马铃薯近缘栽培种种间杂种优势及配合力的研究

本试验用新型栽培种(A)、普通栽培种(T)和能产生2n花粉(FDR)的二倍体杂种(D)以不完全双列杂交设计配制杂种并产生5个杂种群体(TA、TD、AD、AA及TT).这些群体的无性系按完全随机区组设计种植.对总产量等主要性状进行了研究.在5个群体中,TA群体在产量和单株块茎数上有显著的杂种优势,其超过中亲值平均分别为15.18和26.51%.在群体平均产量上TA显著地高于TD、AD、TT和AA;在其它产量构成性状及经济性状上超过或与这4个群体无差异.种间杂种TD和AD的产量等性状在以中亲值为比较的杂种优势上有显著的杂种优势,并与TA无差异甚至高于TA,但在实际群体产量上都低于其四倍体亲本的均值,甚至与种内品种间杂种TT和AA无显著差异.AD除在产量和平均块茎重的优势高于TD外,其它性状无差异.相同杂交组合其实生苗世代与无性一代在产量、淀粉含量和单株块茎数上呈显著的正相关.因此,在实生薯利用中以组合为单位的群体选择是有效的.配合力分析表明,马铃薯单株产量和平均块茎重在亲本选配中一般配合力和特殊配合力是同等重要的,而在单株块茎数和淀粉含量上以一般配合力为主.     

马铃薯新型栽培种在实生种子选育中的应用研究

本文研究比较了马铃薯实生种子选育中,新型栽培种(Neo-tuberosum)利用的6类不同组合方式产生的杂种实生种子在群体生产力和一致性上表现的差异,结果表明:①不同组合方式形成的具有不同Neo-tubersum基因频率的实生种子,群体间生产力表现极显著的差异。这一差异主要表现在产量构成因素上,商品薯数量和小薯数量对构成群体产量均有极显著的作用;小薯数量的增加对提高群体的商品薯率有极显著的负作用,即块茎数量越多,块茎越小。后代商品薯率取决于S.tuberosum种质,而块茎数量主要由Neo-tuberosum决定,并找出其生产力表现的优先顺序。②S.tuberosum×Neo-tuberosum组合表现的一致性水平在株高、薯形、皮色和芽眼深浅等性状上与S.tuberosum自交群体相似,没有显著差异,是利用新型栽培种进行实生种子选育的最佳组合方式。     

马铃薯杂种群体的性状相关及其配合力分析

本试验以7个优良马铃薯品种(系)按不完全双列杂交设计配制组合,分析了群体主要性状与生产力的遗传相关及其配合力效应.结果表明,群体平均单株结薯数、平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量及小薯数量和产量与群体产量的遗传相关达显著或极显著.平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量是筛选商品价值较高的优良群体的重要相关性状.亲本的一般配合力效应在平均单株结薯数、平均决茎重、商品薯产量、小薯产量和数量几个性状上对模型Ⅰ差异显著,组合间的特殊配合力效应均达到显著差异.特殊配合力方差为总方差的61.47%～147.52%,表明该群体的生产力主要由非加性基因控制.相对配合力总效应值与产量的相关达极显著水平(r_(3.4)=0.99).综合评定亲本801-5,Katahdin和Baraka在马铃薯群体和品种选育中具有较高的利用价值.     

叶面施用丁酰肼对马铃薯产量和块茎大小的影响

马铃薯种薯进口市场喜欢小型块茎(直径28～55毫米)。许多以出口为目的的种薯生产者希望增加其小型块茎的产量。由于北美市场的需要,多数加拿大生产的种薯品种块茎较大而且比较均匀。这类品种单株块茎数量少并且在充分成熟时表现最佳。品种、播期、空间、     

高淀粉甘薯轮回选择群体主要农艺性状遗传改良效果研究

应用轮回选择方案对甘薯进行高淀粉群体改良,对得到的三轮群体C0、C1、C2的主要农艺性状进行比较分析,结果表明C2群体水平大幅度提高,特别是产量性状薯干、鲜薯重增幅最大,但烘干率和淀粉率提高难度较大。遗传相关分析、通经分析和逐步回归分析结果表明,鲜薯重、烘干率对单株薯干产量的贡献最大,群体薯干产量的提高是控制单株薯干的性状得到合理的改善以及这些性状之间或与其它性状之间获得协调发展的结果。     

密度和肥料对马铃薯‘渝马铃薯3号’主要性状及产量的影响

利用L9(34)正交设计,研究密度和氮磷钾肥料因素对‘渝马铃薯3号’主要性状及产量的影响,得出高产栽培最佳模型,为品种推广提供依据。结果表明,‘渝马铃薯3号’正交试验各处理在主茎数、单株块茎数、商品薯数比和商品薯重比4个性状间无明显差异,在株高和单株块茎重间差异明显;密度间、施氮量间株高差异显著或极显著,施磷量和施钾量间株高无显著差异;密度越大,株高越低,氮肥用量越高,株高越高。单株块茎重除密度间差异显著外,氮磷钾因素间均达极显著水平;密度4 000株/667m~2和氮肥用量10 kg/667m~2时的单株块茎重最高;单株块茎重随磷肥用量增加而增加;钾肥用量11 kg/667m~2时单株块茎重最高。‘渝马铃薯3号’高产栽培最佳组合为T5处理,即密度4 000株/667m~2、施氮量10 kg/667m~2、施磷量6 kg/667m~2、施钾量为11 kg/667m~2时,‘渝马铃薯3号’鲜薯产量可达2 508 kg/667m~2。     

马铃薯植株性状遗传相关及遗传通径系数分析

本文对马铃薯的重要性状作了遗传参数估算和遗传相关分析,并对单株生产力、生育期进行了通径分析。结果表明:平均块茎重、单株薯块数、单株茎数、茎粗和商品薯率是重要的产量因子,在马铃薯育种中进行综合选择能取得较好的效果。     

二倍体马铃薯主要农艺性状及其2n花粉频率的表现

通过田间种植,比较了马铃薯二倍体与四倍体的长势、叶色、薯形、薯皮色、薯肉色、芽眼深浅、单株产量、单株块茎数、平均块茎重等植物学和农艺性状,并对二倍体马铃薯的花粉育性以及２ｎ花粉的频率进行了鉴定。根据单株产量、块茎数、薯形、２ｎ花粉频率等综合性状,筛选出ＤＹ１４－４－２５、ＤＹ４－３０以及Ｑ４９－１－９,为进一步开展马铃薯分解育种工作打下物质基础。     

高抗晚疫病、食用及加工兼用型新品种——鄂马铃薯3号

1　选育经过鄂马铃薯3号是南方马铃薯研究中心自育品系791433作母本,59586作父本,1988年杂交,经实生苗圃、选种圃、鉴定圃,品系预备试验,品系比较试验、区域试验及生产试验等按育种目标鉴定筛选而成。1989年在实生苗阶段对该组合(编号88Ｐ55)进行晚疫病接种鉴定,结果选留健康植株所结块茎进行块茎性状(薯形、芽眼深浅)初步评估,并以尿糖试纸法对块茎的还原糖含量进行初步分析,从中选留薯形好、芽眼浅、还原糖含量低的单株进入选种圃继续鉴定。1990年将88Ｐ55组合入选的单株每株一个块茎按间比法种入选种圃,对植株的综合性状、病害抗性、块茎…     

栽培密度对优质鲜食型甘薯农艺性状及产量的影响

为了探讨不同密度处理对优质鲜食型甘薯农艺性状和产量的影响,选用优质鲜食型甘薯品种广薯87和福薯8号开展研究。结果表明:不同密度水平对2个甘薯品种的蔓长、蔓重、单株结薯数、单株薯重及商品薯率等主要农艺性状均有重要影响,2个品种表现不一;在不同密度水平下福薯8号产量水平部分间达极显著性差异,其中以5.4万株/hm~2的栽培密度时,其产量最高达45 562.50 kg/hm~2,不同栽培密度水平下广薯87无显著性差异。2个甘薯品种需选择适宜的栽培密度进行种植才能达到高产、高效。     

马铃薯高产群体产量构成因素的数学模型

本试验以乌盟地区主栽品种紫花白为材料,设置5个密度处理,采用通径分析及数学模拟等手段进行数据处理分析,得到的结果是:决定产量的主要因素是密度X_1与中薯重率X_7,其次是每株块茎重X_3和大薯重率X_4,无论是相关系数或通径系数或决定系数均达显著或极显著水平.进行逐步回归分析,计算结果的最优回归方程为: ??=516.4685+803.9325x_1+3.5125x_3+6.26x_4+13.775x_7     

马铃薯库建成动态研究

在马铃薯块茎的形成和增长过程中 ,小薯不断地形成、退化或转化成大中薯 ,其中出苗2 8d以后的 2～ 3周是决定大中薯数的关键期。在不同密度及施肥处理下 ,马铃薯块茎体积及干重的增长均呈S型曲线变化。单株块茎体积随密度增加而减少 ,适量施用氮、磷、钾 ,可增加块茎体积、单株结薯数和大中薯数 ,其中磷钾肥可使结薯时间提前 ,过量氮肥则推迟结薯时间 ;随密度的增加 ,块茎日增重逐渐降低 ,适量增施磷、钾肥可提高库的充实度 ,增加产量。在本试验因素中量 (适量 )组合 ,底西芮品种单株块茎体积最大增长速率为 2 5 7392ml d ,块茎干重的最大增长速率为 10 6 82 6 g d ;种植密度 4 5 0 0株 6 6 7m2 时 ,单株结薯数为 13 5个 ,大中薯数平均为 10个 ,单产可达 30 0 0kg 6 6 7m2 以上     

Selection for tuberosum likeness in the vines and in the tubers in a population of Neotuberosum

Three cycles of mass selection for Tuberosum (TBR) likeness in the vines and tubers yielded improved populations of Neotuberosum. A maximum of 161% of increase in score for vine appearance was obtained in a group selected for vine type alone, and a maximum of 39% of increase in tuber appearance was obtained in another group selected for tuber type alone. Vine characters were initially positively related to tuber appearance, but this association disappeared after the second cycle. Vine characters were also positively correlated to yield and plant vigor. Heritabilities were high for vine characters (up to .98) and medium to low for tuber appearance (up to .40). The subpopulation improved for vine type was not different from the TBR checks in both vine and tuber appearance. The material derived is in a form readily usable for hybridizations with TBR or for intra-Andigena variety development.     

Hill to hill variations in tuber yield of potatoes in Alberta

The hill to hill variation in tuber yield and mainstem number was studied on 18 potato farms. There were up to 14-fold differences in the tuber yield per hill among plants of Norland, Russet Burbank, Norchip, Carlton and Alaska Red. The mainstem number was more variable than tuber weight per hill in Norland, Russet Burbank and Alaska Red. However, the opposite was true in Norchip and Carlton. In nearly all comparisons, the number of tubers per hill was less variable than tuber weight and mainstem number per hill. The total variation in tuber weight found in about 50% of the samples could be explained by the variance of hills within rows. Even in samples where an added variance component due to differences among rows was present, relatively more variation occurred within than among rows. The correlation coefficients between the number of mainstems and tuber weight per hill were positive but significant (P&< 0.05) only in Norland and Norchip. The correlation coefficients between the number of mainstems and number of tubers per hill were also positive but slightly higher and significant (P<0.01) in all 5 cultivars. The coefficient of determination values indicated that variation in cut seed piece weight explained only about 10% of the total variation in tuber weight harvested per hill. At a spacing of 30 cm within the row, a major proportion of hill to hill variation in tuber yield had to be explained by factors other than the seed piece weight.     

种植密度与大薯留种对‘宣薯2号’产量的影响

以‘宣薯2号’为试验材料,探索了以大薯留种不同种植密度对其产量和结薯率的影响。结果表明:宣薯2号大薯留种以密度2.70万株/hm2为最佳,平均单产达34 654 kg/hm2,比常规种薯6万株/hm2和大薯留种2.25、3.15和3.75万株/hm2都增产增收,结薯率从适宜的种植密度2.7万株/hm2开始,随密度的增加单株结薯数变少和单株块茎重变轻,大中薯率有变化,但不成规律。‘宣薯2号’在宣威市大薯留种以密度2.7万株/hm2种植既能获得高产,又能获得较好的经济效益。     

Hill Shape Effect on Yield,Quality, Stolon Length and Tuber Orientation of Two Potato Cultivars

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars are mostly planted using similar seed piece planting depths and hill shapes even though cultivars have unique tuber and stolon characteristics. A hill-shape study was conducted at Aberdeen, Idaho to determine the effects of hill shape on yield and field-green tuber yields and quality along with stolon length and tuber spatial orientation for two potato cultivars, 'Defender' and 'Summit Russet.' Plots were planted in late April to early May. Prior to emergence four hill shapes were formed: 1) plant-and-drag, 2) broad, 3) normal, and 4) peaked. Defender had higher total yield with the broad hill, but there were no differences among the remaining three hill shapes. For Defender, U.S. No. 1 yield was lower with the plant-and-drag hill shape, and the normal and peaked hills produced lower field-green tuber yield. Hill shape had no effect on total, U.S. No. 1, or field-green tuber yields of Summit Russet. The peaked hill resulted in a deeper uppermost tuber for Defender, while the uppermost tuber was deeper in the normal and peaked hills for Summit Russet. The broad hill resulted in a larger average tuber size for Defender, but hill shape had no effect on tuber size for Summit Russet. Total number of tubers per plant, stolon length and tuber spatial orientation were not affected by hill shape for either cultivar. Hill shape and height are important considerations in maximizing yield of saleable tubers, so needs to be customized according to cultivar-dependent stolon length and tuber orientation characteristics.     

Selection for improvement of potato populations grown from true seed

Field trials were conducted at Freeville, NY to determine if hybrid seedling populations ofSolanum tuberosum L. could be improved by two types of mass selection. Hill and bulk selections plus unselected controls were saved after harvesting tubers from transplanted seedlings of four Neo-Tuberosum × Tuberosum hybrids in 1982. Tubers from these three treatments were planted in a split plot design for comparison in 1983. Yields were increased 14 to 16% by hill selection; plants from this treatment were the largest and most vigorous. Uniformity of tuber shape and overall tuber appearance were improved by both hill and bulk selection.     

Variations in stolon length and in incidence of tuber roots among eight potato cultivars

The stolon length and percentage of tubers with tuber roots were compared for eight cultivars ofSolanum tuberosum L. over two growing seasons. Although stolon lengths varied considerably within cultivars, there were significant differences in the average stolon lengths among cultivars. The cultivars Norchip and Monona had the shortest stolons whereas Norland had the longest average stolons. The length of the stolon did not appear to be related to color type or time of tuber maturity. Since there was no significant difference in stolon length between years, stolon length appears to be a consistent genetic trait. There was no significant correlation between the stolon length and tuber size. The incidence of tuber roots also showed variation among cultivars, although there was significant variability between times of sampling. Recent studies have demonstrated that to maximize calcium uptake by tubers, the calcium must be placed around the tubers and stolons. Since stolon length determines the location of the tubers in the hill, the stolon length of different cultivars may need to be considered for fertilizer application, cultivation or hilling procedures. Thus, to get maximum benefit from supplemental calcium for Norchip and Monona, application would need to be made close to the main stem. However, in the other cultivars, the majority of the hill would have to be enriched in calcium to effectively supply calcium to the various tubers in the hill.     

Effect of random mating on yield and specific gravity in twoSolanum tuberosum subsp.tuberosum populations

A group of biparental crosses of breeding clones and varieties (Solanum tuberosum subsp.tuberosum) from the USDA potato breeding program, Beltsville, MD, was used to establish two randomly mated populations. Random mating without selection was continued for seven generations, then cycles 1, 3, 5, and 7 were tested for yield and specific gravity. There was a small but non-significant decrease in tuber weight per hill, and a small but non-significant increase in tuber number from cycle 1 to cycle 7. Mean tuber weight significantly (P < 0.01) decreased (12%) from cycle 1 to cycle 7. Specific gravity also significantly (P < 0.10) decreased over cycles. The variance of clones within cycles did not significantly change over cycles for any of the traits measured.