限饲对肉鸡的影响

从上世纪20年代肉用仔鸡兴起至今已经过了80多年，这期间科研工作者和生产者无论从肉鸡的选育角度和饲养角度，都是单纯追求提高肉鸡的增重速度，这样虽然使肉用仔鸡的出场日龄大大提前，但肉鸡生长过快，也使肉鸡的体重迅速增长与骨骼、内脏器官发育缓慢之间的矛盾更加突出。肉鸡出现猝死症、腿部畸形和腹水症等疾病，     

肉用种鸡的管理要点

肉鸡与蛋鸡相比具有生长快、采食量大、容易沉积脂肪等特点,而饲养肉用种鸡的目的,是希望每只鸡尽可能多地生产健康的种蛋,因此,饲养肉用种鸡有着不同于蛋鸡,也不同于肉用仔鸡的特点.     

肉鸡腹脂的遗传与选育

肉鸡腹脂的遗传与选育杜晓惠（四川农业大学研九二雅安６２５０１４）肉用仔鸡业从本世纪２０年代兴起至今已有７０多年的历史了。这期间，肉用仔鸡选育的主要性状是早期生长速度和体型，这两个性状已经受了３０～４０代的强化选择，致使肉鸡体脂和腹脂过多地沉积，引起胴...     

早期数量限饲对肉用仔鸡生产性能、胴体品质的影响

试验研究了早期数量限饲对肉用仔鸡生产性能、胴体品质的影响。以320只1日龄AA+肉用仔鸡为试验动物。设4个处理组,每个处理组4个重复,每个重复20只肉仔鸡。对照组根据AA+商品代肉鸡营养标准配制。各处理肉用仔鸡1～7日龄均为自由采食,8～14日龄对照组、限饲90%组、限饲80%组和限饲70%组分别饲喂自由采食量的100%、90%、80%和70%,15日龄恢复自由采食,以后按常规饲养管理。每周末,以重复为单位全部称重。分别于42、49日龄,每个重复随机抽取4只肉用仔鸡禁食12h、称重、屠宰、测定屠体品质。试验结果表明:在第2周,限饲各组肉仔鸡的体重和日增重分别显著低于对照组(P0.05);在第3周,限饲90%组完成补偿生长,体重与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);在第4周,限饲80%和70%组完成补偿生长,体重与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);5、6、7周及2～6、2～7周各组在体重、日增重、日采食量和饲料转化率等都无显著差异(P0.05)。早期数量限饲对肉仔鸡胴体特性没有显著影响(P0.05),限饲70%～80%,具有改善饲料转化效率、胸肌率、腹脂率的作用。     

肉用仔鸡胸囊肿的防治

胸囊肿是肉用仔鸡的一种常见病，该病虽然不引起死亡，但影响肉鸡产品的美观，是制约肉鸡业发展一个重要因素之一。肉用仔鸡胸囊肿是胸部的一种炎症性疾病，由于肉用仔鸡多采用网上平养，活动少，体重大，大部分时间处于俯卧状态，使肉鸡胸部表面皮肤常时间受到压迫和摩擦并促使其皮质硬化，形成囊状组织，里面逐渐积蓄了一些粘液形成泡状。随着炎症的发展，泡内液体的颜色由淡黄色转变成暗棕色，降低肉鸡产品的价值。     

肉用仔鸡限饲对生长发育和排泄量的影响

本试验通过１９６羽肉用仔鸡研究了限饲对生长发育和排泄量的影响。结果表明，肉用仔鸡限饲对生长发育无明显影响，但可提高饲料转化率，减少排泄量。其中尤以试验Ⅱ组效果最为显著，８周内干粪排泄量每羽为１２１８．９ｇ，比对照组少８５ｇ（鲜鸡粪３８５ｇ），降低６．５２％，饲料转化率为１．８４：１。     

关于肉用仔鸡腹脂和体脂的研究综述(一)

近30年来,人们对肉用仔鸡施加了强大的选择压,使达到上市日龄体重不断提高,大大缩短了出场日龄。由于较快的增重速度总伴随着脂肪的过多沉积,对增重速度的选择,带来了腹脂和体脂沉积过多的问题。有些现代化肉鸡品系体脂含量高达20％。     

肉仔鸡早期限制饲养其生产性能及屠体品质的影响

本研究对肉仔鸡早期进行不同方式的限制饲养探讨其对肉鸡的生产性能及屠体品质的影响。试验一用低、中，高三种营养水平日粮饲喂１－３周龄肉鸡；试验二从肉鸡的８日龄开始分别限饲，采食量１、２周（喂自由食量的６０％）及４周（喂自由采食量为８０％），结果表明肉仔鸡早期喂低营养水平日粮，７周龄体重虽高于对照组水平，但饲料利用率，成活率均显著下降。喂中等营养水平日粮可提高饲料利用率，肉仔鸡早期限制食量，不能完全补偿     

肉用仔鸡胸囊肿的防治

胸囊肿是肉用仔鸡的一种常见病,该病虽然不引起死亡,但影响肉鸡产品的美观,是制约肉鸡业发展一个重要因素之一.肉用仔鸡胸囊肿是胸部的一种炎症性疾病,由于肉用仔鸡多采用网上平养,活动少,体重大,大部分时间处于俯卧状态,使肉鸡胸部表面皮肤常时间受到压迫和摩擦并促使其皮质硬化,形成囊状组织,里面逐渐积蓄了一些粘液形成泡状.随着炎症的发展,泡内液体的颜色由淡黄色转变成暗棕色,降低肉鸡产品的价值.     

对商品肉鸡实行限饲可减少胴体脂肪和腹水症

美国北卡罗来纳州立大学的Sheila E.Scheideler博士在1989年12月6～7日召开的卡罗来纳家禽营养会议上综述了关于肉用仔鸡限制饲喂方案的研究。“限制饲喂”是指在部分或整个饲喂期内降低蛋白质摄食量或是限制饲料采食量。文献综述 Sheideler综述了其他学者的研究报告。Proudfoot等(1983)试验了肉用仔鸡的限食,他在肉用仔鸡8～12日龄或15～25日龄期间停喂8或12小时,发现停喂组仔鸡的28日龄体重减轻,到49日龄时停喂组仔鸡的体重和对照组相同。停喂组每只鸡可多产生4分钱(4美分)的利润。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.