间从每年的１１月至翌年２月，除避开寒冻天气外均可。造林方法多采取移竹造林，母竹年龄最好是一二年生竹，根际直径１cm～３cm。挖母竹时需保留来鞭３０cm左右，去鞭４０cm～５０cm，一般将毗邻２～４株母竹联挖成丛，鞭?多留宿土，用草绳包扎。挖出的母竹，留枝４～５盘，砍去顶梢。母竹栽植密度一般每６６７m２７０～９０株。栽植时先填表土，再填心土，覆土深度比母竹原来入土部分稍深３cm～５cm。一般造林后第３年即可形成竹园，进入产笋生产期。二、高产措施（一）竹林结构的建立和调整。竹林结构包括地上结构和地下结...     

毛竹林丰产技术试验研究

在湖北省崇阳县进行毛竹林丰产技术试验研究。结果表明,对毛竹林施行全垦施肥,刀抚全垦或刀抚除杂,均能收到提高毛竹产量和立竹质量的目的,其中全垦施肥和刀抚全垦有利于毛竹竹鞭孕笋,增产效果极为明显;刀抚除杂投资少,见效快,也有明显的增产效果,各地可因地制宜地采取适宜措施,改变竹林荒芜低产的状态,促使竹林复壮增产。     

屏边空竹四季出笋及幼竹生长发育规律研究

[目的]揭示屏边空竹的发笋、退笋和幼竹生长规律。[方法]定点观测了30丛屏边空竹周年的出笋、退笋、秆高及地径生长数据,运用SPSS软件分析评价了不同季节出笋及幼竹生长规律。[结果](1)屏边空竹笋期历时9个月左右(从9月至次年5月),根据出笋量的差异可分为初期、盛期和末期,春季最多而夏季最少;其中5丛(16. 67%)每季出笋,具有四季发笋的习性。(2)退笋率随着笋期逐渐增加,在出笋末期达到最高,为87. 76%。(3)笋-幼竹高生长约130 d完成,平均秆高达6. 36 m;呈现"慢-快-慢"的生长规律,生长曲线可用三次曲线方程描述:H=0. 806-0. 029t+0. 001t2-5. 894×10-6t3,R2=0. 980。(4)地径的生长历时16 d左右,平均地径为18. 50 mm,也呈现"慢-快-慢"的生长规律。[结论]屏边空竹发笋期长约9个月,具有四季发笋的习性,但各季节出笋量差异显著;秆高和地径呈现"慢-快-慢"的生长规律。     

佯黄竹栽培技术试验

佯黄竹(Bambusa changningensis Yi et B.X.Li)具有发笋期长、发笋量大、生长适应性广、材性好等特点,是优良的笋材两用竹种,具有重要的经济价值和生态价值。文章试验研究了底肥类型(农家肥、复合肥)、栽植季节(春季、冬季)、栽植方式(双头带蔸埋秆栽植、单株栽植)对佯黄竹生长的影响。结果表明：不同底肥类型间对佯黄竹成活率具有显著影响,对发笋数和成竹数则影响不显著;不同的栽植季节和栽植方式对佯黄竹成活率、发笋数和成竹数均有显著影响;底肥类型、栽植季节和栽植方式的不同处理组合对佯黄竹成活率、发笋数、成竹数均具有显著影响,其中施复合肥底肥,春季采用双头带蔸埋秆栽植方式在成活率、发笋数、成竹数3个指标上均表现最优,成活率达到96.7%,发笋数达到8.3株/丛,成竹数达到6.7株/丛。     

Nitrogen contribution of five leguminous trees and shrubs to alley cropped maize in Ibadan, Nigeria

There are abundant local legume trees and shrubs potentially suitable for alley cropping systems in the sub-Saharan Africa, which are yet to be studied. The nitrogen contribution of two years old Albizia lebbeck and S. corymbosato yield of maize grown in alley cropping was compared to that of Senna siamea, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala in four seasons at Ibadan. Maize shoot biomass and maize grain yield in A. lebbeck alley compared favourably with that in G. sepium and L. leucocephala. Maize biomass and grain yield in S. corymbosa alleys were the lowest. Within A. lebbeck, L. leucocpehala, and G. sepium alleys there were no significant differences in the maize yield in the alleys that received 0, 40 or 80 kg N/ha. Application of more than 40 kg N/ha in S. corymbosa alleys was not necessary as there was no significant increase in maize yield at the higher level of nitrogen. Maize yield and N uptake in A. lebbeck alleys were not significantly different from yield and N uptake in G. sepium, and L. leucocephala at the same fertilizer level. There was a significant correlation between hedgerow tree biomass and maize grain yield. At the end of twelve weeks after pruning application, the organic residues of the pruning applied in the alleys ranged from 5% in G. sepium and 44% in A. lebbeck in the first year compared with the original pruning applied which showed that the slow rate of A. lebbeck decomposition could have a beneficial effect on the soil. The maize N recovery from applied N fertilizer was low (10–22%). Percentage N recovery from the prunings was low in the non-N fixing trees (12–22%), while the recovery was high (49–59%) in A. lebbeck as well as in the other nitrogen fixing tree prunings. Thus A. lebbeck, apart from enhancing maize growth and grain yield like in L. leucocephala and G. sepium, had an added advantage because it remained longer as mulching material on the soil because of its slow rate of decomposition. It was able to survive pruning frequencies with no die-back. This indicates that A. lebbeck is a good potential candidate for alley cropping system in West Africa. S. corymbosa performed poorly compared with the other legume trees. Though it responded to N fertilizer showing a positive interaction between the hedgerow and fertilizer application, it had a high die back rate following pruning periods and termite attack.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

“Uradome” treatment for prevention of snow damage and terrain parameters of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest in Tsuruoka,Yamagata Prefecture

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is cultivated for edible bamboo shoot production in Japan. Yamagata Prefecture is located in a heavy-snowfall region at the northern limit of the cultivated area. However, snow damage to bamboo culms occurs every year and decreases bamboo shoot production. “Uradome” is a treatment that involves cutting off the upper portion of the new culms when the bamboo shoot is almost fully grown. We studied the effect of “Uradome” implementation on incidence of snow damage to bamboo culms. In addition, we investigated terrain characteristics of bamboo forest at sites where snow damage occurred. As a result, the higher the degree of “Uradome” was, the lower the damage rate was. Furthermore, the results revealed that implementation of “Uradome” prevents snow damage to culms. It is considered that snow damage may be prevented by rendering the culm shape straight as a result of “Uradome”. The results also indicated that snow damage is more likely to occur on steep slopes. Factors that influence the incidence and severity of snow damage are considered to differ between Japan and other countries. Therefore, it is desirable to adopt preventative measures against snow damage, such as the “Uradome” method, irrespective of the local climate and terrain.     

毛竹林经营管理与螨类危害关系的调查

福建省现有毛竹林管理多数采取劈杂垦复，极少施肥，挖大留小、砍壮留老时有发生，而过度劈杂、挖大笋使竹林螨害严重发生。调查表明，竹林2年1次劈杂、4年1次垦复，并在劈杂垦复后及时施肥，留大笋的经营管理既有利于提高产量．又利于控制螨害。     

竹笋专用有机肥在笔竹笋用林中的应用

对不同立地条件笔竹笋用林施用不同量竹笋专用有机肥，并与相应的专施氮肥相比较。结果表明：竹笋专用有机肥对毛竹笋用林产量影响显著，平均可使竹材产量提高20％－30％；在肥力较差的毛竹笋用林连续几年施用该有机肥，第3－第4年的增幅比第1－第2年大，土壤肥力和母竹林活力增强；但在土壤条件较好的毛笋用林施用该肥料，第3－第4年比第1－第2年增幅减小。竹笋专用有机肥能提高竹笋品质和营养，该肥料可在生产中推广应用。     

生物有机肥对毛竹林笋竹生长及土壤养分的影响

在福建省建瓯市房道镇开展了毛竹笋竹两用丰产林的生物有机肥应用研究。结果表明,在当前立地条件下,连续施用2年生物有机肥和实施竹林标准化培育措施,明显增加研究区毛竹的新竹、冬笋和春笋产量,有效提高竹林生产能力。有机肥施肥区(埂尾区、吴大元区)新竹产量是不施肥对照区的1.94～2.21倍,其冬笋和春笋总产量则比同期常规复合肥施肥区增加28.9%;埂尾区和吴大元区竹笋产量比施肥管理前分别增产138.2、127.9 kg/667 m²,增长率相应达43.1%、40.2%。沿水平等高线开沟施用生物有机肥的方式,具有改善土壤综合肥力、减少养分流失和环境污染风险的作用,以碱解氮和速效钾含量增加最明显,碱解氮增长率达38.4%(埂尾区)、31.9%(吴大元区),速效钾增长率达35.7%(埂尾区)、24.3%(吴大元区);同时,竹林科学管理促进了竹笋粗蛋白和可溶性糖含量提高、粗脂肪含量降低,竹笋营养品质和质量安全保持良好状况。因此,加强竹林标准化丰产培育和因地制宜地科学施肥,有利于促进毛竹林可持续经营和综合效益提升。     

Natural thinning and structural patterns of intermediate cutting intensity in a Cunninghamia lanceolata stand

In the intermediate cutting intensity experiment of a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation for 20 years, the changing pattern of natural thinning in these stands, with different intermediate cutting intensities, was studied. The relationship between the number of trees removed by natural thinning and stand density and site conditions was explained. The mathematical equation M = K ₁·K ₂ of natural thinning lines of C. lanceolata stand density management maps was tested and the relationship of diameter, height and canopy structure of stands with different intermediate cutting intensities are proposed. Our study of natural thinning in these stands indicates that the starting and peak periods of natural thinning in the check and slightly thinned plots were both early. The amount of thinned wood was large and the course of thinning proceeded continuously. The three levels of thinning: the slight thinning period, the intensive thinning period and the continued thinning period could be divided on the basis of the amount of thinned wood. Natural thinning would be a very long process without artificial interference. The starting and peak periods of thinning in the middle and strong intermediate felling are both late and present intermittence. Their thinning stages were not clearly evident. Through our studies, we also discovered that stand density and site conditions had important effects on the number of dead and dying trees, but that density was more important than site conditions. By way of tests, the relative error of the mathematical equation of natural thinning lines of C. lanceolata stand density management maps was 3.91% and the precision was relatively high. The practical test results of the stands, given different intermediate cutting intensities and different site indices, show that the relative error of the check plots was 5.23%, while the relative errors of the other tested items were all < 5%, well within the allowable experimental error. The mathematical equation was comparatively practical. The study demonstrated the distribution laws of diameter and height classes of the stand at different intermediate cutting intensities. From this study we also obtained the growth differences and changing dynamics of the height to the first branch, canopy length and relative canopy height of the stand at different intermediate cutting intensities and various related patterns with an increase of stand age and proposed a mathematical model relating stand age and the single-tree periodic volume increment. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(1): 55–62 [[译自: 林业科学]     

Estimating biomass production and carbon storage for a fast-growing makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makinoi) plant based on the diameter distribution model

The purpose of this study was to estimate biomass and carbon storage for a fast-growing makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makinoi). The study site was located in central Taiwan and the makino bamboo plantation had a stand density of 21191 ± 4107 culms ha⁻¹. A diameter distribution model based on the Weibull distribution function and an allometric model was used to predict aboveground biomass and carbon storage. For an accurate estimation of carbon storage, the percent carbon content (PCC) in different sections of bamboo was determined by an elemental analyzer. The results showed that bamboos of all ages shared a similar trend, where culms displayed a carbon storage of 47.49–47.82%, branches 45.66–46.23%, and foliage 38.12–44.78%. In spite of the high density of the stand, the diameter distribution of makino bamboo approached a normal distribution and aboveground biomass and carbon storage were 105.33 and 49.81 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, one-fifth of older culms from the entire stand were removed by selective cutting. If the distribution of the yield of older culms per year was similar to the current stand, the yields of biomass and carbon per year would be 21.07 and 9.89 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. An astonishing productivity was observed, where every 5 years the yield of biomass and carbon was equal to the current status of stockings. Thus, makino bamboo has a high potential as a species used for carbon storage.