水杨酸提高水稻幼苗对镉胁迫的抗性

为了探讨水杨酸能否提高水稻对镉胁迫的抗性,在1/2浓度的木村B营养液内培养水稻幼苗后,添加CdCl2达500μmol/L,然后加入外源SA使最终浓度达300μmol/L。试验结果表明,镉胁迫使水稻叶片SOD,CAT,POD活性降低,叶绿素含量下降,细胞膜透性增加,MDA含量增多。而外源的SA加入后,能使镉胁迫条件下水稻叶片SOD,CAT,POD活性降低较少,活性氧的生成速率降低,使H2O2含量和MDA含量降低,在一定程度上减轻镉对叶绿素的破坏和提高叶片的光合能力。说明水杨酸对受镉胁迫的水稻抗氧化酶活性产生明显的影响,能提高水稻幼苗对镉胁迫的抗性。     

喷施水杨酸缓解镉对黑麦草毒害作用的研究

为了研究水杨酸缓解重金属镉对黑麦草的毒害作用,采用盆栽模拟方法测定喷施外源水杨酸后在镉胁迫处理下黑麦草的生理指标的变化情况。研究结果表明：喷施100、200和300 mg/L 3种浓度水杨酸对镉胁迫下黑麦草叶绿素含量没有显著影响,但能够提高黑麦草叶片中重要的渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,其中200 mg/L浓度水杨酸对脯氨酸的提高作用显著高于其他浓度;喷施水杨酸也能够显著提高SOD、POD、CAT等多种抗氧化酶的活性,降低电解质渗透率和丙二醛含量,各浓度之间作用程度差异不显著,200和300 mg/L浓度的作用更大一些。上述生理指标的测定说明喷施水杨酸可以缓解镉对黑麦草的毒害作用。     

无机硫处理对大麦铝毒害的缓解效应

采用水培法研究了外源硫对大麦铝毒害的缓解效果.结果表明,单独铝胁迫能显著抑制大麦幼苗的生长发育,降低光合效率,提高丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,且随铝处理浓度增加,各测定指标值与对照(无胁迫处理)间的差异增大.在不同浓度铝胁迫下,加入10mmol/L无机硫后,植株生长发育明显改善,光合效率显著高于单一铝处理水平,功能叶MDA含量、SOD和POD活性与对照间差异减小,其中低浓度铝处理时缓解效果更显著.     

外源2,4-表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下对水稻幼苗生理特性的影响

为探讨外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生理特性的影响。以水稻品种‘湘早籼45号’为试验材料,在盐胁迫下喷施不同浓度外源EBR,研究其对水稻幼苗光合色素及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫能显著抑制水稻幼苗光合色素的合成,并对抗氧化系统造成损伤。1μmol/L EBR溶液能有效缓解盐胁迫下水稻幼苗光合色素含量的降低,在盐胁迫24 h时最为明显,其叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素含量相比对照分别提高51.77%、52.35%、57.62%。同时,1μmol/L EBR溶液喷施能显著提高盐胁迫24 h时的叶片SOD、CAT活性和根系CAT活性,以及盐胁迫恢复后(72 h)的根系SOD活性和叶片POD活性,相比CK2增加了2.91%～24.86%,并且能有效降低MDA含量的积累。因此,在生产上,喷施1μmol/L EBR溶液能有效缓解盐胁迫下水稻幼苗受到的损伤。本研究为盐胁迫下EBR调控水稻幼苗耐盐生理调控机制提供了理论基础。     

外源硫化氢对盐胁迫下加工番茄幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为明确盐胁迫下外源硫化氢(H2S)对加工番茄幼苗的缓解作用,以耐盐性不同的2个加工番茄KT-7和KT-32为材料,采用盆栽法,研究了不同浓度(20,50,100,150μmol/L)的H2S供体硫氢化钠(Na HS)对250 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下加工番茄幼苗生物量、叶片光合色素含量、相对含水量、根系活力、游离脯氨酸含量、抗氧化酶活性及膜质过氧化水平和丙二醛含量的影响。结果表明:低浓度的Na HS处理在一定程度上提高了盐胁迫下加工番茄幼苗的生物量、光合色素含量、相对含水量、根系活力、脯氨酸含量以及抗氧化物酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,而降低了电解质渗出率和丙二醛含量,其中以50μmol/L的Na HS处理效果最佳,与单独盐胁迫处理相比50μmol/L的Na HS使KT-7的生物量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量、SOD活性分别增加30.8%~66.7%,61.8%,56.3%,57.0%,9.1%,而使电解质渗出率和丙二醛含量分别下降15.0个百分点和23.7%;使KT-32的生物量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量、SOD活性,分别增加24.0%~96.4%,49.8%,52.0%,46.7%,10.2%,而使电解质渗出率和丙二醛含量分别下降12个百分点和24.2%。综上,外源H2S处理通过提高幼苗的抗氧化水平,减少盐胁迫对加工番茄幼苗造成的氧化损伤,在一定程度上提高了加工番茄幼苗对盐胁迫的适应能力。为进一步探索H2S缓解加工番茄盐胁迫的机理提供了理论依据。     

Pb2+胁迫下Ca2+对板蓝根幼苗生理特性的影响

以板蓝根为材料,研究了Pb2+胁迫下Ca2+对板蓝根幼苗POD、SOD活性、根系活力及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:在Pb2+处理下,板蓝根幼苗POD、SOD活性及蛋白质含量随Pb2+浓度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,根系活力显著下降;在Ca2+处理下,浓度为80、160mg/L时,板蓝根幼苗POD、SOD活性、根系活力及蛋白质含量显著升高,浓度为320mg/L时,则显著低于对照,有明显抑制作用;Ca2+、Pb2+混合处理,80、160mg/LCa2+显著提高了Pb2+胁迫下POD、SOD活性、根系活力及蛋白质含量,具有缓解Pb2+毒害的作用,Ca2+为320mg/L时,与Pb2+起协同胁迫作用,增强对板蓝根幼苗的毒害效应。     

三十烷醇对盐胁迫下园林植物桔梗生理特性的影响

为了揭示三十烷醇(triacontanol,TRIA)对盐胁迫下园林植物桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorus)生理特性的影响。本研究使用300 mmol/L Na Cl对桔梗进行盐胁迫,同时对桔梗叶面喷施1、5和10μmol/L的三十烷醇溶液,共处理4次。处理15 d后,测量桔梗鲜重、干重、含水量、叶片可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量、净光合速率。测量桔梗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和Na⁺和K⁺含量。结果显示,叶面喷施1、5和10μmol/L的三十烷醇溶液升高了鲜重、干重、含水量和叶片可溶性蛋白含量。叶面喷施1.0、1.5和2.0 mmol/L的亚精胺溶液升高了叶绿素含量和净光合速率。叶面喷施1、5和10μmol/L的三十烷醇溶液升高了叶片SOD和POD活性,降低了MDA含量。叶面喷施1、5和10μmol/L的三十烷醇溶液降低了叶片Na⁺含量和Na⁺/K⁺比值,升高了K⁺含量。本研究表明叶面喷施...     

外源NO对铅胁迫下水果黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

探讨水果黄瓜幼苗对铅胁迫的响应机制,为揭示水果黄瓜抗铅性提供理论依据。在200 mg/L硝酸铅胁迫下,研究了不同浓度的(50,100,300,500μmol/L)外源一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)对水果黄瓜种子萌发以及幼苗可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及叶绿素相对含量的影响。结果表明,200 mg/L的硝酸铅对水果黄瓜种子的萌发起到显著的抑制作用,并使可溶性蛋白与丙二醛的含量升高,POD、CAT活性以及叶绿素相对含量显著降低;加入硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)对水果黄瓜种子的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数有明显的促进作用,同时降低了丙二醛的含量,增加POD、CAT、SOD活性以及叶绿素相对含量和可溶性蛋白质含量。外源NO能显著促进Pb2+胁迫下水果黄瓜种子萌发,增强细胞的渗透调节能力,提高保护酶活性,明显缓解幼苗叶片受到的氧化损伤,其中以100μmol/L SNP处理的效果最好。     

水杨酸和盐浸种对香稻和非香稻幼苗生理特性的影响

为探明水杨酸和盐对香稻和非香稻幼苗生理特性的影响,以香稻品种农香18和非香稻品种华航丝苗为材料,设置水杨酸（SA）0,1 mmol/L和盐（NaCl）0,50 mmol/L浸种处理,测定了幼苗叶片和茎鞘超氧化物超化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（ POD）活性、丙二醛（ MDA）含量、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量及香稻香气2-AP含量。 SA、盐以及两者的混合溶液浸后,香稻2-AP含量均显著增加。1 mmol/L水杨酸与50 mmol/L盐混合溶液处理显著提高香稻幼苗脯氨酸含量而对非香稻品种无显著影响;50 mmol/L盐溶液处理可显著提高香稻和非香稻幼苗茎鞘POD活性及香稻幼苗茎鞘SOD活性;1 mmol/L水杨酸处理显著提高香稻和非香稻幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量及香稻幼苗POD活性。SOD、脯氨酸和POD是水稻幼苗响应水杨酸和盐浸种处理的主要生理特性指标。盐胁迫下香稻2-AP含量增加, SA可缓解盐胁迫,同时可提高香稻2-AP含量。     

淹水胁迫下褪黑素浸种对水稻幼苗生长的影响

为研究淹水胁迫下褪黑素浸种对长短中胚轴水稻幼苗期生理和生化性状的影响,采用不同浓度梯度的褪黑素(MT)处理,测定中胚轴长、胚芽鞘长、芽长、鲜质量、成活率等相关农艺性状,测定过氧化物歧化酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理生化指标。MT浸种对淹水胁迫下水稻生长的影响可分为低浓度缓解胁迫和高浓度加剧毒害;淹水处理下相比短中胚轴品种华航31、DH4040,长中胚轴品种鄂中4号、DH4038具有较高的成活率;在对4个品种添加10,100μmol/L的MT浸种处理时,华航31中MT浸种效果表现均是最好的,其中100μmol/L MT浸种处理在每个品种中均能显著提高幼苗的成活率。随着浓度提高到1 000μmol/L,对所有的品种均表现为抑制成活;MT浸种可降低MDA含量,提高POD、SOD、CAT活性,促进中胚轴长、胚芽鞘长、芽长、鲜质量等农艺性状,100μmol/L MT浸种处理效果最好;1 000μmol/L MT浸种也可以促进相关农艺性状提升并提高酶活性,但成活率显著下降。适当浓度的褪黑素浸种,能提高淹水胁迫下水稻幼苗活力和出苗率,显著降低淹水胁迫对水稻幼苗的毒害作用。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.