紫花苜蓿几丁质酶基因MsChiⅣ克隆及序列分析

本研究根据截形苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)根部的几丁质酶基因保守序列(GenBank登录号:AF167328)设计引物,通过RT-PCR直接扩增的方法得到了紫花苜蓿(Medicago Sativa L.)根部几丁质酶基因保守序列.根据得到的保守序列设计3'端和5'端特异引物,分别从3'端和5'端扩增延长该片段,最后通过序列拼接获得紫花苜蓿根部一种几丁质酶基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为MsChiⅣ(GenBank登录号:FJ487629).MsChiⅣ基因全长为1 025 bp,开放性阅读框全长为849 bp,编码282个氨基酸,分子量为30.5 kD,预测等电点为4.66,其结构包括信号肽、几丁质结合区、糖苷水解酶区,为Ⅳ类几丁质酶,属于几丁质酶第19家族,在氨基酸水平上与截形苜蓿几丁质酶蛋白同源性最高,达到98%.蛋白结构分析表明该基因编码蛋白为非跨膜蛋白,存在于细胞质中.     

梨几丁质酶基因克隆及其生物信息学分析

对克隆获得的梨几丁质酶基因Lchi1进行生物信息学分析,从而为该基因的功能鉴定提供理论基础,以期为梨的抗病育种提供基因来源。根据Genbank中已克隆得到的几丁质酶基因保守区,在梨基因组数据库中进行Blast比对,调取DNA序列,从而设计引物,以高抗腐烂病品种‘小香水’(Pyrus ussuriensis cv. Xiaoxiangshui)为研究材料,克隆获得梨几丁质酶Lchi1基因cDNA全长,并对其进行初步的生物信息学分析。梨基因组数据库中调取的DNA序列2535 bp,含有3个外显子区、2个内含子区。Lchi1基因全长1300 bp,编码322个氨基酸,其蛋白的分子式为C1607H2407N415O468S17,分子量为35573.3 Da,理论等电点为7.10。二级结构以无规则卷曲和α-螺旋为主,三级结构具有高度保守性。Lchi1编码蛋白为可溶性胞外蛋白,存在少量的潜在磷酸化位点,属于糖苷水解酶19家族,含有N-端信号肽,但是缺乏几丁质结合区。Lchi1基因属于CLASSⅡ几丁质酶基因,与其它科属植物的几丁质酶基因相似性均较高。     

球孢白僵菌HFW-05几丁质酶基因的克隆与序列分析

通过对粉虱、小菜蛾高效的球孢白僵菌HFW-05几丁质酶基因的克隆及序列分析,旨在从分子水平上了解HFW-05菌株的几丁质酶特性。根据已发表的几丁质酶基因序列(EU828354)设计几丁质酶基因全长引物,扩增HF-WBbchit1全长基因,与大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)克隆载体pMD19-T连接获得含有HFWBbchit1全长基因的重组质粒pMDchit1并测序。该基因的编码区包括1 047 bp,编码了348个氨基酸,分子量约为36.795 kDa,进行同源性比较分析结果表明:其基因序列与球孢白僵菌菌株NCIM1216几丁质酶基因(EU828354)和球孢白僵菌菌株Bb0062几丁质酶基因(AY145440)的核苷酸同源性最高,同源性达到98%。氨基酸序列与球孢白僵菌菌株Bb0062几丁质酶(AAN41259)同源性达到99%。     

少孢节丛孢菌XJ-A1几丁质酶基因AO-190的克隆、表达及其酶活性的测定

捕食线虫性真菌少孢节丛孢菌在侵染线虫的过程中分泌几丁质酶,为了弄清少孢节丛孢菌几丁质酶基因AO-190的分子特征和功能,对少孢节丛孢菌新疆分离株XJ-A1几丁质酶AO-190进行克隆及分子特征分析,构建原核表达载体p ET32a-AO-190进行表达,并利用镍柱纯化技术纯化重组几丁质酶后,使用几丁质酶ELISA检测试剂盒测定酶活性。结果显示,XJ-A1几丁质酶AO-190基因全长1 574 bp,有4个内含子序列,序列中包含1个1 251 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码416个氨基酸,与少孢节丛孢菌标准株(ATCC 24927)的几丁质酶AO-190基因序列的同源性为93. 33%,氨基酸序列的同源性为92. 55%;有信号肽以及1个精氨酸富集区、1个双向核定位信号、1个N-糖基化位点、4个PKC磷酸化位点、6个N-酰基化位点、8个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点、1个酰胺化位点、1个低复杂度区,且含有糖苷水解酶18家族几丁质酶保守的底物结合位点SLGG和催化活性位点VDGVDLDLE,属于糖苷水解酶18家族几丁质酶;其二级结构元件有无规则卷曲、α螺旋和β折叠,三级结构为(α/β)8圆桶形结构;系统进化分析表明,AO-190与能产生短柄黏球的Dactylellina haptotyla的几丁质酶(EPS43772. 1)以及能产生收缩环的Drechslerella stenobrocha(EWC46603. 1)几丁质酶亲缘关系最接近,与昆虫和脊椎动物的几丁质酶存在显著的进化距离;经SDS-PAGE和Western Blot分析,原核表达获得的重组蛋白酶分子量约为63 ku,与预期大小一致,且能与小鼠抗少孢节丛孢菌多克隆抗体发生特异性血清学反应;几丁质酶酶联免疫分析(ELISA)检测,经镍柱纯化技术纯化后的重组几丁质酶活性浓度为222 IU/L。     

大青杨纤维素合酶PuCesA7基因片段的克隆及序列分析

本研究以大青杨叶片总DNA为模板,用已登录的欧洲颤杨PtrCesA7保守序列设计引物,进行TD-PCR扩增并将得到的片段克隆到pMD18-T载体中。测序结果分析表明,片段长2341bp将该基因片段命名为PuCesA7。经BLASTX比对,此片段包含6个编码区,共1248bp,编码416个氨基酸。并与欧洲颤杨的PtrCesA7基因的同源性为98%,证明克隆的片段为纤维素合酶基因。将该片段与GenBank中登录的玉米(Zea mays)、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)、欧洲颤杨(Populus tremuloides)、新西兰辐射松(Pinups radiata D.Don)同源纤维素合酶基因序列比对并进行进化树分析。结果表明,大青杨纤维素合酶基因片段均与它们的亲缘关系较远。     

伽师瓜和86-1甜瓜几丁质酶基因的克隆与序列分析

以新疆主产不同耐藏性的甜瓜品种伽师瓜(耐藏性好)和86-1甜瓜(新密11号,耐藏性差)为试料,利用甜瓜基因组辅助设计引物克隆几丁质酶基因的c DNA序列,分别对其编码序列(CDS)及编码氨基酸进行相关生物信息学的预测分析,以期通过研究二者之间基因的差异揭示伽师瓜和86-1甜瓜采后不同耐藏性的机制。结果表明,获得的伽师瓜几丁质酶基因(Jia Shi Melon chitinase,JSMC2),NCBI检索号为KT921406;86-1甜瓜几丁质酶基因(Xin Mi-11 melon chitinase,XMMC),NCBI检索号为KU236388。JSMC2和XMMC序列长度均为1 011 bp,包含完整的开放阅读框,编码336个氨基酸,与黄瓜几丁质酶基因具有高度的同源性。蛋白结构域预测分析表明,甜瓜几丁质酶蛋白包含GH18_hevamine_Xip I_class_Ⅲ、Chi1、GH18_chitinase-like super family、Glyco-hydro-18和Glyco_18保守结构域,可催化几丁质水解成N-乙酰葡糖胺,分解真菌细胞的细胞壁,抵御病原真菌的侵染。     

黄瓜棒孢叶斑病菌的分子鉴定及rDNA-ITS序列分析

为了分析不同地区黄瓜棒孢叶斑病菌的种内分化,能够准确地鉴定该病菌,以服务于黄瓜抗病育种,对2007-2014年采集的黄瓜棒孢叶斑病菌多主棒孢经单孢纯化获得34个菌株。利用公开发表的特异性引物CCF/CCR对其进行了PCR分子鉴定,结果表明:34个菌株均扩增得到了预期272 bp的特异片段,说明均为多主棒孢菌。应用真菌核糖体rDNA区通用引物ITS1和ITS4分别扩增各个菌株的r DNA内转录间隔区序列,经测序并比对分析,34个菌株均扩增得到了559 bp的特异片段,其中32个从黄瓜上分离的多主棒孢病菌菌株碱基序列完全一致,2个从番茄上分离的菌株碱基序列完全一致,二者的差异在于2个SNP位点T-C、G-A的突变,二者相似度为99.64%。说明,多主棒孢菌属种间的ITS区序列高度保守,利用ITS序列分析方法可以为多主棒孢菌的分类鉴定及系统发育研究提供依据,可以区分出黄瓜和番茄寄主上的多主棒孢菌。     

黄瓜几丁质酶基因克隆及与白粉病抗性关系的初步研究

本研究采用常规PCR技术在黄瓜抗白粉病品种JIN5-508中克隆得到几丁质酶基因,并利用荧光定量PCR分析该基因在接种白粉菌后的表达变化。研究结果显示:接菌后几丁质酶基因表达量明显上升,在24 h达到最高值,是其对照的7倍;接菌24 h后,几丁质酶基因表达量迅速下降,最终与对照趋于一致。从具有不同抗白粉病特性的品种中克隆得到几丁质酶基因并进行同源性比对,获得4个多态性位点,对品种间几丁质酶基因开放阅读框(ORF)所编码的氨基酸序列进行了比对,发现了2个氨基酸差异位点,其中抗感白粉病品种在第557个碱基位点即第184个氨基酸位点上存在差异。进一步以抗病品种JIN5-508与感病品种D8杂交得到的F2代为材料,从苗期(2~3片真叶)人工接种白粉菌,1周后根据幼苗发病情况鉴定出F2代中表现为抗病的植株和感病的植株,并以此为材料克隆几丁质酶基因,成功克隆得到F2抗与F2感的几丁质酶基因,发现F2抗性植株中克隆到的几丁质酶基因差异氨基酸位点处的氨基酸与抗病品种一致,而从F2感病株中克隆得到的几丁质酶基因差异氨基酸位点处的氨基酸与感病品种一致。研究结果表明,几丁质酶基因与黄瓜的白粉病抗性密切相关,可利用此差异位点进一步发展与黄瓜白粉病相关的功能性分子标记。     

一个杨树第V类几丁质酶基因的克隆及表达分析

几丁质酶是一种重要的糖苷酶,在植物抗生物及非生物胁迫的过程中发挥了重要的作用。根据序列差异及所含结构域的不同,杨树中的几丁质酶可以分为5类。其中关于第Ⅴ类几丁质酶的研究最少。本研究在加拿大杨中克隆到了一个第Ⅴ类几丁质酶基因PcCHI3。序列分析的结果显示,该基因cDNA全长1303bp,含完整的开放阅读框,可编码366个氨基酸。预测蛋白质分子质量为39.53kD。理论等电点(pI)为5.49。PcCHI3与苦瓜、烟草、梨的第Ⅴ类几丁质酶在系统进化树上同属一个分支。对PcCHI3在逆境胁迫及病原真菌诱导下的表达模式进行分析后发现,该基因可以被杨树病原真菌杨生褐盘二孢菌强烈诱导(可达对照的83倍),在干旱胁迫及盐胁迫的条件下表达量也出现了较大的上调(为对照的4~5倍)。研究结果为杨树几丁质酶功能的系统进化及林木抗性育种研究建立了一定基础。     

百合花青素苷合成酶基因片段的克隆及表达分析

为了克隆百合花青素苷合成酶基因(anthocyanidin synthase, ANS),通过已报道的其他物种的ANS基因保守序列设计简并引物,采用同源克隆的方法成功克隆得到了百合ANS基因片段,该片段长701 bp,编码233个氨基酸残基。根据蛋白比对结果,百合ANS基因编码的氨基酸序列与郁金香、荷兰鸢尾、甜樱桃的一致性分别为86%、81%、77%。采用半定量RT-PCR法分析表明,该基因在百合花瓣中的表达水平最高,叶和茎次之,鳞茎中不表达。本研究从百合中分离得到了ANS基因片段,为后续获得基因全长打下了基础。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.