黄曲霉毒素对畜禽的危害与防制

饲料中黄曲霉毒素不仅关系到畜禽动物的安全和生产效率,更直接影响人们的身体健康和生命安全。本文综述了黄曲霉毒素对畜禽的危害及其机制,提出防制饲料黄曲霉毒素中毒的对策措施。     

控制黄曲霉毒素对鸭和鸭肉的危害

鸭对黄曲霉毒素很敏感，甚至超过肉鸡。用葡配甘露聚糖为主的吸附剂试验证明黄曲霉毒素污染的饲粮能被有效中和。而且能改善鸭的肝功能，从而提高鸭的生长性能。在肉中没有发现黄曲霉毒素残留。     

黄曲霉毒素的危害和防治

霉菌是广泛存在于自然界的一类真核生物,一些霉菌产生的霉菌毒素对食品和饲料的污染影响了谷物原料、食品和饲料贸易的正常进行,直接危害了人和动物的健康.在已知的霉菌毒素中,黄曲霉毒素的危害最大,研究的也最多.作者就黄曲霉毒素的产生、毒理学、危害、预防和去除等内容作一综述.     

黄曲霉毒素对奶牛的危害及防控措施

近年来,随着生活水平的提高,人们对食品安全问题也更加关注。黄曲霉毒素是一种毒性极强的霉菌毒素。其在谷物中普遍存在,在田间和仓储过程中均能生成。由于其性质稳定,一般的加工方法很难将其去除或灭活。黄曲霉素B1、B2、G1、G2、M1被国际癌症研究机构(IARC)划定为I类致癌物,各个国家都对黄曲霉毒素在食物中的含量进行了严格的限定,其中黄曲霉毒素B1毒性最强,其被奶牛摄取后,会在奶牛体内转化为毒性仍然很强的黄曲霉素M1,并以1%～2%的比率进入牛奶,对奶牛及人体造成伤害。因此,本文针对黄曲霉毒素的产生、检测方法、不同剂量的毒性、在奶牛体内的转化以及控制的方法进行了综述。     

黄曲霉毒素对养鸡生产的危害及预防

一、黄曲霉毒素对养鸡生产的危害黄曲霉毒素,是一种在紫外光照射下能发生强烈的特殊荧光的物质。目前已鉴定出其化学结构有 B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2等10多种。其中黄曲霉毒素 B_1在200℃高温、强酸、紫外线照射下都不能使之破坏。黄曲霉毒素以B_1为代表是毒性最大、致癌性很强的一种毒物,可诱发肝癌。黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉和寄生曲霉的代谢产物。许多农产品,特别是玉米、花生、各种油饼类等因保管处理不当而发生霉变,都可被黄曲霉毒素所污染。乳牛摄食受黄曲霉毒污染的饲料,牛奶中就含黄曲霉毒素,危害人类健康。黄曲霉毒素对     

黄曲霉毒素对畜禽的危害及防治

黄曲霉毒素是联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织认可的头号危险毒素,目前饲料检测到的毒素已超过350种,其中对猪危害最大的有黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮（F-2毒素）、呕吐毒素、赭曲霉毒素等。鉴于黄曲霉毒素危害性大、分布广,所以广大养户对该毒素的危害及防治应该有所了解,以减少在生产过程中造成不必要的损失。     

黄曲霉毒素对奶牛生产的危害及其控制措施

文章阐述了黄曲霉毒素对奶牛生产的危害,分析了黄曲霉毒素的污染来源。针对牛奶中黄曲霉毒素污染途径,提出了控制、减少牛奶黄曲霉毒素污染的措施。     

黄曲霉毒素对畜禽养殖的危害

1960年,英国有10万多只火鸡在吃了从非洲和南美洲进口的花生粉后全部死亡。1961年,有学者从有毒的花生粉中分离出了黄曲霉及其产生的毒素,由此,将该毒素命名为黄曲霉毒素。真菌在新陈代谢过程中会产生大量化学结构各异的活性物质,这些     

饲料中黄曲霉毒素对畜禽的危害及控制方法

近年来畜禽因食用含有大量黄曲霉毒素的饲料而引起中毒的事件时有发生,并有上升趋势。因此,特将畜禽黄曲霉毒素B1中毒症状、饲料中黄曲霉毒素的危害及控制方法作一简介,以帮助大家认识了解黄曲霉毒素。畜禽黄曲霉毒素中毒病主要是由发霉饲料引起的畜禽常见病之一。它是由于畜禽采食了被黄曲霉或寄生曲霉等污     

畜禽黄曲霉毒素中毒肝脏病理形态学变化

黄曲霉菌产生的对动物或人具有毒性的代谢产物——黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxin,AF)自1961年发现以来,AF 的种类越来越多,目前已确定化学结构的有18种,其中 B_1毒性最大,M_1、G_1次之,B_2、G_2和 M_2较弱。AF 可引起多种畜禽中毒,特别是猪和     

喹烯酮的食品安全性研究进展

概述了喹烯酮的临床前毒理学研究进展及代谢与残留研究现状,分析了存在的问题,提出了开展深入研究的内容与方法,为进一步完善喹烯酮的食品安全性评价,建立科学的食品安全性标准提供参考.     

Importance of brucellosis control programs of livestock on the improvement of one health

Brucellosis not only represents an important health restraint on livestock but also causes high economic losses in many developing countries worldwide. Despite considerable efforts made for the control of brucellosis, the disease is still spreading in many regions (such as the Middle East) where it represents one of the most important health hazards impacting both animals and humans. The present review aims to investigate the efficacy of veterinary control programs regarding brucellosis, with a special focus on current prevention, control, and eradication approaches. The reasons for unsuccessful control programs such as the absence of highly effective vaccines and non-certified bulls are also debated, to understand why the prevalence of brucellosis in livestock is not decreasing in many areas despite considerable efforts taken to date. The importance of governmental and regional investment in brucellosis control remains one of the main limiting factors owing to the limited budget allocated to tackle this disease. In this context, one health concept has generated novel comprehensive approaches with multiple economic implications across the livestock industry and public health. However, the implementation of such global preventive strategies appears to be a key issue for many endemic and low-income countries. According to the collected data, epidemiological contexts including management and trade systems along with well-defined agro-ecological zones should be evaluated in brucellosis endemic countries to improve milk production and to enhance the sustainability of the livestock sector at both national and regional levels.     

An overview of aflatoxin B1 biotransformation and aflatoxin M1 secretion in lactating dairy cows

Milk is considered a perfect natural food for humans and animals. However, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminating the feeds fed to lactating dairy cows can introduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), the main toxic metabolite of aflatoxins into the milk, consequently posing a risk to human health. As a result of AFM1 monitoring in raw milk worldwide, it is evident that high AFM1 concentrations exist in raw milk in many countries. Thus, the incidence of AFM1 in milk from dairy cows should not be underestimated. To further optimize the intervention strategies, it is necessary to better understand the metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 and the specific secretion pathways in lactating dairy cows. The metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 in lactating dairy cows are drawn in this review. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that in the mammary tissue of lactating dairy cows, aflatoxins significantly increase the activity of a protein, ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2), an efflux transporter known to facilitate the excretion of various xenobiotics and veterinary drugs into milk. Further research should focus on identifying and understanding the factors that affect the expression of ABCG2 in the mammary gland of cows.     

灰黄霉素在家兔组织中的分布及残留消除规律研究

研究灰黄霉素在家兔组织中的分布及消除规律,为灰黄霉素用于治疗家兔真菌病的安全性评价提供依据。选择42只新西兰白兔,于饲料中添加灰黄霉素（800g／1000kg）混饲,连续饲喂14d,分别于停药后1、3、5、7、9、14、21d,各处死6只,取其肝、肾、肌肉、皮肤及脑组织。以盐酸普萘洛尔为内标,二氯甲烷提取后用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪（HPLC—MS／MS）进行各种组织中灰黄霉素浓度分析。结果显示,连续用药14d后,灰黄霉素在家兔组织中的分布情况为：肝组织浓度最高（134．61μg／kg）,肾组织次之（54．09μg／kg）,脑组织浓度最低（未检出）;停药后,随着时间的延长,灰黄霉素在肌肉、肝、肾和皮肤组织中的浓度逐渐下降,且在肝脏中的消除速度最快,停药21d后,灰黄霉素在肾组织中浓度为3．39μg／kg,在肝组织中浓度为12．36μg／kg,其他组织低于定量限或未检出。建议家兔生产中慎用灰黄霉素。     

Food Safety Hazards and Microbiological Zoonoses in European Meat Imports Detected in Border Inspection in the Period 2008–2013

Microbiological contaminations and other food safety hazards are omnipresent within the European Union (EU) and a considerable risk for consumers, particularly in imported meat and meat products. The number of rejections at external EU borders has been increasing in recent years. Official authorities in each member state are therefore obliged to notify border rejections of food and animal feed due to a direct or indirect risk to human or animal health. This study explored the trends and temporal and spatial distribution of notifications on food safety hazards between January 2008 and December 2013 with a special emphasis on microbiological zoonoses in meat and meat products including poultry at border checks resulting from the rapid alert system for food and feed (RASFF). Results indicated that border rejection notifications are increasing exponentially, frequently due to Salmonella in poultry and shiga‐toxin‐producing E. coli in meat and meat products.     

富舍恶臭的认识及控制

畜舍恶臭是动物排泄物厌氧发酵产生的多种气体的混合物,它对人畜及生态环境都会造成不利影响。本文对恶臭的来源、组成、测定及表示方法作了简单介绍,并详细讨论了控制恶臭的几种措施,最后指出防治恶臭要本着"治本治源"的原则,采取综合措施方能收到较好的效果     

基于“减抗、限抗”背景下猪场疾病防控的应对措施

随着国内外对滥用抗生素危害的进一步认识,抗生素将会逐渐在畜禽饲料中禁止添加。近年来,用于猪场疾病防控的各类抗生素替代品研究也取得一定进展,包括发酵饲料、中药活性物质,微生态制剂(复合益生菌)、植物提取物等。文章重点从抗生素在猪场疾病防控中的应用和存在问题,减抗、限抗对猪场疾病防控的影响和应对措施等方面进行综述,旨在为减抗、限抗时代猪场的疾病防控提供一些理论借鉴。     

青海牦牛肉食用品质及安全性的分析研究

对年龄2周岁左右的12头青海牦牛肉的食用品质及安全性指标进行了系统研究。结果表明：牦牛肉食用品质较好，肉质安全，无污染。具有肌红蛋白含量高、亲水率高、多汁性好，香味浓郁，肉质细嫩，口感适宜等特性。肉中肌红蛋白含量极显著高于黄牛（P＜0．01），肉中重金属元素和有毒有害物质限量均符合GB18406．3和NY5044的要求，是生产优质牛肉制品的原料，也是一种具有较高生物学价值的安全的肉食品，具有很大的开发价值。     

Anisakid nematodes in beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella) from three fishing grounds in the North Atlantic,with special notes on distribution in the fish musculature

Parasitic anisakid nematodes commonly occur in the musculature and visceral organs of many fish species from the North Atlantic. In this respect, the presence of the third stage larvae of Anisakis spp. in the fish musculature may pose a potential consumer hazard due to the parasite's ability to cause anisakidosis. Thus, knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of these potentially zoonotic parasites in the commercially important North Atlantic fish species is crucial in order to evaluate and consequently prevent human infections.In the present study, 300 Sebastes mentella from three North Atlantic fishing grounds (Northern North Sea: Tampen; Barents Sea: off Bear Island; Irminger Sea: off SE Greenland) were examined for anisakid nematodes, with emphasis on occurrence and distribution in the musculature. Overall larval prevalence and mean intensity were significantly higher in redfish from Tampen (94%; 13.5 ± 20.0) and Bear Island (94%; 14.5 ± 19.4) than in fish from SE Greenland (75%; 6.0 ± 5.8; p < 0.01). The same trend was observed for larval infection in the musculature showing prevalence and mean intensities of 79%, 73%, and 55%, and 5.9 ± 6.6, 5.8 ± 6.5, and 3.2 ± 2.4, in the musculature of redfish from Tampen, Bear Island, and Greenland, respectively. Conventional microscopy and rDNA ITS-gene sequencing of various subsamples of muscle-dwelling nematode larvae of redfish from every catching locality revealed the presence of two anisakid species; Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and the non-zoonotic Hysterothylacium aduncum. Since the larvae of H. aduncum typically occur in or on the viscera of fish, our findings of two specimens in the belly flaps of redfish were unusual. Additionally, more than 92% of the muscle-dwelling larvae occurred in the belly flaps, i.e. the hypaxial part of the musculature surrounding the visceral organs on either fish side. Thus, trimming the fillets of beaked redfish by removal of most of the belly flaps would significantly reduce the probability of anisakid nematode larvae to be present in the final product.