细胞壁分解酶与果实软化的关系研究进展

软化是影响果实采后寿命的重要因素,是果实成熟过程一系列细胞壁酶有序作用的结果。各种酶在不同种类果实成熟与软化过程的表现各有特点。本文针对细胞壁分解相关的各种酶,综述果实成熟与软化过程酶活性变化、酶基因表达的最新研究进展,并推测果实软化的分子机理。     

果实成熟衰老过程中软化机理研究进展

介绍了果实成熟衰老过程中呼吸作用、乙烯释放量、细胞壁超微结构和组分变化,以及与果实软化有关的细胞壁酶的活性变化。多数果实软化是由于细胞壁的破坏,细胞中的果胶溶液化,纤维素解体等。与果实软化相关较为密切的4种细胞壁酶:多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)、纤维素酶(Cx)和果胶甲酯酶(PME)。为深入研究果实软化机理提供参考。     

李属植物果实成熟软化研究进展

李属植物果实营养丰富,为人类提供了大量的营养物质,但是其果实采后迅速软化,导致果实品质下降、不耐贮藏及货架期短。为了解李属植物果实成熟软化的研究概况,本研究归纳总结了李属植物果实成熟过程中包括呼吸作用、乙烯释放、品质相关物质变化在内的生理变化,细胞壁结构、物质成分变化、细胞壁降解相关酶在内的细胞壁变化,果实成熟软化相关的基因及果实成熟软化蛋白质组学研究进展,并提出了存在的问题及未来研究趋势。指出目前李属植物果实成熟软化研究集中于果实采收后或贮藏期间细胞壁物质成分、结构变化及细胞壁降解相关酶,如多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、β-半乳糖苷酶等的活性变化,及这些酶的基因克隆、功能分析,指出结合转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学和基因组学等几种组学将是李属植物果实成熟软化研究的发展方向。     

果实软化过程中果胶降解酶及相关基因研究进展

果实软化发生在储运过程中的后熟阶段,果实中不溶性原果胶降解为可溶性果胶和果胶酸是引发该阶段果实软化的主要原因。本文介绍了果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁结构的变化,以果胶为重点描述细胞壁组分的变化;由于果胶降解过程中参与的酶种类较多,因此,重点从起关键作用的三种果胶降解酶(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶酯酶、β-半乳糖苷酶)以及相关基因表达对果实成熟软化过程的影响方面进行综述。     

L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐处理延缓香蕉果实采后成熟的初步研究

以"巴西"香蕉为试材,利用0.05%的外源L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐处理,测定常温(24±1)℃贮藏过程中果实硬度、色差、可溶性糖含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和果胶裂解酶(PL)活性,初步探索L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐处理延缓香蕉果实成熟的机理。结果表明:0.05%L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐处理能够延缓香蕉果实硬度和果皮H值的下降,并减缓果皮L值和C值以及果肉可溶性糖含量的上升,从而保持贮藏品质;同时,通过抑制果皮PPO和POD活性减缓在贮藏后期的褐变,并抑制果肉PL活性推迟香蕉软化进程。因此,0.05%L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐处理可延缓香蕉果实常温贮藏的成熟进程,具有一定的应用价值。     

桃醛酮还原酶基因PrupeAKR2在果实成熟软化中的功能分析

PrupeSEP1在调节桃果实成熟软化过程中起重要作用,本研究通过PrupeSEP1酵母双杂筛库鉴定得到的互作蛋白PrupeAKR2。为了探究PrupeAKR2在桃果实成熟软化中的作用,本研究将PrupeAKR2在‘中桃5号’果实中瞬时过表达,研究其对果实贮藏期间质地指标,成熟软化相关基因的表达量变化的影响,同时利用酵母双杂交系统验证PrupeAKR2和PrupeSEP1是否存在互作。结果表明,瞬时过表达PrupeAKR2后,与对照(PC2300空载体)相比,果实加快软化。在采后贮藏的前2 d,OE-PrupeAKR2果实中成熟软化相关的PrupeACS1、PrupeACO1、PrupePME、PrupePG21、PrupePG22的表达均被抑制;而OE-PrupeAKR2果实在贮藏的4～10 d PrupeACO1和PrupePME的表达量、在贮藏的8～10 d PrupeACS1和PrupePG21的表达量、以及在贮藏的4～8 d PrupePG22的表达量均显著高于对照果实。酵母双杂交验证表明PrupeAKR2与PrupeSEP1存在互作关系。研究结果表明,桃PrupeAKR2和PrupeSEP1蛋白发生互作,且正向调控果实成熟软化。本研究可为PrupeAKR2调控果实成熟软化提供理论依据,对开展PrupeAKR2功能的深入研究具有重要意义。     

1-MCP和乙烯利对秋子梨采后生理及软化相关指标的影响

研究1-MCP和乙烯利处理对5种秋子梨(20±1)℃常温贮藏期间主要生理及软化相关指标的影响,探讨1-MCP和乙烯利对秋子梨品种软化机理的调控,为控制秋子梨果实后熟软化进程提供理论依据.以南果梨、京白梨、花盖梨、尖把梨和安梨5种秋子梨为试材,分别用浓度为0.5μL/L的1-MCP密闭熏蒸24 h和1.0 g/kg的乙烯利溶液浸泡5 min,比较常温((20±1)℃)贮藏期间果实硬度、可溶性固形物(SSC)、可滴定酸(TA)、维生素C(Vc)、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量等生理品质指标以及水溶性果胶、纤维素、淀粉含量、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)、淀粉酶(AM)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(CL)等软化相关指标变化.与对照(CK)组相比,1-MCP处理可明显延缓5种秋子梨果实硬度、水溶性果胶(WSP)、纤维素、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量和淀粉含量的减少,降低了PG、β-Gal、CL、AM酶活性,而乙烯利处理组与对照组差异较小.1-MCP处理可通过抑制细胞壁相关降解酶活性和减少乙烯释放量来减轻细胞壁物质的降解,从而有效延缓秋子梨果实软化进程,而乙烯利对果实贮藏过程中软化和细胞壁降解生理变化无明显影响.     

果实成熟软化机理分子生物学的研究进展

果实成熟软化是一个复杂的发育调控过程,其间经历了一系列生理生化变化,同时概述了果实成熟软化过程中相关酶及乙烯等因素分子生物学方面的研究进展.     

果实成熟及品质调控遗传研究进展

果实的成熟涉及许多生物化学变化过程,主要包括香气、糖的产生以及果实软化等,这与果实在成熟过程中所发生的一系列代谢路径密不可分。因此,研究并了解果实成熟过程及品质调控遗传学机理,对于果实品质改良具有重大意义。本综述将结合近年来国内外果实成熟及品质改良遗传研究现状,对果实成熟变化遗传分析研究中的代谢路径、果实品质改良遗传规律、品质QTL等进行综述,旨在为果树品质育种研究提供技术参考。     

桃果实采后生理研究及贮藏保鲜技术应用进展

综合论述了桃果实在采后成熟衰老过程中发生的生理变化特点和贮藏保鲜技术情况。详细论述了桃果实采后呼吸强度、乙烯变化、酶含量、可溶性固形物含量、酸含量、VC含量变化规律,探讨了桃果实在采前、贮前和采后的贮藏保鲜方法。     

番茄果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁作用机制研究进展

番茄是研究果实成熟的重要模式作物,细胞壁结构和成分的改变是造成果实成熟变软的重要因素,综述了果实成熟过程中细胞壁各种相关基因、酶和转录因子的功能和研究进展,旨在构建番茄果实成熟软化中的细胞壁作用机制相关调控网络,为增强果实耐贮性方面的相关研究提供参考.     

水杨酸处理对香蕉果实采后品质的影响

香蕉果实采后软化及腐烂是制约和影响香蕉贮藏运输的主要因素。以巴西香蕉为试材,研究了不同浓度的水杨酸处理对香蕉果实采后品质的影响。结果表明：500 μmol的水杨酸浸泡香蕉果实6h,具有明显的保持果实硬度、降低果肉与果皮比值、延缓淀粉降解及向可溶性糖转化等作用。水杨酸浓度过高(大于或等于1000 μmol时)不利于香蕉果实的贮藏。     

不同处理对冷藏“安哥诺”李果实软化相关酶活性的影响

以“安哥诺”李为试材,分别进行1-MCP+GA3、1-MCP+6-BA处理,0℃冷藏75 d,通过测定硬度和4种软化相关酶活性,研究不同处理对“安哥诺”李果实软化的影响。结果表明,1-MCP+GA3和1-MCP+6-BA处理均有效延缓了冷藏期间“安哥诺”李果实硬度的下降,并有效抑制了软化相关酶活性,从而延缓果实软化,1-MCP+GA3处理保持果实硬度效果优于1-MCP+6-BA处理。     

Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on ripening of ‘Canino’ apricots and ‘Royal Zee’ plums

‘Canino’ apricots and ‘Royal Zee’ plums were treated with 1000 nl l⁻¹ 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 20 °C for 20 h following harvest before 0 °C storage. After 5 days storage for apricots and 10 days for plums and after 30 days storage for both, fruit were moved to 20 °C for ripening. In addition, apricots were stored for 20 days and then treated with 1-MCP concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 nl l⁻¹ at removal and held for ripening. Ethylene production and respiration rate, as well as fruit quality of apricots varied with treatment. Ethylene production was efficiently inhibited by 1000 nl l⁻¹ 1-MCP in fruit treated after storage but not in fruit treated before storage. Fruit softening was associated with ethylene production and affected by 1-MCP in a concentration dependent manner when treated after storage, while 1-MCP did not affect softening in prestorage treated fruit. The color change of fruit was ethylene-independent and not affected by 1-MCP. Internal flesh browning was decreased by 1-MCP regardless of the concentration when treated after storage, while it was enhanced in fruit treated before storage. Decay development in apricots was decreased by 1-MCP in a concentration dependent manner. Ethylene production and respiration in ‘Royal Zee’ plums was greatly inhibited by 1-MCP during ripening after both short-term (10 day) and long term (30 day) storage. Parameters associated with ripening processes were decreased significantly by 1-MCP, including softening, color change, and loss of titratable acidity. These data demonstrate that 1-MCP has potential to delay ripening of apricots and plums, but the cultivar, maturity of fruit, and time of application must be chosen carefully. It is suggested that 1-MCP is more efficient for extending the shelf life and improving the quality of ‘Canino’ apricots directly marketed or after storage, whereas it might be a potent compound for extending both storage period and shelf life of ‘Royal Zee’ plums.     

Measurement of avocado softening at various temperatures using ultrasound

The low-temperature storage of avocado affects its subsequent softening process and shelf life. One of the main indices of ripeness in avocado fruit is firmness, which changes during the ripening and softening process. The temperature and duration of storage fundamentally influence the firmness of the stored fruit, and monitoring the softening of fruit enables us to regulate its shelf life. The objective of the present study was to use nondestructive ultrasonic tests to elucidate the influences of storage temperature and time on the softening process of avocado fruit. The attenuation of the ultrasonic waves transmitted through the fruit tissue changes as the fruit passes through the various softening stages during and after low-temperature storage. Four groups of avocados, each stored at a different low temperature, and a control group which was stored at room temperature (20°C) were examined during and after their designated storage times, until they reached full ripeness at room temperature. Nondestructive ultrasonic tests and destructive penetration measurements were carried out in order to determine the attenuation and the tissue firmness, respectively, of the avocados. Statistical analysis showed quite good correlation between the firmness and the ultrasonic attenuation, and their dependence on previous storage time-temperature history. This suggests that the ultrasonic measurements could be used as a nondestructive method of monitoring avocado ripeness during low-temperature storage.     

采收成熟度与后熟处理对红贵妃芒果贮藏品质和生理的影响

研究了采收成熟度与后熟处理对红贵妃芒果贮藏品质及采后生理的影响。结果表明,与对照（自然成熟）相比,乙烯利处理红贵妃芒果,可加速果实的品质变化和成熟进程．而热处理结合1-MCP处理则显著延缓了果实品质及生理的变化;在同一后熟处理条件下,60％成熟度果实生理变化显著慢于80％成熟度的果实,但其总糖含量却显著低于80％成熟度的果实。说明采收低成熟度的果实有利于延长果实的贮藏寿命,但其风味品质却差于高成熟度的果实。     

Antioxidant systems of ripening avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit following treatment at the preclimacteric stage with aqueous 1-methylcyclopropene

Preclimacteric avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv. Booth 7) fruit were treated with aqueous 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 0.93 and 9.3 mmol m⁻³ and then stored at 20 °C to investigate the effect of 1-MCP on antioxidant systems of mesocarp tissue during ripening. Exposure to 1-MCP concentrations significantly delayed softening and peak ethylene production. 1-MCP significantly delayed accumulation of total soluble phenolics, flavonoids, and total antioxidant capacity although levels eventually reached control fruit maxima. The influence of 1-MCP was more pronounced at the higher concentration. Activities of peroxidase [POD (EC 1.11.1.7)], superoxide dismutase [SOD (EC 1.15.1.1)], catalase [CAT (1.11.1.6)] and l-ascorbate peroxidase [APX (EC 1.11.1.11)] increased during early ripening of control fruit followed by slight (CAT) or significant (POD, APX) declines with further ripening. Increases in activities of all enzymes were delayed in proportion to 1-MCP concentration, and maximum activities attained during ripening were largely unaffected by 1-MCP. Postclimacteric declines in POD and APX were not observed at the higher 1-MCP concentration, possibly reflecting incomplete ripening. The results indicate that changes in antioxidant parameters of avocado fruit are not markedly influenced by 1-MCP but are delayed or altered in proportion to the general suppression of ripening as indicated by ethylene production and fruit softening trends. Together with previously published reports, the data also indicate that the effects of ethylene-action suppression on antioxidant parameters during ripening vary considerably among different fruits. Relationships between antioxidant systems, ethylene and ripening are discussed.