上升流的开发利用

<正> 上升流是海水的垂直运动。上升流水域虽占全世界海洋面积比例很小,但是由于上升流能不断地将富营养的深层海水带到有光的生产上层来,因而上升流水域的初级生产力比其他水域要高得多,这就给海洋生物的繁殖生长提供     

世界捕捞业发展潜力

<正> 在过去的25年中(1965～1990),世界捕捞渔业产量稳步增长。增长过程可分为三个阶段:上升流区和近岸渔业资源的开发带来60年代捕捞产量的增长;70年代产量的增加是由于秘鲁鳀鱼资源开发的结果;浅海中上层鱼类的开发使得80年代的捕捞产量继续保持缓慢增长势头。世界渔获物的大部分来自洲际大陆架(水深浅于200米的区域。通常都在小于50米水深的水域)。而其中的大部分来自北半球基础生产力高的海区、近北极区和上升流区。     

人工上升流及其水产养殖利用的前景

海洋经济是国家繁荣和发展的重要经济支柱之一.海洋开发是国家经济建设的重要组成部分.是国民经济持续、快速、健康发展的动力和源泉。本文根据上升流的形成、分布和作用,上升流的理化环境特征以及上升流区生物的生态特征,结合国外开发利用深层海水资源的实践,对我国人工上升流水产养殖利用前景进行初步探讨。     

基于上升流效应的单位鱼礁建设模式研究

人工鱼礁上升流是流场区水体垂向交换、混合、循环的主要驱动因素之一,是人工鱼礁环境功能实现的基本环节。该研究通过数值实验方法获得4种投放量、7种布设间距共28种建设模式下米字型鱼礁上升流流场数据,提取并分析了代表流场作用能力的3个性能指标来评估上升流流场效应并准确定位上升流区,包括上升流,强度,范围及位置参数,进而为合理规划单位人工鱼礁建设模式提供参考。结果表明,4种投放量在0～1.5倍鱼礁单体边长(S_(la))的布设间距下相对体积效率最佳,布设间距为0～1.5 S_(la)、投放量为432空m~3时上升流平均相对速度最高;0与1.5 S_(la)布设间距下单位体积贡献率较高;1.0～3.0 S_(la)布设间距的上升流相对面积较高,对应相对面积高度基本相同,为0.5～1.0。进一步以不同海域上升流作用形式差异为出发点,指出确定上升流区的新思路,并提出以上升流流场最佳效应为前提的最优单位人工鱼礁建设模式选择方法。     

大亚湾混凝土鱼礁和铁质鱼礁附着生物群落结构的季节变化

人工鱼礁上升流是流场区水体垂向交换、混合、循环的主要驱动因素之一,是人工鱼礁环境功能实现的基本环节。该研究通过数值实验方法获得4种投放量、7种布设间距共28种建设模式下米字型鱼礁上升流流场数据,提取并分析了代表流场作用能力的3个性能指标来评估上升流流场效应并准确定位上升流区,包括上升流,强度,范围及位置参数,进而为合理规划单位人工鱼礁建设模式提供参考。结果表明,4种投放量在0~1.5倍鱼礁单体边长(S_la) 的布设间距下相对体积效率最佳,布设间距为0~1.5 S_la、投放量为432空m³时上升流平均相对速度最高;0与1.5 S_la布设间距下单位体积贡献率较高;1.0~3.0 S_la布设间距的上升流相对面积较高,对应相对面积高度基本相同,为0.5~1.0。进一步以不同海域上升流作用形式差异为出发点,指出确定上升流区的新思路,并提出以上升流流场最佳效应为前提的最优单位人工鱼礁建设模式选择方法。

     

乳山湾6—9月叶绿素a含量的分布及初级生产力的估算

根据1995年6～9月对乳山湾东流区进行的6次综合调查结果，着重阐述了乳山湾东流区叶绿素a含量的分布特．点及其与海洋环境因子的关系，并对初级生产力进行了估算。结果表明，乳山湾东流区对绿素a含量6～9月份平均值为11．16mg／m3，最高值出现在9月中旬，高达45．26mp／m3；估算初级生产力的平均值为432m星C／m2·d；在影响叶绿素a含量分布与变化的环境因子中，与浮游植物细胞数量、温度、径流和营养盐等关系密切；乳山湾东流区叶绿素a含量和初级生产力处于较高的水平。     

浙江近海上升流季过程的初步研究

本文在前期工作的基础上,根据1981年6月、8月和10月三个专题航次调查的资料,对27°30′N—30°30′N;124°E以西海区的上升流过程进行了初步研究。描述了浙江近海温盐分布的基本特征、赤潮现象,讨论了涌升水的来源,介绍了余流的一般情况,给出了浙江沿岸上升流的强度,并且讨论了形成机理。最后简略地讨论了浙江近海上升流和渔场的关系。     

鱼池用水再循环系统

鱼池用水再循环系统挪威渔业专家设计了一种简单的养鱼池用水再循环系统，其主要设备是一个沉水的充气上升流生物过滤器，能起到氧交换和空气中升液泵的作用，使鱼池中的水进行循环。用于水的循环，加上池底的特殊设计，使水中微生物能很容易随废水排出，废水排放可以用定...     

基于渔业声学和灯光罩网的南海中南部鸢乌贼资源评估

根据2017年南海中西部上升流区渔场、南沙东北部岛礁区渔场春季和秋季灯光罩网生产数据,对南海中南部两大渔场的灯光罩网渔获物组成、主要渔获种类生物学特性及渔获率分布等进行了分析。2个季节共鉴定出69种渔获物,其中上升流区渔场春季36种、秋季38种,岛礁区渔场春季35种、秋季43种。上升流区渔场春季优势种(IRI>1 000)为鸢乌贼(Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis)、细鳞圆鲹(Decapterus macarellus)和鲯鳅(Coryphaena hippurus),秋季为鸢乌贼、长体圆鲹(D.macrosoma)、圆舵鲣(Auxis tapeinosoma)、日本乌鲂(Brama japonica)和扁舵鲣(A.thazard);岛礁区渔场春季优势种为鸢乌贼和细鳞圆鲹,秋季为鸢乌贼和扁舵鲣。上升流区渔场春季平均渔获率为179.64 kg·h^–1,秋季为553.41 kg·h^–1;岛礁区渔场春季为94.55 kg·h^–1,秋季为382.46 kg·h^–1。春秋两季主要渔获种类胴长(叉长或体长)和体质量分布存在较大差异,且多数种类幼鱼所占比例较高,为确保南海渔业资源可持续开发利用应重视幼鱼保护。     

塔型桁架人工鱼礁流场效应及稳定性

本研究利用物理模型试验和粒子图像测速技术,对塔型桁架人工鱼礁模型在6种换算流速0.031 m/s、0.063 m/s、0.095 m/s、0.126 m/s、0.158 m/s和0.190 m/s (实际流速0.2 m/s, 0.4 m/s, 0.6 m/s, 0.8 m/s, 1.0 m/s和1.2 m/s)下产生的流场效应与物理稳定性进行研究。结果表明,流速达到1.2m/s时,礁体不会发生漂移和倾覆,说明该礁型具有良好的稳定性。单体礁在45°和90°迎流方式下,最大上升流流速和上升流平均流速随来流速度增加而递增,90°摆放单体礁最大上升流流速为来流速度的15.6%～21.0%, 45°摆放单体礁最大上升流流速为来流速度的16.3%～23.5%;上升流面积和高度随来流速度的增大先增加后减小,均在来流速度为0.095 m/s时出现最大值;缓流区面积均随来流速度的增加而减小;在相同来流速度下, 45°迎流时礁体缓流区面积大于90°迎流;在45°和90°摆放方式下,缓流区长度与礁高比值均随来流速度的增加呈下降趋势,且下降趋势逐渐平缓;45°迎流时缓流区长度为礁体高度的13～24倍, 90°迎流时缓流区长度为礁体高度的11～22倍。塔型桁架人工鱼礁礁体前后没有涡流形成,但具有较好的缓流作用,在礁体后方形成了较大规模的缓流区。     

河口及近岸海域低氧环境对水生动物的影响

水体溶解氧浓度低于2 mg/L时,通常称水体为低氧或缺氧(hypoxia)。目前,中国的长江口等许多河口及近岸海域的底层水体出现了季节性低氧区,这些低氧区对鱼类等水生动物及海洋生态环境的影响目前仍不十分清楚,这应引起政府及研究部门的关注。本文综述了低氧区的成因,分析了低氧对水生动物的影响,特别是近年来研究较多的水生动物对低氧的分子响应研究进展,最后综述了低氧对海洋生态系统的影响。我国未来的研究应注重低氧区海洋物理、海洋生物等基础数据的收集,同时,要加强低氧区对我国主要渔场影响的研究。     

流沙湾贝类养殖海域环境质量评价

根据2008年5月至2009年2月对流沙湾贝类养殖海域渔业环境综合调查的数据,对海水环境质量的现状进行了分析讨论,综合评价了海水有机污染和营养水平,并对沉积物重金属的累积程度和潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明,调查海域盐度、溶解氧（DO）、化学耗氧量（COD）、无机氮（DIN）和活性磷酸盐（PO4^3-）呈季节性变化,其中盐度和DIN的季节变化与该海域季节性降水有关,而DO、COD和PO4^3-的变化与浮游植物和贝类养殖有关。评价结果显示,流沙湾海域水质清洁,海水氮（N）营养盐过剩而磷（P）贫乏,属于P限制型中等富营养化海域;调查海域沉积物中砷（As）和铅（Pb）处于无污染状态,汞（Hg）和镉（Cd）处于轻度污染,铜（cu）在部分区域处于中度污染状态;Ca、Pb、As、锌（Zn）和铬（Cr）的潜在生态危害属于轻微,Hg和Cd的潜在生态危害处于中等强度。     

池塘生态系统中溶氧动态和管理

本文对池塘的溶氧动态进行了分析研究,得出了池塘溶氧的昼夜变化和垂直变化的规律,描述了夜间池塘溶氧下降的预测方法,文中还对池塘水深和溶氧管理进行了初步探讨。     

Description of the water quality conditions in a semi-intensively cultured marine fish pond in Eilat,Israel

Monthly sampling showed typically a large diurnal trend in dissolved oxygen and temperature with a slight trend also in dissolved inorganic nitrogen but not in phosphate or silica. There is a high uptake of all these nutrients in the pond as shown by the difference between the input water and pond water. Temperature in the pond decreased to a minimum of 15°C in February and then increased to 33°C in July. In the autumn there was relatively high primary productivity (PP) supported mainly by nutrients in the inflow. PP decreased to a minimum in winter, probably due to decreasing temperature and light, then increased to a summer maximum together with planktonic biomass, and diurnal oxygen variation. The increase was due mainly to increased temperature and nutrient supply from food input. These data were used to explain the incidence of fish mortalities mainly in mid-summer. The importance of frequency of sampling in such a dynamic system is discussed.     

Research of dissolved oxygen prediction in recirculating aquaculture systems based on deep belief network

Recirculating aquaculture has received more and more attention because of its high efficiency of treatment and recycling of aquaculture wastewater. The content of dissolved oxygen is an important indicator of control in recirculating aquaculture, its content and dynamic changes have great impact on the healthy growth of fish. However, changes of dissolved oxygen content are affected by many factors, and there is an obvious time lag between control regulation and effects of dissolved oxygen. To ensure the aquaculture production safety, it is necessary to predict the dissolved oxygen content in advance. The prediction model based on deep belief network has been proposed in this paper to realize the dissolved oxygen content prediction. A variational mode decomposition (VMD) data processing method has been adopted to evaluate the original data space, it takes the data which has been decomposed by the VMD as the input of deep belief network (DBN) to realize the prediction. The VMD method can effectively separate and denoise the raw data, highlight the relations among data features, and effectively improve the quality of the neural network input. The proposed model can quickly and accurately predict the dissolved oxygen content in time series, and the prediction performance meets the needs of actual production. When compared with bagging, AdaBoost, decision tree and convolutional neural network, the VMD-DBN model produces higher prediction accuracy and stability.     

Prediction of dissolved oxygen in pond culture water based on K-means clustering and gated recurrent unit neural network

Dissolved oxygen in water is an important ecological factor in ensuring the healthy growth of aquatic products, as hypoxic stress is known to restrict the growth of aquatic products. The accurate monitoring and prediction of dissolved oxygen is the key to precise regulation and control of pond aquaculture water quality. The current dissolved oxygen prediction model has some limitations, such as a short prediction period and inadequate prediction accuracy for actual production demands. Therefore, a prediction model of dissolved oxygen in pond culture was proposed based on K-means clustering and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network. Firstly, the key factors affecting the changes in dissolved oxygen were selected by principal component analysis (PCA). The dissolved oxygen time series was then subjected to K-means clustering, and the dissolved oxygen prediction model was constructed using GRU. To improve the clustering effect, we enhanced the similarity calculation for the time series based on the variation of dissolved oxygen. This process combined the Euclidean distance with the dynamic time-warping distance. The proposed method can predict the dissolved oxygen content of aquaculture water over different time intervals according to the demands of real-world scenarios. The average absolute error of the 30-min interval model was 0.264, and the mean absolute percentage error was 3.5 %. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method achieves higher prediction accuracy and flexibility than the conventional approach.     

Effects of different feed management treatments on water quality for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Increasing feeding rates may provide an increase in production, thus nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter will also increase. These nutrients promote a greater oxygen demand and concentrations of toxic metabolites which can lead to frequent problems with low dissolved oxygen and an abundance of blue‐green algae. Four feed management practices were evaluated among sixteen 0.1 ha ponds culturing Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Feeding treatments included hand feeding using the Standard Feeding Protocol (SFP), SFP plus 15% from 8 to 16 weeks, an automatic‐solar timer which fed SFP+15%, and an AQ1 acoustic demand feeder allowing up to 12 kg/day·pond based on shrimps feeding response. Samples were analysed at weeks 0, 4 and 8–16 for the following parameters: chlorophyll a, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, total suspended solids, total suspended volatile solids, turbidity, conductivity, salinity and biological oxygen demand. Samples were collected and shipped overnight to Auburn, Alabama for off‐site analysis. On‐site water quality was also obtained at the farm. The AQ1 acoustic demand feeder produced the most shrimp with a yield of 4,568 kg/ha; however, the AQ1 also had the highest total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite–nitrogen levels late in the growing season. The AQ1 feeder may be a viable, reduced labour and cost alternative for the shrimp commercial industry; however, such technologies must also be matched to the ability of the production system to process nutrients.     

溶氧变化模式对菲律宾蛤仔鳃组织和血淋巴液氧化应激及生理代谢的影响

为了探究菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)鳃组织和血淋巴液响应溶氧变化的氧化应激反应和生理代谢情况,并筛选出蛤仔响应溶氧变化的标志性物质,设置3种溶氧变化模式,分别为一直维持正常溶氧(C)处理、正常溶氧-急性低氧-急性复氧(AHR)处理、正常溶氧-慢性低氧-慢性复氧(CHR)处理。用酶标仪微板法96样检测3种溶氧变化模式下血淋巴液和鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性、己糖激酶(HK)活性、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、ATP酶(ATPase)活性、脯氨酸羟基化酶(PHD)活性和脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量。结果发现菲律宾蛤仔最先响应溶氧变化的是鳃组织,其氧化-抗氧化酶体系、代谢相关酶活性和相关产物的含量及变化幅度均明显高于血淋巴液;鳃组织和血淋巴液中氧化-抗氧化酶体系变化趋势一致, SOD和CAT作为最重要的抗氧化酶能在一定程度上缓解溶氧变化对蛤仔机体的损伤;氧化应激和能量利用体系在鳃和血淋巴液中的变化趋势也一致,其中PK和HK随溶氧变化调节糖酵解代谢效率...     

闽江河口养虾塘水体可溶性有机碳、营养盐和叶绿素a浓度变化特征

为揭示河口区陆基养虾塘可溶性有机碳(DOC)、营养盐、叶绿素a时空动态变化及其生态化学计量特征,在福建省闽江河口鳝鱼滩选择3个陆基养虾塘作为研究对象,于2018年5-10月原位测定养虾塘水温、pH、盐度、溶解氧指标,并采集不同深度水样,实验室测定DOC、可溶性无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO43--P)、叶绿素a浓度,探讨其主要影响因素。结果表明,养虾塘水体中DOC、DIN、PO43--P和叶绿素a质量浓度分别介于5.73~16.79 mg·L-1、0.04~1.80 mg·L-1、0.03~0.16 mg·L-1和15.02~443.08μg·L-1,均存在明显的时空变化特征;养虾塘水体DOC、营养盐、叶绿素a浓度受到养殖水体水环境参数、人为活动、养殖生物的共同影响;养虾塘水体碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)营养元素组成与植物、土壤之间具有相似性,并且表现为碳盈余和氮限制。在养殖过程中,加强对养虾塘水体营养盐和叶绿素a的动态变化监测,通过人为方式调节养虾塘水体C、N、P比率,对于防止养虾塘水体富营养化,促进养虾塘生态系统绿色可持续生产具有重要作用。     

三都澳四个水产养殖点水质周年变化分析

2011年8月-2012年7月对三都澳四个水产养殖点的营养盐(N、P)、溶解氧(D0)、化学需氧量(COD)、pH值进行了分析,结果表明,无机溶解氮(DIN)组成结构在春、秋、冬季节中主要以NO3-N为主,其次为NH4-N和NO2-N.夏季营养盐结构,NO3-N所占比例明显减低,NO2-N所占比例超过NH4-N.营养盐NO3-N浓度的周年变化为:冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季;NO2-N的浓度为:夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季;NH4-N浓度:夏、秋偏低,春、冬较高;P04-P的浓度:冬季＞秋季＞夏季＞春季.水体中DO浓度的周年变化为:冬季=春季＞秋季=夏季.pH变化的周年变化为:春季＞冬季＞夏季＞秋季.三都澳四个养殖点周年属于中度营养状态.