番茄SlNAC71基因克隆及表达分析

NAC转录因子在植物逆境应答中具有重要的作用。本研究从番茄中克隆了一个NAC基因Sl NAC71。该基因编码区长1 059 bp,编码352个氨基酸,预测分子量约为39.51 k D,等电点为8.40。推测的氨基酸序列中含有1个高度保守的NAM结构域。Sl NAC71基因序列具有mi R164靶序列识别位点。亚细胞定位预测Sl NAC71蛋白定位于细胞核。进化树分析发现,Sl NAC71和At NAC分为一个分支。组织特异性表达模式分析表明在检测的所有组织中Sl NAC71都有表达,在叶中表达量最高,在茎中表达量最低。Sl NAC71基因的表达受高盐诱导,说明番茄Sl NAC71基因可能参与番茄对高盐胁迫的应答。     

大豆KTI1基因表达方式分析及其启动子预测

为明确大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因(KTI1)在不同逆境、ABA条件下及大豆不同组织中的表达方式,本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测,结果表明KTI1基因受低温、盐、干旱和ABA诱导,分别在处理10、5、24和1 h时获得诱导最高值,相对表达量分别是未处理的288.65,274.35,136.04和56.48倍;KTI1基因在大豆种子中的表达量相对较高,叶中的表达量为1时,种子中的表达量为8.70。根据大豆基因组序列,扩增KTI1基因ATG上游启动子序列1 831 bp;生物信息学预测分析表明启动子中存在多种常出现在逆境胁迫诱导型启动子中的顺式调控元件,推测大豆KTI1基因启动子可能是受低温、盐、干旱和ABA诱导的诱导型启动子。本研究为进一步研究和应用大豆KTI1基因及其启动子提供理论基础。     

小麦抗逆相关基因TaSAP1的5′非翻译区内含子功能分析

逆境相关蛋白(stress associated protein, SAP)是植物中一类具有A20/AN1锌指结构域的蛋白,而A20/AN1锌指蛋白主要参与植物逆境响应。小麦中TaSAP1基因参与植株对各种逆境的响应,其5′非翻译区含有2个内含子(5' untranslated region intron, 5UI)。本研究利用重叠PCR,构建了TaSAP1的2个5UI缺失突变的表达载体,并转化二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon),通过分析GUS活性,研究TaSAP1启动子及其5UI的生物学功能。结果表明TaSAP1启动子P1可受干旱、低温和外源ABA胁迫上调表达,表达活性分别是对照的10、6和4倍。TaSAP1基因2个5UI对启动子活性至关重要,2个5UI同时突变可致P1失活;Intron-1缺失突变导致P1活性降低约2.7倍(P0.05),但不影响P1对逆境胁迫的响应;Intron-2缺失突变导致P1失去对干旱、低温和外源ABA的响应能力。本研究结果为深入研究TaSAP1 5UI的生物学功能奠定了基础,也为改善作物抗逆性提供了重要元件。     

黑果枸杞LrDREB1基因克隆及其在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

DREB(Dehydrate responsive element binding factor)转录因子是植物非生物逆境适应中的关键调节因子,该类转录因子具有保守的AP2/EREBP结构域,在低温、高盐等非生物逆境胁迫下,可调控下游逆境应答基因的表达,对增强植物的抗逆能力有重要作用。黑果枸杞具有极强的耐干旱、盐碱能力,为研究黑果枸杞DREB类基因在低温、盐碱响应中的功能,本研究以强抗盐灌木黑果枸杞总RNA为模板,基于前期转录组测序拼接序列,利用RT-PCR方法克隆得到一条DREB基因。该基因含有一个1116 bp的开放阅读框,编码372个氨基酸。系统进化树分析显示,Lr DREB1基因属于DREB亚家族A2组成员,与拟南芥AtDREB2B、AtDREB2E具有较高的相似性。荧光定量PCR结果显示,Lr DREB1受盐胁迫、ABA胁迫和低温胁迫诱导表达,可能参与依赖ABA的信号转导途径,调节黑果枸杞抗盐响应。本研究通过对黑果枸杞LrDREB1基因的克隆、序列分析和表达分析,为研究Lr DREB1的功能及黑果枸杞抗盐机理提供了帮助。     

马铃薯HD-Zip Ⅰ家族ATHB12基因的克隆及功能鉴定

HD-Zip I是一类植物特异转录因子,在植物应对外界逆境胁迫过程中有重要的调控作用。本研究从马铃薯栽培品种甘农薯2号中克隆了HD-Zip I转录因子ATHB12基因,其开放阅读框为759 bp,编码252个氨基酸残基。该基因位于马铃薯第1染色体,其启动子区含有ABRE、LTRECOREATCOR15和WBOXATNPR1等多种响应非生物胁迫(ABA、低温、脱水和高盐)的顺式作用元件。ATHB12基因在马铃薯根、茎和叶中均有表达,其根中表达量最高。q RT-PCR分析证实该基因的表达受聚乙二醇(PEG)、Na Cl和ABA诱导,受低温抑制。构建了由组成型表达启动子Ca MV 35S驱动的ATHB12基因的过表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法转化马铃薯获得了转基因植株。干旱处理后,转基因植株叶片中丙二醛含量显著低于非转基因植株(P0.05),而脯氨酸含量显著高于非转基因植株(P0.05);转基因植株根鲜重和干重均高于非转基因植株;说明马铃薯ATHB12基因可能参与了逆境胁迫的响应。     

草莓FvARF2的克隆、组织表达分析及对外源激素的响应

ARFs家族基因广泛参与植物生长发育的调控过程。为了研究草莓生长素响应因子FvARF2在草莓生长发育过程中的功能,以‘丰香’草莓为实验材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆草莓FvARF2基因,对其序列特征进行生物信息学分析,并利用Real-time PCR技术分析了Fv ARF2在草莓不同组织(包括根,茎,叶,花,绿果, 1/2红果及红熟果)及外源激素生长素(IAA)、乙烯利(C2H4)、脱落酸(ABA)处理下的表达模式。结果表明,Fv ARF2基因开放阅读框为2 469 bp,编码822个氨基酸;预测其分子量和等电点分别为91.1 kD和6.11,具有保守的B3 DNA结合结构域和生长素响应因子保守结构域;该基因启动子区含有生长素、ABA、茉莉酸甲酯及胁迫相关的顺式作用元件。进化分析表明FvARF2与甜樱桃ARF2B基因亲缘关系最近;Real-time PCR结果表明,FvARF2基因表达量存在组织表达差异,且对外源IAA、ABA和乙烯有显著性应答反应,说明该基因可能参与了生长素、ABA和乙烯调控草莓发育的信号转导过程。本研究为后继研究草莓FvARF2的功能和作用机制作为参考依据。     

番茄NAC基因家族的系统进化及表达分析

本研究挖掘番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)中NAC转录因子家族成员104个,为研究番茄NAC转录因子在响应生物及非生物胁迫中的调控作用提供理论基础,也为番茄NAC转录因子的全基因组分析提供了依据。通过SOL数据库下载番茄NAC、NAM基因及蛋白序列,根据NAC保守域序列号PF01849、PF02365,利用HMMER 3.0软件鉴定番茄NAC基因。再利用保守结构域预测软件Pfam和SMART对候选序列进行筛选鉴定。使用DNAMAN5.0、Web Logo、MEGA5.2、GSDS2.0、Map Inspect、Ex Pasy和Swiss-Model等软件对获选番茄NAC转录因子进行生物信息学分析。通过RT-PCR技术检测番茄NAC转录因子在不同组织中的表达情况。本实验通过生物信息学方法对番茄中NAC基因家族成员进行了预测及分析。预测及分析结果显示,番茄NAC基因家族包含104个蛋白质,通过分组鉴定和进化树分析将番茄NAC基因家族分为12个亚族,番茄特有的TNAC亚族成员最多为28个。本实验对挖掘到的104个NAC转录因子的分子量、等电点、保守结构域及蛋白质二、三级结构进行了预测及分析。本实验选取12个NAC转录因子家族成员进行RT-PCR技术检测,获得其在根、茎、叶、花、果中的表达情况,半定量结果显示,7个Sl NAC基因在根、茎、叶、花、果(红熟)中均有表达,并呈现出多种表达模式。番茄NAC转录因子家族在结构上高度保守,并参与番茄生长发育、生物及非生物胁迫的调控过程。     

马铃薯HD-Zip I家族ATHB12基因的克隆及功能鉴定

HD-Zip I是一类植物特异转录因子, 在植物应对外界逆境胁迫过程中有重要的调控作用。本研究从马铃薯栽培品种甘农薯2号中克隆了HD-Zip I转录因子ATHB12基因, 其开放阅读框为759 bp, 编码252个氨基酸残基。该基因位于马铃薯1号染色体, 其启动子区含有ABRE、LTRECOREATCOR15和WBOXATNPR1等多种响应非生物胁迫(ABA、低温、脱水及高盐)的顺式作用元件。ATHB12基因在马铃薯根、茎和叶中均有表达, 其根中表达量最高。qRT-PCR分析证实该基因的表达受聚乙二醇(PEG)、NaCl和ABA诱导, 受低温抑制。构建了由组成型表达启动子CaMV 35S驱动的ATHB12基因的过表达载体, 通过农杆菌介导法转化马铃薯获得了转基因植株。干旱处理后, 转基因植株叶片中丙二醛含量显著低于非转基因植株(P<0.05), 而脯氨酸含量显著高于非转基因植株(P<0.05); 转基因植株根鲜重和干重均高于非转基因植株; 说明马铃薯ATHB12基因可能参与了逆境胁迫的响应。     

中间锦鸡儿CiATAF1基因的亚细胞定位及表达分析

为研究NAC转录因子在非生物胁迫条件下的表达,以中间锦鸡儿为材料,克隆并分析了NAC转录因子家族CiATAF1基因。该基因ORF全长为873 bp,编码291个氨基酸,由2个内含子和3个外显子构成,具有典型NAC结构域。染色体步移法获得CiATAF1基因启动子826 bp,该启动子含有光、激素、厌氧诱导等多种响应元件。经拟南芥叶片原生质体瞬时表达分析亚细胞定位,CiATAF1基因主要定位于细胞核中。荧光定量分析表明:CiATAF1基因表达具有组织特异性,相比于中间锦鸡儿根和茎,在叶部表达量最高;在干旱、盐、冷、ABA处理下,CiATAF1基因表达量增加,推测该基因可能与非生物胁迫应答相关。CiATAF1同模式植物拟南芥及豆科其他植物的同源基因做多重序列分析,序列一致性为81.14%,表明ATAF1基因序列结构相对保守。生物信息学分析CiATAF1蛋白质属于不稳定的亲水蛋白,二级结构主要由α-螺旋、β折叠、无规则卷曲构成。研究结果对挖掘中间锦鸡儿抗非生物胁迫的基因和深入分析逆境胁迫机理具有重要意义。     

梭梭HaNAC2基因克隆、表达分析及亚细胞定位

本研究从梭梭中克隆得到1个NAC转录因子,命名为HaNAC2。同源性比对分析结果显示该基因含有典型的NAC蛋白结构域。系统发育分析结果推测该蛋白属于NAC家族第Ⅰ组的SENU5亚家族,组织特异性分析结果表明该基因在梭梭同化枝中表达量最高,荧光定量PCR结果显示该基因的表达量随干旱胁迫时间的增加而升高,推测其表达受干旱胁迫诱导。本研究克隆了该基因的启动子并进行分析,结果发现HaNAC2基因的启动子含有启动子固有元件,如TATA-box,CAAT-box等,还含有一些调控元件如MYB结合位点、组织特异性表达响应元件、光响应元件和一些其他的调控序列。通过PEG介导的原生质体转化法进行亚细胞定位分析,结果显示该蛋白定位于细胞核。本研究初步探索了HaNAC2基因的表达及定位,为进一步研究该基因在梭梭抗旱中的功能打下基础。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.