黄瓜果实苦味性状遗传分析与分子标记

本研究选用华南型果实苦味自交系D9320和欧洲温室型果实无苦味自交系D0432-3-4黄瓜为试验材料,构建6世代群体,进行果实苦味遗传规律分析;并对含有372个单株的F2群体进行SSR标记遗传连锁分析。研究结果表明:黄瓜果实苦味性状由单显性基因控制,有苦味对无苦味为显性,不同环境条件对该基因的表达会造成一定的影响;控制果实苦味的基因被定位于黄瓜第5号染色体(简称chr.5),该连锁群包含15个SSR标记,经D9320与D0708-2两亲本验证,这15对SSR引物均无多态性。与黄瓜果实苦味Bt基因最近的两侧翼标记为SSR12291和SSR02118,遗传距离分别为1.9 c M和1.8 c M,将Bt基因定位在黄瓜chr.5上3.7 c M范围内。     

小麦纹枯病抗源的遗传多样性及抗性基因位点SSR标记分析

为揭示小麦纹枯病抗源的遗传多样性,发掘优异的抗性种质,利用沟带接种法对前期筛选出的88份抗性种质进行了3年田间抗性鉴定,鉴定出抗或中抗纹枯病的小麦种质32份。利用分布于全基因组的SSR标记对这些抗源进行了遗传多样性分析,59个SSR标记共检测到308个等位变异,每个标记可以检测到2~13个等位基因,平均5.2个;多态性信息含量(PIC)的变异范围为0.12~0.89,平均为0.61,表明材料的遗传丰富度较高。根据聚类分析和主成分(PCA)分析,32份小麦纹枯病抗源按照遗传相似系数可划分为2个组群,国外引进品种和国内改良品种聚为一类,国内农家品种聚为一类,并且与地理分布特征相符。利用与纹枯病抗性QTL紧密连锁的14个SSR标记对32份抗源进行基因型分析,发现与抗性QTL连锁的2BS上的Xwmc154和7DS上的Xbarc126普遍存在,可用于分子标记辅助选择。在武农148、陕983、陕农78、Coker 983、H-Line、Mason和Compair中仅检测到一个已报道的抗病QTL,而在Tyalt中没有检测到已知抗病QTL,这些材料有可能携带新的纹枯病抗性基因/QTL,可以在育种中加以利用。     

大豆品种成熟期基因型推测的研究

选择不同来源中国大豆品种23份和国外引进的成熟期近等基因系35份进行SSR分析,目的是鉴定与成熟期基因型紧密连锁的标记,进而推测中国大豆品种的成熟期基因型。结果表明,（1）210对SSR标记中125对在成熟期近等基因型中具有多态性,推测与成熟期有关的标记有8个;（2）在Clark近等基因系中,筛选出成熟期基因E3/e3特异性标记Satt229,E4/e4的特异SSR标记Sct_010、Satt294、Satt247、Satt452和Satt156;在Clark和Harosoy近等基因系中,筛选出E7/e7的特异性SSR标记为Satt071、Satt178;（3）根据8个与成熟期相关的标记的分子数据,构建了国外大豆近等基因系的UPGMA聚类图,共聚为4类,背景来源相同或相似的材料被聚为一类,明显分为Clark近等基因系和Harosoy近等基因系。（4）与近等基因系成熟期基因(E7)分子标记比对,推测出25份中国大豆品种的成熟期基因。     

我国部分小麦地方品种Waxy基因多样性研究

利用2对STS引物、1对SSR引物和1对基因特异引物分析了1739份中国小麦地方品种Waxy基因的变异情况。检测出Wx-Al基因缺失突变材料3份，Wx-Bl基因缺失突变材料25份，Wx-Dl基因缺失突变材料3份。利用SDS-PAGE方法对以上Waxy基因突变材料在蛋白质水平上进行鉴定，验证了Waxy分子标记在种质资源研究中的有效性。向育种家推荐一批具有不同Waxy基因缺失的地方种质，并提供了全部品种的缺失类型。     

四川豌豆种质资源白粉病抗性及分子鉴定

豌豆白粉病是由白粉菌（Erysiphe pisi D. C.）引起的豌豆最重要的病害之一,控制豌豆白粉病最经济有效且环保的方法是种植抗病品种。在温室条件下对400份豌豆种质资源进行白粉病抗性鉴定,同时利用7个与已知豌豆抗白粉病基因连锁的分子标记进行基因型鉴定。结果表明,在400份资源中,有8份表现免疫,3份表现抗病,5份表现抗感分离,其余384份均为感病;16份抗性资源中有10份来自于四川省中部不同纬度地区,其余6份为国外引进资源;7个分子标记将400份种质资源分为39个标记基因型,其中16份抗性资源分为7个标记基因型。上述抗性资源及其标记基因型可有效应用于豌豆白粉病抗性育种的研究中。     

SSR分子标记在小麦遗传育种中应用与研究进展

综述简单重复序列标记(SSR)的特点及优点,重点介绍了SSR分子标记在小麦遗传育种中的应用,即利用SSR分子标记技术基因标记与定位、遗传图谱构建、外源染色体鉴定与标记、种质资源鉴定和遗传多样性研究、辅助育种的研究进展。     

棉花品种遗传纯度的SSR分子标记鉴定技术研究

为建立适合于SSR标记的棉花品种纯度鉴定方法,利用78个SSR标记对12个棉花常规品种进行标记基因型分析.通过比较不同品种不同单株标记基因型,发现棉花品种的非纯SSR位点存在3种主要类型.通过综合分析非纯SSR位点率和异型单株率对品种遗传纯度的影响,建立了利用SSR标记在分子水平上鉴定棉花品种纯度的方法.利用该方法鉴定的12个棉花品种中有3个品种(C5、C9和Cll)的遗传纯度在98％以上,非纯SSR位点和异型株均较高的2个品种(C3和C6)遗传纯度分别为67.31％和31.79％,该方法弥补了以往分子纯度计算方法中只考虑单株混杂、不考虑SSR位点混杂的缺陷,可比较客观地反映品种的遗传纯度状况.     

陆地棉亚红株突变体基因的初步定位

陆地棉亚红株突变体PD-17与GK19杂交F₁代表现出良好的光合作用效率,具有较高的超亲优势,是潜在的优良种质资源。寻找与该突变基因Rs连锁的分子标记并进行染色体定位,对于该基因的进一步精细定位或克隆具有重要的意义。以亚红株突变体PD-17与GK19配置的BC1群体为作图群体,选用覆盖棉花所有已鉴定染色体及大多数连锁群的419对SSR引物,利用BSA（bulked segregation analysis）法筛选有多态性差异引物,然后根据群体单株基因型进行作图分析。结果显示,位于第7条染色体上的5个分子标记与Rs基因相连锁,SSR标记BNL2634与Rs基因的遗传距离较小,约为10.3 cM,SSR标记CIR393位于Rs基因另一侧,与Rs基因的遗传距离约为29.1 cM,由此,可将Rs基因定位于第7染色体上。     

大豆引进种质抗胞囊线虫病、抗花叶病毒病和耐盐基因型鉴定及优异等位基因聚合种质筛选

我国从美国、俄罗斯、日本等26个国家或地区共引进大豆种质3218份, 仅对部分种质进行了大豆胞囊线虫病(Soybean cyst nematode, SCN)、大豆花叶病毒病(Soybean mosaic virus, SMV)和盐敏感性的抗性鉴定, 但基因型的系统分析尚未见报道。本研究针对大豆抗胞囊线虫病3个基因(rhg1、Rhg4、SCN3-11)和耐盐基因(GmSALT3)开发KASP标记5个, 结合与大豆花叶病毒抗性相关的1个SCAR标记(SCN11), 对1489份大豆引进种质进行基因型鉴定。结果表明, 具有优异等位基因的种质共1084份; 携带3个位点优异等位基因的种质19份, 包括抗胞囊线虫病3个位点(rhg1、Rhg4、SCN3-11)叠加(Peking型)种质3份, 聚合抗胞囊线虫病基因和抗花叶病毒病标记7份, 聚合抗胞囊线虫病和耐盐基因2份, 聚合抗胞囊线虫病、抗花叶病毒病和耐盐基因7份; 携带4个位点优异等位基因的种质9份, 包括聚合抗胞囊线虫病基因和抗花叶病毒病标记6份, 聚合抗胞囊线虫病和耐盐基因2份, 聚合抗胞囊线虫病、抗花叶病毒病和耐盐7份; 携带5个位点优异等位基因8份, 聚合了抗胞囊线虫病、抗花叶病毒病和耐盐优异等位变异。在这些携带优异等位变异的种质中, 44份已由前人证明具有相应的抗性。携带3个或3个以上优异等位基因的36份种质中, 有52.78%种质的一种或两种特性已被报道。在不携带抗性优异等位变异的种质中, 93份已证明有耐盐性或对SMV3号株系抗性, 这些种质可能存在新的抗性(等位)基因。本研究利用高通量分子标记筛选出的携带抗病、抗逆优异等位基因的种质为我国大豆资源表型鉴定、抗源的快速筛选及利用提供理论依据和新思路。     

水稻抗白叶枯病基因Xa7荧光分子标记开发与育种应用

本研究利用含有抗白叶枯病基因Xa7的水稻品种‘IRBB7’与9个感病水稻品种进行序列比对,在Xa7基因位点附近寻找碱基差异,结合PARMS (Penta-primer amplification refractory mutation system)技术,开发了与Xa7基因紧密连锁的荧光分子标记PM-Xa7,并利用该标记对72份水稻种子资源中的Xa7基因进行鉴定和对杂交水稻育种亲本‘美B’的白叶枯病抗性进行改良。结果显示,从72份水稻种质资源中鉴定出了两份含有抗病Xa7基因的水稻种质;利用标记PM-Xa7将‘IRBB7’中的抗病Xa7基因导入到‘美B’中,成功选育出了稳定的抗白叶枯病新保持系材料;在对‘IRBB7’与‘美B’的382份BC2F2代单株进行选择时,发现289株检测到抗白叶枯病荧光信号,93株检测到感白叶枯病荧光信号,与病原菌Xoo接种的实验结果完全一致。以上结果表明标记PM-Xa7可有效地运用于Xa7基因的抗白叶枯病分子标记辅助育种工作中。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.