甘蓝型油菜蛋白质双向电泳体系的建立

选用油菜品种08127,采用TCA-丙酮提取方法,pH 4~7胶条和改进的IEF聚焦程序,得到较好的蛋白质双向电泳结果,建立了一种适合甘蓝型油菜的双向电泳体系;利用其他甘蓝型油菜品种的幼苗、叶片和茎中的蛋白检验了建立的实验体系,都能得到较好的蛋白质双向电泳结果;利用该实验体系比较甘蓝型油菜幼苗不同发育时期蛋白质双向电泳图,找到二者之间的差异点,选取部分点成功进行了质谱分析。     

苦瓜种子蛋白质组双向电泳技术条件的优化

通过对苦瓜种子蛋白质样品的提取方法、等电聚焦参数、SDS-PAGE分离胶浓度以及胶条pH范围的优化筛选,建立了适合苦瓜种子蛋白组分析的双向电泳体系.结果表明:使用TCA-丙酮提取方法提取苦瓜种子蛋白,更适用于双向电泳分析,结合使用pH=5~8 IPG胶条以及优化的聚焦程序,能获得分辨率较高、蛋白点清晰、重复性好的2-DE图谱.经银染显色,可检测约660个蛋白点,主要分布在p H=5~8;该体系适合用于分析苦瓜种子的蛋白质组.     

绿盲蝽取食诱导赤霞珠冬芽全蛋白双向电泳体系的建立与优化

建立绿盲蝽取食胁迫下赤霞珠冬芽防御反应的蛋白质组学双向电泳技术体系,旨在为后续筛选和分析差异蛋白相关研究提供参考。选取赤霞珠葡萄冬芽,分别设置绿盲蝽取食胁迫和空白对照试验,于24 h后采集样品用液氮带回,-80℃冻存;利用TCA-丙酮法、TCA-丙酮法+酚抽提法提取粗蛋白干粉;利用CBB G-250染色法进行蛋白质浓度测定;确定上样量及凝胶染色技术。扫描得到凝胶图像,进行对比分析。结果显示,利用不同蛋白质提取方法均可获得双向电泳所需粗蛋白,采用TCA-丙酮法获取的粗蛋白量明显多于TCA-丙酮法+酚抽提法;2种方法所提取的全蛋白浓度差异较大,TCA-丙酮法操作更为简便,蛋白丢失少。不同上样量对双向电泳图谱效果的影响差异显著,400μg蛋白上样量比800μg所得的凝胶图片上的蛋白点清晰,易于分离。考马斯亮蓝染色结果表明,R-350更适用于葡萄冬芽全蛋白双向凝胶电泳技术。利用TCA-丙酮法抽提蛋白,400μg蛋白上样,pH值4～7 NL 17 cm的IPG胶条,G-350热染色双向电泳技术体系得到的赤霞珠冬芽全蛋白凝胶图谱,符合绿盲蝽取食诱导赤霞珠防御反应产生防御蛋白的检测要求。     

玉米蛋白质组研究中双向电泳技术条件的优化

为了优化玉米叶片双向凝胶电泳技术条件,通过比较3种总蛋白提取方法对玉米双向电泳结果的影响,并对蛋白质上样量、IEF等电聚焦条件及SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶浓度等参数进行探索、优化;结果发现,与酚提取法和磷酸缓冲液法相比,采用改进的TCA/丙酮法提取总蛋白操作简单、方便,所得的2-DE图谱中蛋白质点数量多、背景清晰,是一种适用于提取玉米苗期叶片总蛋白的有效方法;同时筛选出:第一向IEF等电聚焦样品上样量为800μg,聚焦条件为20 000 V/h,在浓度为12.5%的SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中进行电泳,能够在17 cm的IPG胶条上获得背景低、分辨率较高、重复性好的双向电泳图谱,该优化体系适用于玉米叶片蛋白质组双向电泳分离,对玉米蛋白质组学研究具有重要参考价值。     

甜菜双向电泳体系条件的优化

为了获得甜菜叶片双向电泳中蛋白质最佳提取方法,建立甜菜叶片蛋白质双向电泳最佳的双向电泳体系。以甜菜叶片为材料,通过比较分析,研究甜菜叶片总蛋白提取方法、IPG胶条pH值及其对应上样量等因素对甜菜叶片蛋白质双向电泳结果的影响。结果表明:酚提取法、TCA/丙酮提取法和可溶性蛋白提取法3种蛋白提取方法中TCA/丙酮法提取效果较好,pH值4~7与pH值5~8的双向蛋白电泳比较发现:pH值4~7胶条蛋白点清晰且在图谱上的蛋白点分布均匀,无蛋白点集中现象,更适合甜菜叶片的蛋白质组分析。采用7 cm线性固相IPG胶条进行双向电泳,150μg上样量蛋白点明显增多,双向电泳效果更好,pH值4~7的17 cm胶条300μg上样量胶点更多更清晰,试验结果为甜菜蛋白质组学的研究提供了最佳的试验方法。     

作物叶片蛋白质组提取与酶切方法比较研究

蛋白质组样品制备主要涉及蛋白质的提取和酶切处理,是蛋白质组学分析的限制环节之一。为了提高作物叶片蛋白质组样品制备的效率和重复性,系统比较了6种缓冲液（pH8.5 Tris-HCl酚、pH7.0磷酸盐、pH9.0碳酸盐、尿素/硫脲、pH8.0 Tris-HCl、pH4.5醋酸盐）和TCA-丙酮处理对水稻、小麦、大豆和玉米叶片蛋白质提取的影响,同时以小麦叶片总蛋白和牛血清白蛋白为样本,比较了传统方法和微波辅助方法的酶切效率。结果表明,TCA-丙酮处理的小麦和水稻样品采用尿素/硫脲方法能获得较高的蛋白得率,而玉米和大豆样品采用尿素/硫脲直接提取时蛋白质得率更高,同时,微波辅助酶切值得用于蛋白质组样品制备。本研究采用适当的蛋白质提取和酶切方法,有效提高了蛋白质的提取率和鉴定率,可为进一步深入开展作物叶片的蛋白质组学研究提供借鉴。     

水稻抗病蛋白质XA21的免疫纯化及双向电泳分离研究

在优化水稻叶片蛋白质提取方法的基础上,利用免疫沉淀对水稻中的XA21蛋白质进行了富集纯化,继而通过TCA-丙酮法脱盐,用尿素、硫脲溶解后进行双向电泳分离和Western检测,实现了对高分子量、低丰度表达的、可能的膜蛋白XA21的分离检测,为其翻译后修饰方式研究奠定了基础.     

薄壳山核桃蛋白质测定方法比较以及双向电泳体系的建立

本研究以薄壳山核桃生长季方块芽接不同发育时期的嫁接为材料,采用不同的蛋白质抽提方法(TCA-丙酮沉淀法,改良TCA-丙酮沉淀法,Tris-HCL浸提法和酚抽提法)、上样量及IPG胶条p H范围等关键因素进行探索与优化,旨在获得薄壳山核桃蛋白的最佳提取方法,并建立适用、高效的薄壳山核桃蛋白质双向凝胶电泳技术体系。Tris-HCL浸提法进行蛋白质的提取效果最佳,可检测到的蛋白质点数量最多约为1 504个,蛋白质中杂质较少,凝胶背景较清晰,基本无横向和竖向条纹,分离出的蛋白质点基本没有拖尾现象。以p H 4~7的IPG胶条、上样量260μg进行双向电泳,蛋白点数量多,分离效果好,基本没有重叠现象,效果最佳。     

适合双向电泳的植物全蛋白提取方法比较

样品处理是双向电泳实验最基础也是最关键的环节之一,样品制备成功与否直接关系到双向电泳图谱的质量和蛋白质组信息的完整性。应用于双向电泳中提取植物全蛋白的常用方法有：TCA-丙酮沉淀法、Tris-HC1法、酚法、Trizol沉淀法、Tris-丙酮-酚法、尿素/硫脲提取法。不同的方法适合不同特征的植物样品,比较了用于双向电泳的六种植物全蛋白提取方法的优缺点,并对每种方法适用的植物组织作了简要概述。     

玉米籽粒蛋白质双向电泳技术体系的优化

为了获得玉米籽粒双向电泳中蛋白质提取的最佳方法,建立最佳的玉米籽粒蛋白双向电泳技术体系,对酚抽提法、三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀法(TCA/丙酮沉淀法)和可溶性蛋白提取法3种不同提取方法得到的蛋白质进行了分析,并在相同条件下进行双向电泳比对分析,结果表明:可溶性蛋白提取法获得的蛋白纯度高、浓度适中、双向电泳蛋白质点最丰富,最适合双向电泳研究;利用可溶性蛋白提取法获得的蛋白,对第一向等电聚焦参数等条件,以及不同p H值范围的IPG预制凝胶条进行了比较分析,结果表明:采用p H值3~10的IPG预制凝胶条时,采取电压梯度上升的方式,总聚焦70 000 Vhs、上样量800μg效果最佳,采用p H值4~7的IPG预制凝胶条时,总聚焦80 000 Vhs、上样量900μg效果最佳,并且采用p H值4~7的IPG预制凝胶条相比p H值3~10的凝胶条能分离到更多的点,最后结合蛋白质点MALDI-TOF-TOF质谱鉴定分析,建立了一套适用于玉米籽粒的蛋白质双向电泳技术方法,即采用可溶性蛋白提取法提取蛋白,采用24 cm、p H值4~7的IPG干胶条,上样900μg电泳效果最佳,等点聚焦程序:500 V、1 h,1 000V、1 h,2 000 V、1 h,4 000 V、2 h,8000 V、4 h,8 000 V、80 000 Vhs,500 V保持。试验研究为后续玉米籽粒发育差异蛋白研究奠定了技术基础。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.