Ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids in unfermented,fermented soybean meal and canola meal for weaning pigs

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy, dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of nitrogen and amino acids were evaluated in six weanling pigs ((Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc)) fed unfermented soybean meal (SM), yeast fermented soybean meal (SMY), bacillus fermented soybean meal (SMB), yeast and bacillus fermented soybean meal (SMYB), canola meal (CM) and nitrogen‐free diet. Pigs having body weights 17.00 ± 0.3 kg were surgically equipped with T‐cannulas of approximately 15 cm prior to the ileo‐cecal junction and randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments and a nitrogen‐free diet in 6 × 6 Latin squares. AID and SID of nitrogen (N) was greater (P < 0.05) in SMYB and SMB compared with SM and CM. AID and SID of amino acids such as, Lys (lysine) and Phe (phenylalanine) as well as total essential amino acids were greater (P < 0.05) in SMB and tended to be low in CM compared with SM. AID and SID of aspartic acid (Asp) and glycine (Gly) tended to be higher in SMB compared with SM and other diets except CM. In conclusion, fermentation of soybean meal by Bacillus showed better digestibility of amino acid and nutrients.     

Ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids from canola meal in weaned piglets and growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to measure the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AID) of protein and amino acids from canola meal (CM) and a pelleted canola meal (PCM) and their effect on specific activity (SA) of pancreatic proteases in weaned piglets and growing pigs. In experiment one, 24 piglets weaned at 17 days and weighing 5.5 kg were used. Treatments were a reference diet with 200 g of crude protein (CP) kg^− 1 elaborated with casein (C) as the sole protein source, a diet containing C–CM and a diet containing C–PCM. These diets were obtained using the reference diet plus 100 g kg^− 1 of CM or PCM that substituted an isoproteic mixture of casein and maize starch from reference diet, so that the AID coefficients for their protein and amino acids could be calculated by difference. In experiment two, nine castrated pigs weighing 39.5 kg were used. Treatments were a reference diet with 160 g of CP kg^− 1 elaborated with casein (C) as the sole protein source, diet C–CM and diet C–PCM. These diets were obtained using the reference diet plus 300 g kg^− 1 of CM or PCM that substituted an isoproteic mixture of casein and maize starch from reference diet. In piglets, the AID coefficients for casein were highest (P < 0.05), those of PCM were intermediate, and those of CM were the lowest. In older pigs, the AID coefficients for casein were highest, and those of CM and PCM were similar (P > 0.05). The SAs of chymotrypsin, trypsin and carboxypeptidases A and B were lower in piglets than in heavier pigs. Moreover, the SAs of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase B were lower (P > 0.05) in animals fed casein. The results showed in piglets that whereas CM was less digestible, pelleted canola meal improved protein and amino acid ileal digestibility, resulting in similar AID coefficients to those of growing pigs.     

Digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids in soybean meal with added soyhulls

This study was designed to quantify the effect of soyhulls on N and AA digestibilities of soybean meal for growing pigs. Soyhulls were incorporated into 17% CP diets containing 33.25% soybean meal (SBM) at 0, 3, 6, or 9% (as-fed basis) and fed to 35-kg barrows to determine their effect on apparent and true digestibility of DM, GE, N, and AA measured at the terminal ileum. Positive and negative control diets containing 1.05% lysine were formulated with 35% SBM and 27% soy protein concentrate (SPC), respectively. A low-protein, casein-based diet was used to estimate endogenous AA losses. Soyhulls were incorporated into experimental diets at the expense of cornstarch, and SBM levels were adjusted to accommodate the contribution of CP from soyhulls. Fourteen pigs were surgically fitted with simple T-cannula at the distal ileum and fed the seven semipurified cornstarch diets based on a replicated 7 x 7 Latin square design. Each period lasted 7 d, with diet acclimation from d 1 to 5 and ileal sample collection for 12 h on d 6 and 7. Feed was offered at a level of 90 g/kg BW(0.75) in two equal portions at 0800 and 2000. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM and GE decreased approximately six percentage units with the addition of soyhulls (linear, P < 0.05), whereas N was not affected. Both apparent and true ileal digestibilities of arginine, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, serine, and tyrosine also exhibited a decrease (linear, P < 0.05) of up to five percentage units with the addition of soyhulls. True ileal lysine digestibility of SBM decreased from 90.3 to 87.7% with the addition of 9% soyhulls. The endogenous nutrient fraction measured at the distal ileum was rich in proline, glutamic acid, and glycine, with losses greater than 1,000 mg/kg of DMI for each AA, and contained minimal amounts of tryptophan, methionine, and cystine. The current data suggest that a 0.2% decrease in some true ileal indispensable AA digestibilities may result with each 1% increase in soyhull inclusion in semipurified diets containing SBM as the sole source of AA as fed to growing pigs.     

Digestion of hay protein in different segments of the equine digestive tract

Mature ponies fitted with permanent ileal cannulas were used in a 3 X 3 Latin square experiment to quantify prececal, postileal and total tract digestion of hay protein. Coastal Bermuda grass (CB), containing 11.7% crude protein, and two qualities of alfalfa, containing 15.0% (low-protein alfalfa; LA) and 18.1% (high-protein alfalfa; HA) crude protein, were fed in coarsely chopped form at 2% of body weight daily. Total tract apparent digestibility of the N in HA (73.8%) was higher than that in CB (57.0%; P less than .05) and was slightly higher than that in LA (66.1%; P less than .10). Nitrogen in LA was apparently more digestible than that in CB (P less than .05). Apparent prececal digestibilities of N in LA and CB were 1.3% and 9.6%, respectively, and were lower (P less than .05), or tended to be lower (P less than .10), than the 21.0% observed for HA. In relative terms, an average of 9.4% of the total N digestion occurred in the upper tract when CB and LA were fed, whereas 28.5% of total N digestion occurred in the foregut when HA was fed. There was a slightly higher concentration of total plasma free amino acids (P less than .10) at 1 h postfeeding when horses were fed alfalfa. Also, N retention was higher when ponies were fed HA (P less than .05) than when LA or CB were fed. Apparent postileal N digestibility was 52.5% for CB, 65.7% for LA and 66.9% for HA. Differences were not significant, and the large intestine appeared to compensate for the inefficiency of N digestion in the upper tract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids in soybean meal,fish meal,spray‐dried plasma protein and fermented soybean meal to weaned pigs

This study sought to determine whether fermentation could increase apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), energy (E) and amino acids (AA) in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) greater than that of soybean meal (SBM) in weaned pigs. Four weaned pigs (10.00 ± 0.30 kg) were surgically equipped with T‐cannulas and randomly followed a 4 × 4 Latin square design of treatments (SBM, FSBM, fish meal and spray‐dried plasma protein). Overall, the fermentation process was able to reduce the amount of anti‐nutritional factors (ANF), including trypsin inhibitors, raffinose and stachyose, in the FSBM diet, which were significantly reduced by 39.4, 92.2, and 92.9%, respectively, as compared to the SBM diet. As a consequence of ANF reduction in FSBM, the AID of DM, N and E as well as AA was significantly greater with FSBM than SBM. Taken all together, the fermentation process improved the nutritional quality of SBM, due to ANF reduction, leading to improvement of digestibility of AA. As such, FSBM can be potentially used as a specialized feed ingredient, especially for young animal diets in an attempt to reduce diet costs.     

芳香族和脂环族化合物在反刍家畜消化道中的释放代谢机制

芳香族和脂环族化合物(异生物素)在反刍动物体内的消化代谢水平主要取决于瘤胃的消化代谢能力,而这种能力是由瘤胃微生物决定的;瘤胃微生物在厌氧环境下具有降解芳香族异生物素的潜力,咀嚼有助于植物细胞壁脂化酚酸及其内容物的酚化合物的释放,释放后的代谢物大部分在瘤胃内被微生物代谢;瘤胃微生物糖酶的作用,使与细胞壁结合的酚酸以可溶性酯-糖单元的形式从牧草中释放出来,在肠道内微生物水解活动可引起植物中自然存在的结合态酚酸释放成游离态;细胞壁酯化的p-香豆酸含量与体内细胞壁消化率、体外干物质消化率和半体内瘤胃纤维降解率呈显著负相关,草本植物的木质素含量与细胞壁降解率也常为负相关;异生物素对动物和微生物具有毒害作用,但在瘤胃的厌氧微生物作用下,通过水解、还原、取代和脱羧等反应,异生物素发生生物转化和矿化,其还原代谢产物的毒性远低于其前体物.芳香族化合物在反刍家畜消化道中的释放代谢机制的研究,为其代谢物在尿液中的排泄含量作为反刍动物采食量的预测指标的可行性和机理从代谢水平上奠定基础.     

Induced non-enzymatic browning of soybean meal. III. Digestibility and efficiency of protein utilization by ruminants of soybean meal treated with xylose or glucose

Trials were conducted to evaluate effects of non-enzymatic browning of soybean meal (SBM) on efficiency of protein utilization and N digestibility. In trial 1, 48 Suffolk-Finnsheep lambs (22 kg) were fed 80 d to evaluate efficiency of protein utilization for growth when supplemental protein was fed as urea (U), commercial SBM (CS), or commercial SBM (pH 8.5, 83% dry matter) containing xylose (3 mol/mol SBM-lysine) and heated 30 min (XTS-30) or 55 min (XTS-55). Diets containing graded levels of N from CS, XTS-30 and XTS-55 were fed. Response criterion was efficiency of protein utilization, plotted as gains of lambs fed test proteins minus gain of lambs fed U vs supplemental test protein fed. Efficiencies of protein utilization were .62, 1.27 and .91 for CS, XTS-30 and XTS-55, respectively. Protein from XTS-30 was used more efficiently (P less than .05) than that from CS. In trial 2, apparent digestibility of N from CS (97%) was higher (P less than .01) than XTS-30 (77%) and XTS-55 (82%) by Suffolk-Finnsheep lambs (27 kg). In trial 3, 60 mixed-breed steers (218 kg) were fed individually for 105 d to evaluate glucose as a reducing sugar. Glucose-treated SBM (GTS) was prepared by mixing glucose (3 mol/mol SBM lysine) with SBM, adjusting pH and dry matter content to 8.5 and 80%, respectively, and heating at 150 C for 60 min. Supplemental N sources were U, CS, GTS and a 50:50 mixture (protein basis) of corn gluten meal and blood meal (CGM/BM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Protein digestibility and the absorption of amino acids in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 4. Digestibility of crude protein and amino acids and rate of passage through the duodenum and ileum and the total digestive tract of growing pigs

The crude protein digestibility and the amino acid absorption of six female pigs (average live weight 61 kg) with duodenal and ileocecal re-entrant cannulae, which were fed with a wheat + wheat gluten + lysine ration and an N-free ration, were determined in various segments of the intestines. Comparative experiments concerning the N-metabolism with pigs without and with cannulae showed that the animals renormalised their metabolism 14 days after narcosis and fistulation of the intestines. The extents of secretion and absorption of the various amino acids vary as it is shown from the values of the apparent and true digestibility resp. rate of passage through various segments of the intestines. While for methionine and glutamic acid absorption exceeds endogenous secretion already in the duodenum, the amino acids with a high endogenous quota (glycine, alanine, threonine, tryptophan) are, even at the terminal ileum, not as well absorbed as the others. Methionine is obviously synthesised on a large scale by the colon flora and excreted in feces. The fractionation of the duodenal and ileum chyme after feeding wheat + wheat gluten + lysine as well as N-free mixture, into the fractions "solid particles", "peptides-free amino acids" and "proteines precipitable by trichlor-acetic acid" supplies information on the degree of protein degradation in various segments of the intestines.     

Limiting order of amino acids and the effects of phytase on protein quality in corn gluten meal fed to young chicks

An amino acid deletion assay, a protein efficiency ratio (PER) assay, and a slope-ratio growth assay were used to establish the limiting order of AA, and to determine the effects of microbial phytase on protein utilization in corn gluten meal (CGM) fed to chicks during the period of 8 to 21 d posthatching. In Assay 1, a 12% CP CGM diet was fortified with AA to fulfill the digestible AA ideal profile (only Phe + Tyr, Leu, and Pro exceeded requirements) for young chicks. Amino acids were then individually deleted, and all diets were fortified to 23% CP, with Glu varying as necessary. A Met-fortified 23% CP corn-soybean meal diet served as a positive control. No weight gain or feed efficiency differences were observed between the fully fortified CGM basal diet and the corn-soybean meal positive-control diet. The limiting order of AA established in CGM was 1) Lys, 2) Trp, 3) Arg, 4) Thr, 5) Val, 6) Ile, 7) His, 8) cystine, and 9) Met. In Assay 2, diets with 10% CP furnished by CGM or casein were fed in the presence and absence of 1,200 U/kg phytase. A protein source x phytase interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for weight gain, gain:feed, and PER, indicating positive responses to phytase when casein was fed but negative responses to phytase when CGM was fed. In Assay 3, graded levels of protein (8, 16, and 24% CP) furnished by CGM were fed in the presence and absence of 1,200 U/kg phytase. Weight gain and gain:feed increased linearly (P < 0.05) as a function of protein intake, but phytase supplementation had no effect on weight gain or gain:feed slopes. These results indicate that 1,200 U/kg phytase did not increase either CP or AA utilization in CGM for young chicks.     

氨基酸分析仪测定鱼粉中的氨基酸

利用氧化水解法测定鱼粉中17种氨基酸含量,采用Amino Acid Analyzer全自动氨基酸分析仪,水合茚三酮做柱后衍生,结果表明:该方法操作简便,适用于鱼粉中氨基酸的测定并取得较好的结果。     

Evaluation of soybean meal, corn gluten meal, blood meal and fish meal as sources of nitrogen and amino acids disappearing from the small intestine of steers

The value of soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), blood meal (BM) and fish meal (FM) in supplying N and amino acids (AA) escaping ruminal microbial degradation and disappearing from the small intestine (SI) was studied in steers using a regression approach. Replacement of corn starch in diets with protein sources resulted in decreases (P less than .05) in efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) had the greatest increase (P less than .05) when SBM was fed; BM supplementation resulted in only nonsignificant increases in ruminal NH3-N (P greater than .05). Soybean meal had the lowest proportion of N escaping ruminal degradation (.21). Corn gluten meal-N (.86) and BM-N (.92) escaped ruminal degradation to the greatest extent, and FM-N was intermediate (.68). Protein sources followed similar trends in providing absorbable nonbacterial N to the SI. Thirteen (+/- 6.2) percent of SBM-N was absorbed from the SI; 69 (+/- 6.2), 68 (+/- 9.1) and 50 (+/- 10.1)% of CGM-N, BM-N and FM-N, respectively, were absorbed from the SI. Values for ruminal escape and SI availability for individual and total AA are presented. Of the essential AA (EAA), threonine, valine and isoleucine were more resistant to ruminal degradation; methionine, cysteine, histidine and arginine were more extensively degraded than the total AA supply. Of the EAA escaping ruminal degradation, cysteine, histidine and threonine tended to be less digestible, whereas arginine was more digestible in the SI than the total AA supply.     

Influence of guanidination on apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs fed diets with soybean meal, rapeseed meal or peas as a protein source

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of guanidination, the conversion of dietary lysine to homoarginine, on the apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of amino acids (AA) from 3 protein sources in diets for pigs. Six barrows, initial body weight of 18 ± 1.5 kg, fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, were fed one of three corn starch-based diets that contained 18% crude protein (CP) from soybean meal, rapeseed meal or peas for an experimental period of 10 d according to a repeated 3 × 3 Latin square design. On d 9 of each experimental period, the pigs were fed one meal of the guanidinated test meals, which corresponded to their respective diets. In the test meals, 50% of the protein source in each diet was replaced, on an equal weight basis, with a guanidinated source. Guanidination increased the content of CP by 190, 116 and 28 g kg^− 1 for soybean meal, rapeseed meal and peas, respectively. With the exception of lysine, the AID of CP and AA were 2.2 to 8.2 percentage units (pu) higher in the test meal than in the soybean meal diet. Other than arginine and isoleucine, the differences were significant (P < 0.05) for all indispensable AA. With the exception of lysine, the AID of CP and AA were 3.8 to 11.9 pu higher in the test meal than in the diet with peas. The differences were significant (P < 0.05) for all indispensable AA. Other than lysine, glycine and proline, the AID of CP and AA were slightly higher, 0.1 to 4.3 pu, in the test meal than in the rapeseed meal diet. Of the indispensable AA, the differences were significant (P < 0.05) for arginine, leucine and phenylalanine. The AID of lysine was 10.9 pu lower (P < 0.05) in the test meal than in the rapeseed meal diet, 61.5 vs. 72.4%, indicating that guanidination of rapeseed meal was not uniform and random. The increase in the AID of CP and AA after guanidination may result from solubilisation of protein and degradation of antinutritional factors such as fiber, trypsin inhibitors and tannins.     

Protein digestibility and absorption of amino acids in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 2. Protein and amino acid balances at the end of the small intestine and of the whole digestive tract (apparent and true protein and amino acid digestibility)]

Growing pigs with ileum and ileocecal re-entrant canulae were given 5 different rations (pig fattening feed 1 and 2, rations with dried skim milk, wheat gluten + lysine and wheat + wheat gluten + lysine). The crude protein and amino acid excretion was quantitatively determined with ileum chyme and feces. The calculation of the amino acid balances (apparent and true digestibility) at the end of the small intestine, at the end of the wholedigestive tract and the isolated colon showed characteristic differences for the individual amino acids. On ileum level the amino acids with relatively high endogenous quotas, threonine, tryptophane, alanine, aspartic acid and glycine showed a distinctly lower, the amino acids arginine, methionine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, proline and tyrosine a distinctly higher digestibilityhan crude protein. In comparison of the values on the feces level, including the true digestibility, these differences are largely balanced out. At the end of the small intestine the absorption of the amino acids is in the main completed. The disappearance rate of amino acids from the colon shows large differences with reference to the different rations as well as the individual amino acids. They were particularly high for various rations as far as proline, tryptophane, glycine and cystine are concerned. If wheat gluten + lysine rations were given, a net synthesis of methionine in the colon could be proved.     

肠膜蛋白粉对早期断奶仔猪生产性能及消化道发育的影响

豆粕中含有的大豆球蛋白和ｂｅｔａ -ｃｏｎｇｌｙｃｉｎｉｎ等抗原 ,可导致断奶仔猪肠粘膜细胞发生过敏反应 ,进而降低其生产性能 (谯仕彦等 ,1 995,1 996) ,因此人们试图用其他原料替代或降低日粮中的豆粕用量。研究表明 ,日粮中添加乳清粉和血浆蛋白粉能够提高断奶仔猪日采食量和日增重 (管武太 ,1 994) ,但昂贵的价格限制了其广泛的应用。最近试验表明 ,用ＤＰＳ(肠膜蛋白粉 ,其中ＤＰＳ30 、ＤＰＳ50 的粗蛋白质含量分别为 30 %、50 % )全部或部分替代乳清粉或血浆蛋白粉 ,能够在降低饲料成本的同时 ,保持甚至提高断奶仔猪的生产性能。…     

生长猪用豆饼、菜粕、高赖氨酸玉米中可消化磷的评定

磷是动物机体必需的常量矿物质元素之一,对动物骨骼系统的发育及维持有着非常重要的作用。同时,磷是许多器官的有机组成部分,在机体的生化反应中发挥着关键作用。现代研究表明,磷还是畜禽营养中功能最多的营养成分之一,磷化合物几乎参与了动物机体内各种物质的合成过程,它还是对畜禽肉品质有影响的唯一矿物质元素(周顺伍,2000;杨文正,1996),并对能量代谢及维持组织细胞正常生理状态具有重要作用。动物机体缺磷会导致生长缓慢,生产力下降,饲料利用率降低等,严重时还会导致骨质软化症及佝偻病;饲粮中磷过量时,也会使骨组织发生病变,营养学上称…     

Determination of the available energy,standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids of fermented corn germ meal replacing soybean meal in growing pig diets

Three experiments were conducted to compare the digestible(DE), metabolizable energy(ME), and standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of amino acids(AA) in fermented corn germ meal(FCGM) and soybean meal(SBM), and evaluate the effects of FCGM replacing SBM in growing pig diets. In Exp. 1, 18barrows with initial body weight(BW) of 60.2 ± 3.40 kg were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 6replicates per treatment. The control diet used corn as the only energy ingredient, and 2 test diets were made...     

Intestinal supply of amino acids in sheep fed alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw-based diets supplemented with soybean meal or combinations of corn gluten meal and blood meal

The intestinal supply of amino acids (AA) in sheep fed alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw (AHPWS)-based diets supplemented with soybean meal (SBM) or corn grain plus combinations of corn gluten meal (CGM) and blood meal (BM) was measured in a 5 X 5 latin square. Sheep (avg wt 45 kg) with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were fed diets containing 65% AHPWS supplemented with the following protein sources: soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), blood meal (BM), 2/3 CGM:1/3 BM and 1/3 CGM:2/3 BM. Total nitrogen (N) flow at the duodenum was not affected (P greater than .05) by protein source. Flows of bacterial N and AA increased (P less than .05) and flows of nonbacterial N and AA decreased (P less than .05) when wethers were fed SBM vs corn plus other protein sources. When diets contained SBM, quantities of total AA at the duodenum were lower (P less than .05) and the profile of AA supplied to the intestine was altered substantially. Total flows of AA at the duodenum and total quantities of AA disappearing from the small intestine were similar (P greater than .05) for all diets containing BM and CGM, but flows and disappearance of valine, histidine, lysine and arginine increased linearly (P less than .05), whereas flows and disappearance of leucine, isoleucine and methionine decreased linearly (P less than .05) as BM replaced CGM in the diets. Results suggest that quantities of individual AA flowing to the duodenum and disappearing from the intestine of wethers fed AHPWS-based diets can be altered by source of dietary protein. Furthermore, feeding protein sources resistant to ruminal degradation in combination may improve the profile of AA supplied to the intestine.     

Horizontal transfer of vanA between probiotic Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in fermented soybean meal and in digestive tract of growing pigs

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the intergeneric transfer of vancomycin resistance gene vanA between probiotic enterococci in the fermentation progress of soybean meal and in the digestive tract of growing pigs. One vanA genotype vancomycin resistant E. faecium strain, Efm4, and one chloramphenicol-resistant E. faecalis strain, Efs2, were isolated from twenty-nine probiotic basis feed material/additive samples. For in vitro conjugation,Efm4 and Efs2 were used as starter to ferment soybean meal. For in vivo conjugation, thirty growing pigs were randomly assigned to five groups(n = 6), treated with a basic diet, or supplemented with 10% fermented soybean meal, 1% Efm4, 5% Efs2 or a combination of 1% Efm4 + 5% Efs2 for 7 d, respectively. Fecal samples of pigs in each group were collected daily for the isolation and dynamic analysis of Efm4, Efs2 and transconjugants. The sequence types(STs) of Efm4, Efs2 and transconjugants were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing(MLST). The vanA harboring plasmid in Efm4 and transconjugants was analyzed by S1-pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE)and further verified by multiple alignments.Results: The results showed that, in FSBM, transconjugants were detected 1 h after the fermentation, with a conjugation frequency of ～ 10-3 transconjugants/recipient. Transconjugants proliferated with Efm4 and Efs2 in the first 8 h and maintained steadily for 10 d till the end of the experiment. Additionally, in vivo experiment showed that transcojugants were recovered in one of six pigs in both FSBM and Efm4 + Efs2 groups, with conjugation frequency of ～ 10-5 and ～ 10-4, respectively. MLST revealed the ST of Efm4, Efs2 and transconjugants was ST1014, ST69 and ST69, respectively. S1-PFGE confirmed the existence of the vanA-harboring, 142,988-bp plasmid,which was also a multi-drug resistant plasmid containing Tn1546-like transposon.Conclusions: The findings revealed the potential safety hazard existing in the commercial probiotic enterococci in China, because the horizontal transfer from farm to fork could potentially pose a safety risk to the public.