北京果园土壤营养状况和微生物种群调查分析

为了探明北京地区主要果树的肥力水平,应用田间土壤取样方法,对苹果、梨、桃和葡萄三种不同产量品质水平(高、中、低)果园的土壤理化性状、营养水平和微生物种群数量进行分析。结果表明：土壤容重1.06～1.60 g.cm-3,不同树种差异不显著;土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)81.47～238.83 mmol.kg-1,苹果、桃、葡萄园显著高于梨园,同一树种的高(H)、中(M)型果园均高于低(L)型园;土壤pH在7.39～8.55间;有机质含量7.34～19.50 g.kg-1,不同树种差异不显著,同一树种的H园高于M、L园;全氮0.41～1.09 g.kg-1,苹果、桃和葡萄园显著高于梨园,同一树种H园高于M、L园;速效磷14.54～185.50 mg.kg-1,速效钾99.77～267.50 mg.kg-1,不同树种及不同类型果园间差异均不显著;有效铁、锌和硼含量分别为4.78～33.42mg.kg-1、0.97～10.54mg.kg-1、0.19～0.58mg.kg-1。四种果园的土壤微生物总量为0.45×107～1.23×107cfu.g-1,苹果园最高,梨园最低;细菌数量占绝对优势,放线菌次之,真菌最少。不同树种果园土壤营养水平(Pi)顺序为苹果(0.71)＞葡萄(0.58)＞桃(0.54)＞梨(0.31),同一树种为H＞M＞L。综合分析,北京果园土壤营养和微生物种群总体状况为土壤pH偏高,有机质和全氮缺乏,磷钾比偏高,有效硼不足,土壤微生物总量偏少等,为北京果园土壤改良提供了基本理论依据。     

南疆主栽果树叶片抗污能力分析

为对南疆主栽果树叶片对沙尘污染的抗污能力进行分类,以南疆主栽果树叶片为材料,在自然污染状态下的果树叶片分别进行抗坏血酸、总叶绿素含量、pH、叶组织中相对含水量的测定和比较,并用Singh 公式对南疆主栽果树叶片对沙尘污染抗污能力进行估算。结果表明,南疆主栽果树叶片叶绿素含量在33.48~57.03 SPAD,秋富最高,而无花果最低。pH的分布范围在3.67~6.60,大部分果树叶片都是酸性,无花果、樱桃、榅桲、白桑、红枣等接近中性。而叶组织中相对含水量在39.22%~77.01%,其中葡萄、伊犁香梨、句句梨、杏、小白杏、无花果等较高,库尔勒香梨最低。抗坏血酸含量变化幅度在0.43~2.01 mg/g,核桃最高,而李子、无花果、山楂等抗坏血酸含量最低。用Singh 公式得到植物抗污能力APTI值,用系统聚类分析法进行分析,把南疆主栽果树对沙尘污染的抗污能力分为最好、较好、一般、较差、最差等5类。     

黄桃酒澄清工艺研究

以黄桃果实为原料,破碎榨汁后发酵成黄桃酒,通过不同果胶酶、复合澄清剂澄清处理以及黄桃酒与杏酒、鸭梨酒两种果酒的不同比例混合后再用澄清剂处理的方式,探讨不同处理方式对酒体澄清及稳定性的影响。结果表明,经800 mg/L诺奥果胶酶处理后混合30%鸭梨酒,再用400 mg/L PVPP和800 mg/L皂土进行澄清处理,能使黄桃酒快速澄清且酒体稳定性好。     

不同果树枝条栽培灵芝基质配方研究

通过利用农业副产物果树枝条进行灵芝栽培基质配方优化研究,筛选出适合果树可持续发展的最佳灵芝栽培配方。本研究利用桃树、梨树和苹果树枝屑,通过不同配方优化设计进行灵芝优良菌株的栽培研究,对灵芝子实体的农艺性状进行差异分析,同时结合其氨基酸和矿质元素含量分析。结果表明：通过对灵芝子实体农艺性状差异分析,苹果-2配方表现最好;通过对氨基酸含量分析,配方组氨基酸含量顺序为桃树组配方＞梨树组配方＞苹果树组配方;综合9个配方中灵芝子实体内矿质元素含量分析,梨树-1配方表现最佳。以上不同的配方栽培出的灵芝其产量、氨基酸和矿质元素含量各不相同,芝农可根据不同的需要而选择合适的灵芝栽培基质配方。     

Real time polymerase chain reaction for rapid and quantitative determination of Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum on the surfaces of apple,pear, and sweet cherry fruit

The objectives of this study were to develop primers and a real time PCR protocol for the postharvest biocontrol yeast Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum (Cim). The application of this technology was developed to quantify Cim on the surfaces of apple, two pear cultivars, and sweet cherry fruit treated over a range of concentrations. Statistically significant relationships were observed between Cim DNA on fruit surfaces, expressed as μg/m², and CFU/L of dip suspensions for apple, pear, and sweet cherry. In addition, the relationship for each fruit was significantly different from the other three fruits. Threshold values of concentrations of Cim DNA on the fruit surface were calculated based on regression equations and a dose of 2.0 × 10¹¹ CFU/L of dip suspension, the dose for optimum decay control, and were 4.8, 7.0, 16.5, and 25.2 μg/m² for Bosc pear, Lapins sweet cherry, d’Anjou pear, and Golden Delicious apple, respectively. Monitoring Cim DNA concentration on fruit surfaces will assure that Cim is being properly applied to fruit and that a sufficient number of cells are present for optimum decay control.     

新疆野生果树资源数据库系统的设计与实现

摘要：新疆的野生果树种类丰富而独特,起源古老,为我国果树栽培提供了丰富的种质资源和物质基础。因此,建立新疆野生果树资源数据库对于新疆野生果树资源的保护与研究具有十分重要的意义。本文介绍了以Visual Basic 6.0为主导设计语言,结合后台关系数据库Access2003,建立新疆野生果树资源数据库信息系统的原理和方法,运用计算机的数据库技术开发出一套完整的可广泛应用于果树生产、科研、教学、社会服务等的野生果树种质资源数据库程序。本系统包括新疆的野苹果、野杏、野生樱桃李、野生欧洲李、野核桃等野生果树资源分布、植物学特征和农业生物学特征等数据内容。     

Acidity and sweetness in apple and pear

Summary Sweetness and acidity in apple and pear inherit independently and can be organoleptically evaluated separately, but less accurately in pear than in apple. For breeding purposes an analysis of fruits for acidity and sweetness with pH indicator paper and a hand refractometer is to be prefered to the organoleptic method.In apple, the acidity-decreasing with time-of the unripe fruit was already strongly indicative of that of the eating-ripe fruit; sugar-increasing with time-not before the fruit was picking ripe. Sugar content in apple and pear, and the pH in pear, appeared to be normally distributed; the pH in apple showed a segregation into an acid and a low-acid group, which occurred in both the unripe and ripe stage. The segregation ratio between these groups was found to be highly variable. On the whole, the mean acidity and sugar content of apple and pear progenies is significantly determined by that of the parents. Most of the observations made did not support the theory that low acidity in apple is determined by one recessive gene. The relationship between the pH of leaf juice and fruit juice in apple may offer a possibility for pre-selection.     

大连市种植业主要作物经济效益分析

本研究旨在及时掌握大连市种植业生产现状、布局特点,指导农民进行高效、高产、高质的种植业生产。论文依托大连农业经济运行动态监测信息系统覆盖大连市6个区县的动态监测网络,采集2008年大连市种植业760个农户全作物种植的投入产出构成信息等方面的定向动态数据作为市种植业经济运行的样本。结果表明：苹果和樱桃具有一定的规模优势,蔬菜并不具备规模优势,玉米具有一定的规模效益,水稻的规模效应不明显。     

Identification and genetic characterization of an ethylene-dependent polygalacturonase from apricot fruit

During fruit ripening a loss of firmness occurs, which is a key factor limiting postharvest life. In apricot, Prunus armeniaca L., a wide range of fruit firmness at commercial maturity has been observed in different cultivars. Endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) activity has been reported to be associated with differences in firmness in many fruit species, but never in apricot. In this paper, we reported the identification of an apricot cDNA (PaPG) coding for an endoPG-like protein with 393 amino acids. Protein sequence comparison with known polygalacturonases (PGs) revealed that multiple features as conserved domains and functional residues and a predicted signal peptide were present in PaPG. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis of this and other plant PGs placed PaPG into a clade containing endoPGs expressed in fruit, abscission and dehiscence zones without a propeptide sequence, very close to PRF5 from peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). PaPG gene expression increased during postharvest storage of the fruit, correlating with fruit softening and ethylene release, and it responded to exogenous ethylene treatments. We localized the PaPG gene in apricot linkage group 4 after genetic mapping based on SNP analysis, in a position apparently syntenic to the PRF5 locus from peach. Results obtained offer genetic evidence supporting the hypothesis that PaPG and PRF5 are orthologous genes, and consequently position PaPG as a gene of interest for studies on fruit softening in apricot, and contribute to the development of molecular tools for breeding apricots with longer shelf life.     

杏树根系分布的观察

用改良壕沟法对两个杏品种根系分布进行观察。六个剖面的观察结果表明，杏根系较苹果，桃，山楂等树种根系分布深。根系主要分布在地表下１０－９０ｃｍ的土层内，根系分布的深度和广度受土壤质地影响。     

Resistance of almond cultivars to Plum pox virus (sharka)

Sharka, a disease caused by Plum pox virus (PPV), mainly affects some Prunus species, including apricot, peach and plum, and to a lesser degree, sweet cherry and sour cherry. In almond, different PPV isolates have been transmitted experimentally to the ‘Aï’ cultivar. In this study, the resistance of 10 almond cultivars to a Dideron PPV isolate was evaluated in controlled conditions by grafting the cultivars on to inoculated GF305 peach rootstocks. The results demonstrated a high level of resistance to PPV in all the almond cultivars assayed. They did not show any symptoms and were ELISA and RT‐PCR negative, despite the strong symptoms observed in their GF305 rootstocks. The implications of these results for the dispersion of PPV, and the potential role of almond as a source of resistance to PPV in other Prunus species such as peach, are also discussed.     

Do floral resources influence pollination rates and subsequent fruit set in pear (Pyrus communis L.) and apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) cultivars?

Pear and apple are among the main fruit crops worldwide. These species can be planted in mixed orchards, and they both depend on insect pollination for fruit set. As pollinating insects are attracted by the floral resources, we investigated nectar and pollen production and chemical composition in four pear (‘Concorde’, ‘Conférence’, ‘Doyenné du Comice’, ‘Triomphe de Vienne’) and five apple (‘Braeburn’, ‘Golden Reinders’, ‘Jonagored’, ‘Pinova’, ‘Wellant’) cultivars commonly grown in Belgium. We also investigated whether insect flower visitation rate and pollination efficiency are linked to floral resource quantity and quality. The pear cultivars flowered one week before the apple cultivars in early spring, and their flowers were about six times less visited by insects. The visitors foraged more on the pollen of the pear trees and the nectar of the apple trees. Pear flowers produced higher volumes of nectar than apple flowers (1.3–3.2 μl vs. 0.4-0.6 μl), but with lower sugar concentration (9.6%-10.8% vs. 28.3%-36.4%). Pear flowers also produced fewer pollen grains per anther than apple flowers (2425–4937 vs. 3284–7919), but these had higher polypeptide (346–362 μg/mg vs. 216–303 μg/mg), amino-acid (40–77 μg/mg vs. 12–18 μg/mg) and phytosterol (21–47 μg/mg vs. 15–43 μg/mg) concentrations. The foraging behavior of the insects is thus better explained by nectar and pollen quality rather than quantity. Despite the differences in flower visitation rates, pollination of both species resulted in valuable fruit production.     

The interaction between compatible and self-incompatible pollen of apple and pear as influcenced by their ratio in the pollen cloud

Summary The production of self-seed was investigated in apple and pear with the aid of viable and compatible mentor/ pioneer pollen in relation to the proportion of self-imcompatible pollen present in the pollen cloud.Treatments consisted of mixtures of compatible and self-incompatible pollen at ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:9 applied once or twice or followed by self-pollination. Selfing only, whether once or twice, produced virtually no fruits or seeds, while mixed pollinations did. Generally, fruit set tended to decrease and the self-seed to increase with increasing amounts of self pollen in the pollinations.The pioncer-pollen method (compatible in advance of self pollen) appeared more effective than the mentor pollen method (compatible and self pollen mixed). The use of viable instead of dead mentor/pioneer pollen causes competition for the ovules with the self pollen, but has the advantage that, in addition to some self-seed, other seeds are formed which, e.g. in apple, are necessary to keep the fruits on the tree until harvest.Fruit set was moderately reduced at ratios of compatible pollen to self pollen not exceeding 1:9 with pear and 1:5 with apple which constitute maximal ratios in practice as regards pollinator trees: trees of the main cultivar. In fruit orchards and probably in nature with other species, the interaction between compatible and self pollen may result in more self-seed, and so suggests that inbreeding played a greater part in the evolution of self-incompatible species, than the meager results of articial self-pollination imply.     

不同树龄2种树形库尔勒香梨树的冠层花果分布特性

为了明确不同树龄和不同树形库尔勒香梨树的花果在树冠中的分布特征,为库尔勒香梨树的科学整形修剪提供理论依据,以12、23、47年生的2种树形（开心形和疏散分层形）库尔勒香梨树作为研究对象,统计并比较了其单花序花数量、单株总花朵和果实的数量及其分布特性的差异性。结果表明,树形对库尔勒香梨花序花量的影响不太明显,而不同树龄库尔勒香梨树的花序花量有明显差异,12、23、47年生库尔勒香梨树的花序花量分别以4朵、7朵、6朵为主。不同树龄疏散分层形树的花数量和花量分布密度均高于开心形树,其中23年生树的差异最大,47年生树的差异不大。不同树龄疏散分层形树的坐果率和果实分布密度也均明显高于开心形,尤其是12、23年生疏散分层形树的果实分布密度比开心形树高几倍到几十倍,而47年生树的差异不太明显。在初果期和盛果期疏散分层形是库尔勒香梨树高产稳产的理想树形,而在老龄期推荐改成开心形。     

Control of postharvest diseases of fruit with an invert emulsion formulation of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai

Control of primary postharvest diseases caused by Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium expansum on a variety of fresh fruit was evaluated with an invert emulsion formulation of Trichoderma harzianum. Diseases evaluated were quantified by the period of protection conferred by the antagonist and the diameter of decay lesions. Treatment of the various fruit species with formulated T. harzianum conidia in an invert emulsion significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the mean lesion diameters of R. stolonifer on apple, pear, peach and strawberry, B. cinerea on grape, pear, strawberry, and kiwifruit, and P. expansum on grape, pear, and kiwifruit in comparison with the control treatment. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were obtained in the mean percent reduction in lesion diameter caused by the same postharvest pathogens on the same fruit species due to the treatment with the formulated T. harzianum conidia relative to control treatment. The greatest mean percent reduction (86.7%) was obtained on apple fruit for the infection with R. stolonifer. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were also obtained in the mean durations of the minimum protection period due to treatment with the formulated T. harzianum against the infection with the same postharvest pathogens on the same fruit species. The longest mean duration of the minimum protection period (up to 59 days) was obtained for unwounded apple fruit against the infection with R. stolonifer. Overall, the results indicate that the treatment with the invert emulsion formulation of T. harzianum protected fruit from infection by the primary postharvest pathogens of the fruit tested for up to 2 months and reduced the diameters of decay lesion up to 86% and is a promising treatment to prolong the postharvest shelf-life of fresh fruit.     

苹果和梨不同品种及品质特性对近红外反射光谱无损测定SSC的影响

基于近红外光照射技术的无损检测方法是目前果实品质无损检测的主要手段之一。本试验采用有损与无损两种方法就苹果和梨不同品种及品质特性、采收期、套袋等因素对无损检测果实可溶性固形物含量（SSC）结果准确性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,新红星、金冠苹果等果皮较厚的品种对无损检测结果的准确性影响较大．而寒富苹果及梨等果皮较薄的果品,无损检测结果较准确;同时,果个较小的果实无损检测结果准确性较差．而果实色泽、脱宿萼、公母梨、采收期等因素对无损检测结果无明显影响．套袋果实无损检测结果的准确性及重复性较好。     

青海蔷薇科野生果树种质资源的研究

通过调查并结合有关文献和植物标本研究表明,青海省蔷薇科野生果树有60种（含2个变种、1个变型）,隶属于10属,占全省野生果树总数的53.6%。其中以蔷薇属（Rosa）和栒子属（Cotoneaster）最为丰富,分别有13种、12种,其次悬钩子属（Rubus）和李属（Prunus）分别有9种、8种,这4个属的种类占青海蔷薇科野生果树的70%;果实类型有梨果、聚合果、核果3种类型,其中梨果类、聚合果类占有较大比例,分别占总种数的45%和40%。青海省蔷薇科野生果树不少种类具有抗寒耐旱等特性,可作为砧木或抗性育种材料,一些种类果实营养较为丰富。青海蔷薇科野生果树主要分布于东部的黄河、湟水河及大通河流域,并划分为西倾山区、祁连山区和青南高原区3个分布区域,分析了各区的种类和分布情况;垂直分布在海拔1800~4000 m之间。另外,对几种重要野生果树资源进行了评价,并提出了开发利用的建议。     

桃基因密码子使用模式及其偏好性分析

为深入研究桃密码子使用特征,本研究基于桃(Prunus persica)基因组26873个注释基因编码序列的GC含量特征、有效密码子数(ENC)和同义密码子相对使用频率(RSCU)等参数的计算,统计分析了桃基因组密码子的偏好性及其密码子使用模式。分析结果表明桃密码子使用具有偏好性,61个密码子中存在4个密码子TCA,ACA,GCA,GAA为桃最优密码子,它们均以A结尾。进一步统计桃与其它9种近缘蔷薇科植物的密码子使用频率,发现近缘种属的密码子使用规律具有一定相似性。研究同时发现桃基因组tRNA基因拷贝数与氨基酸及特定密码子的出现频率呈正相关。这些结果揭示了桃基因组密码子的使用模式,为相关密码子使用机制研究及基因工程改良提供了重要的参考。     

Genetic resources in apple,pear and vineyard peach populations in former Yugoslavia

Summary During the period 1988–90, several germplasm collecting trips were made to all republics of former Yugoslavia. A total of 56 old apple cultivars, many of which are represented in up to 5 types, 38 old pear cultivars and 367 genotypes of vineyard peaches were collected. The availability of so much genetic and genotypic wealth made it possible to start apple disease resistance breeding and peach cultivar and rootstock breeding programmes.