东海区拖网网囊网目选择性研究

通过东海区拖网网囊网目对带鱼和小黄鱼的选择性试验,对拖网最适网囊网目尺寸进行了分析研究。结果表明：1．网囊网目45mm,小黄鱼和带鱼的逃逸率均较低,渔获中兼捕大量当年生经济幼鱼;2．网囊网目54mm,小黄鱼的50％选择体长尚小于其优势体长组范围,带鱼的50％,选择体长已部分进入其优势体长组范围;3．网囊网目65mm,选择体长范围与选择鱼种的优势体长组范围基本一致。综合分析认为：目前东海区最理想的拖网网囊网目不小于60mm。     

南海区双船大网目拖网网囊网目对带鱼的选择性

大网目拖网是我国海洋渔业捕捞带鱼的重要渔具。为提高拖网网囊选择性, 本研究在南海区采用套网法对双船大网目拖网 4 组网目尺寸(30、35、40 和 45 mm)的网囊进行实验, 在双重拔靴法的架构下, 拟合选择性参数、比较选择性的差异、估算捕捞方式指标。结果表明, 随着网目尺寸的增大, 网囊对带鱼的 50%选择体长增大, 对带鱼幼鱼个体的选择率显著下降, 带鱼幼鱼的渔获比例也呈下降趋势。结合带鱼最小可捕规格(23.0 cm)管理规定, 结果还表明网目尺寸为 40 mm 的网囊选择性较差, 其对带鱼的抛弃率大于 93%。为了进一步提高带鱼拖网渔业的资源养护水平, 还需要开展更多的选择性实验。     

吕四渔场虾桁拖网最小网目尺寸的研究

为了养护和管理海洋渔业资源,对虾桁拖网网囊网目进行了选择性试验,以期找到最适网目尺寸,为今后立法和管理提供科学依据。经试验表明,随着网囊网目的加大,50％选择体长也随之增加。当网囊网目内径分别为35mm、40mm、45mm时,哈氏仿对虾50％选择体长分别为72.73、74.61、81.43mm;葛氏长臂虾50％选择体长分别为70.42、75.60、79.45mm;脊尾白虾50％选择体长分别为88.37、92.05、97.17mm。 三种虾类的50％选择体长(L_0.5)与网囊网目内径(Me)的线性回归方程如下: 哈氏仿对虾:L_0.5=469+0.8697Me R~2=0.9029 葛氏长臂虾:L_0.5=39.063+0.9024Me R~2=0.9927 脊尾白虾:L_0.5=57.325+0.8801Me R~2=0.9911 三种虾类混合:L_0.5=37.597+1.1470Me R~2=0.9996 将网囊网目尺寸由现在的20mm到25mm提高到35～40mm,则在此网目大小下,能释放掉大量70mm以下的幼虾,而捕获的商品虾质量有明显改善。根据试验结果和分析,建议对虾桁拖网加强管理,制定相应的法规,规定最小网目尺寸。     

吕四渔场场虾桁拖网最小网目尺寸的研究

为了养护和管理海洋渔业资源，对虾桁拖网网囊网目进行了选择性试验，以期找到最适网目尺寸，为今后立法和管理提供科学依据。经试验表明，随着网囊网目的加大，50％选择长也随之增加，当网囊网目内径分别为35mm、40mm、45mm时，哈氏仿对虾50％选择体长分别为72．73、74．61、81．43mm；葛氏长臂虾50％选择体分别为70．42、75．60、79．45mm；脊尾白虾50％选择体长分别为88．37、92．05、97．17mm。三种虾类的50％选择体长（L0．5）与网囊网目内径（Me)的线性回归方程如下：哈氏仿对虾：L0．5＝41．469＋0．8697Me R^2=0．9029葛氏长臂虾：L0．5＝39．063＋0．9024Me R^2=0．9927脊尾白虾：L0．5＝57．325＋0．8801Me R^2=0．9911三种虾类混合：L0．5＝37．597＋1．1470Me R^2=0．9996。将网囊网目尺寸由现在的20mm到25mm提高到35－40mm，则在此网目大小，能释放掉大量70mm以下的幼虾，而捕获的商品虾质量有明显改善。根据试验结果和分析，建议对虾桁拖网加强管理，制定相应的法规，规定最小网目尺寸。     

黄海双船变水层拖网网囊的网目选择性研究

为研究黄海双船变水层拖网网囊的网目选择性,2015年10月在黄海南部进行了网囊网目为40、54、60mm和70mm的套网拖网试验,采用Logistic选择模型和体周估算法对网囊网目选择性进行研究。结果表明,黄海双船变水层拖网渔获主要为蓝点马鲛、银鲳、带鱼、小黄鱼和鳀鱼;随着网囊网目尺寸的增大,逃逸率明显增加;极大似然法估算的模型参数,用AIC值检验拟合良好;估算出以变水层拖网捕捞达到可捕标准的部分经济鱼类相应的网囊网目尺寸,分别为小黄鱼71.0 mm、银鲳103.6mm、带鱼92.3mm、蓝圆鲹63.8mm。在黄海目前的渔业资源现状下,为保护小黄鱼、带鱼和鲐鲹等中小型经济鱼类的渔业资源,建议将双船变水层拖网的最小网囊网目尺寸定为60mm。     

盘锦海域桁杆虾拖网网囊网目选择性研究

为了解盘锦海域桁杆虾拖网的网囊网目尺寸是否适宜当地渔业生产,使用套网法研究了该网具不同网目尺寸的网囊对葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri)和脊尾白虾(Palaemon carinicauda)的选择性。结果显示,试验网囊网目尺寸为20、25和33 mm时,葛氏长臂虾的50%选择体长L0.5分别为30.7、36和40 mm,选择范围SR分别为12.2、10.4和13.8 mm,选择性因数SF分别是1.5370、1.4394和1.3310;脊尾白虾的50%选择体长L0.5分别为38.3、40.2和45.3 mm,选择范围SR分别为9.3、14.4和12.9 mm,选择性因数SF分别是1.913 1、1.608 2和1.372 7。两种虾类的50%选择体长(L0.5)和网囊网目内径(m)的线性回归方程为,葛氏长臂虾:L0.5=0.686 9 m+17.691 8;脊尾白虾:L0.5=0.550 0 m+26.955 7。研究认为:盘锦海域常见的20 mm网囊网目的桁杆拖网会捕获大量的幼虾,对渔业资源造成巨大破坏;建议捕捞葛氏长臂虾可用网囊网目内径为33~38 mm的桁杆虾拖网,捕捞脊尾白虾可用网囊网目内径为24~30 mm的桁杆虾拖网。     

桁杆虾拖网捕捞脊腹褐虾网囊网目选择性试验

采用套网试验法在长江口渔场对25 mm桁杆虾拖网网囊网目的选择性进行了试验。结果表明:当网囊网目内径为25 mm时,网囊与套网内脊腹褐虾的体长范围在30~80 mm之间,其中网囊内虾的优势体长在46~70 mm之间,套网内虾的优势体长在41~60 mm之间;50%选择体长L0.5为50.53 mm,选择范围SR为9.86 mm;逃逸虾的平均存活率为96.25%。     

桁杆虾拖网捕捞脊腹褐虾网事囊网目选择性试验

采用套网试验法在长江口渔场对25 mm桁杆虾拖网网囊网目的选择性进行了试验.结果表明:当网囊网目内径为25 mm时,网囊与套网内脊腹褐虾的体长范围在30～80 mm之间,其中网囊内虾的优势体长在46～70 mm之间,套网内虾的优势体长在41～60 mm之间;50%选择体长L0.5为50.53 mm,选择范围SR为9.86 mm;逃逸虾的平均存活率为96.25%.     

广东大鹏湾虾拖网网囊网目选择性研究

虾拖网渔业是南海海域重要的作业方式之一,但尚未有关该渔业网目尺寸选择性的报道。为评价虾拖网渔具的渔获性能、合理利用虾类资源,在广东大鹏湾进行了网目选择性试验。试验采用双支架虾拖网作为试验网具,并使用套网法估算了网目内径为35、40和45 mm的网囊对主捕虾类的选择性。结果显示,虾类渔获中刀额新对虾、须赤虾、周氏新对虾和日本囊对虾渔获数量较多,比较以往资料,刀额新对虾和周氏新对虾优势体长、平均体长均有所下降,其它2种虾类平均体长未见明显变化;选择性分析结果显示,主捕虾类的L50随网目尺寸线性增大。根据试验结果并结合历史资料,笔者认为现阶段35 mm的网囊网目尺寸对于保护上述4种虾类资源是比较合适的。     

南海北部拖网30．3mm方形网目网囊的渔获选择性分析

根据1997年10月和2000年11月在南海北部珠江口以外传统拖网渔场进行的网目选择性试验资料,分析了网目内径为30·3mm的方形网目网囊对南海北部多种渔获的选择性能。结果表明,这种规格的方目网囊平均尾数逃逸率为29·76%,平均重量逃逸率为8·46%;出现在套网中的经济种类少、数量少,条尾绯鲤、金线鱼、多齿蛇鲻、大头狗母鱼4种鱼的尾数和重量分别占套网抽样渔获的95·4%和86·0%;网囊中带鱼、长尾大眼鲷、黄鳍马面鲀、白姑鱼、深水金线鱼等鱼种的体长小于可捕标准的个体尾数比例均超过或接近50%,枪乌贼、乌贼、乌鲳等幼鱼尾数比例达90%以上,多齿蛇鲻和金线鱼50%选择体长均未达到最低可捕标准,表明该种规格网囊对多数经济种类幼体的损害比较严重。总体来说,使用该规格的方目网囊作业不利于南海北部多数种类资源的繁殖、恢复及其可持续利用,不利于海洋生物多样性保护。     

东、黄海带鱼分种问题的初步研究

1972年杨鸿嘉根据对下颌齿和关节骨的研究,将东、黄海的带度(Trichiurus leptu-rus)分为“枪型齿带鱼”(T.lepturus auriga)和“钩型齿带鱼”(T.lepturus lepturus)。1977年李信徹等人又把带鱼分为“瘦带鱼”(T.japonicus)和“肥带鱼”(T.lepturus)两种。为弄清东、黄海带鱼的分种问题,本文作者自1982年春至1984年夏,于28～33°N,123～126°E海区采集完好的带鱼标本586尾,重复了二人的工作,对鱼体量度进行了协方差分析,并对下颌齿型、关节骨、鳃耙等作了综合研究。研究的结果表明:东、黄海带鱼只有一个种,即T.lepturusLinnaeus 1768;杨、李二人所定的两个种,或两个亚种(型),就是同一个种。     

东海带鱼摄食习性、饵料基础及与渔场的关系

本文对东海主要渔场中带鱼Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus的摄食习性、饵料浮游生物的群落结构及数量分布等进行了阐述和分析，并对其与渔场间的关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明，东海带鱼是一种以磷虾等甲壳动物和小型鱼类等为主食，并兼食头足类、毛颚动物等的杂食性鱼类。研究结果还阐明浮游动物生物量及磷虾等的数量分布同东海带鱼渔场的位置变化和鱼群移动的关系密切，其中冬、春季浙江南部近海渔场；夏、秋季长江口及海礁、舟山等渔场，其关系尤为明显。     

Effect of thin twine on gill net size-selectivity analyzed with the direct estimation method

ABSTRACT: To analyze the effect of thin twine on gill net size selectivity, a series of fishing experiments using gill nets of two twine thicknesses (no. 0.8 of 0.16 mm diameter and no. 3 of 0.28 mm diameter) and three nominal mesh sizes (41 mm, 46 mm and 51 mm) was conducted in outdoor water tanks containing a rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) population of known size frequency. For nets of the same nominal mesh size, mesh openings of the no. 0.8 twine nets were approximately 2 mm larger than those of the no. 3 twine nets. The effects of both mesh opening and twine thickness are combined in the conventional analysis with the selectivity curve against fish length. Selectivity against the ratio of fish girth to mesh perimeter was calculated to avoid the direct effect of changes in mesh openings due to twine diameter at the same nominal mesh size. Results demonstrated that the thinner twine gill net was more likely to capture rainbow trout of smaller girth than the mesh perimeter. Fish with girths smaller than the mesh perimeter were often retained by the net with its body tangled by the thinner twine, possibly due to the increased flexibility of the thinner twine.     

Size selective capture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in floating pots

Little is known about the size selectivity of cod in static fishing gears such as pots and traps. In this field study, floating fishing pots were equipped with 40, 45 and 50 mm square mesh escape windows in order to estimate the size selectivity of cod at different mesh sizes. Relationships between selectivity parameters and mesh size, as well as an optimal mesh size for the escape window with respect to current minimum landing size of cod in the Baltic Sea were sought. The results show that the floating pot is not only species selective when used in the Baltic Sea cod fishery, the implementation of an escape window reduced the proportion of undersized bycatch in the pots by more than 90%. The estimated length at 50% retention was found to be a direct function of fish body length (girth) and mesh size of the escape window, while the estimated selection range remained unchanged regardless of mesh size. Optimal mesh size, with respect to the length at 50% retention and current minimal landing size of 38 cm in the Baltic, was determined to be 45 mm. Strong indications (significant on the 0.01 probability level in the case of 50 and 40 mm escape windows) suggested that the relative fishing power of the pots increased with the implementation of an escape window. This result could be explained as a “saturation effect”, i.e. the probability of cod entering the pot is likely to be negatively dependent on cod density in the pot. The high species selectivity and the low catch rate of undersized fish have consolidated the floating pots position as a highly benign fishing method and the foremost alternative gear for the future coastal cod fishery in the Baltic Sea.     

Mesh selection in a sea trout, Salmo trutta L., commercial seine net fishery

Abstract The length distribution of adult sea trout, Salmo trutta L., from a commercial seine net fishery using a nominal minimum mesh size of 50 mm or 102 mm is described. The smaller mesh size captured sea trout larger than 210 mm whilst the larger mesh size caught sea trout mainly above 400 mm, with no fish below 320 mm. A sea trout length/ girth relationship is described, and coupled with biological data allowed the calculation of mesh sizes for the appropriate escapement of different sea ages of sea trout.     

A meta‐analysis of haddock size‐selection data

Many jurisdictions have introduced management regimes prohibiting or limiting discarding, and a key objective of the European Union Common Fisheries Policy is the gradual elimination of discards. One way of reducing the catch of unwanted fish is to use more size‐selective gears. Gear‐based management options can best be explored using models that predict size selection across a wide range of variables related to gear design. Such a model is developed for haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) through a meta‐analysis of 21 trials of codend selection and 19 trials of the combined selection of the codend and a square mesh panel. Individual‐haul estimates of the 50% retention length (l₅₀) and the selection range (SR) are related to a set of explanatory variables through a structural model that describes the dual process of panel and codend selection. Codend l₅₀ and SR are positively related to codend mesh size and negatively related to the codend twine diameter. Codend l₅₀ is also negatively related to the number of open meshes around the codend circumference. Panel l₅₀ increases with panel mesh size. The panel contributes more to gear selection as it is moved closer to the codline. The panel is most effective between November and January and least between May and July, periods which broadly coincide with peak and poor haddock condition. The results are illustrated for a typical trawler targeting haddock in the Scottish whitefish sector, and the utility of the model for gear design and legislation is discussed.     

Square‐mesh codend length and selectivity in southeastern Australian stow nets

Abstract The relationship between the amount of square mesh in codends and selectivity was investigated for an Australian penaeid stow‐net fishery. Three lengths (3, 2 and 1 m) of square‐mesh codend made from 27‐mm mesh hung on the bar were alternately tested with a conventional 34‐mm diamond‐mesh design during two covered‐codend experiments. Compared with the conventional codend, the square‐mesh configurations incrementally selected school prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi (Haswell) across narrower selection ranges (SR) and mostly at greater sizes at 50% retention (L₅₀), while retaining fewer fish. Irrespective of the mesh configuration or square‐mesh codend length, there were significant differences between experiments (attributed to water flow) and impacts of catch weight on the selectivity of school prawns. Both variables had a negative relationship with L₅₀, while water flow similarly affected SR. This study reaffirms the utility of square‐mesh codends as a key input control for managing the selectivity of penaeid‐catching gears.     

东海带鱼生殖和补充特征的变动

根据1986—2000年对东海和南黄海渔获带鱼的生物学基础调查，利用世代分析方法计算了东海带鱼的资源数量，分析了东海带鱼生殖和补充特征的变动状况，同时研究了环境与带鱼补充量变动的关系。结果表明，随着捕捞压力的增大，东海带鱼的最小成熟体长、产卵亲体的平均体长、平均体重组成进一步缩小，个体繁殖力提高而卵径变小；实行伏季休渔后，东海带鱼的补充群体数量大幅度增加，单位亲体的补充量比伏休前增加45％～60％，证明了伏季休渔的生态效益；带鱼补充群体数量与亲体数量、海中温度、伏休时间成正比。目前东海带鱼的亲体数量仍显不足，应进一步减少对带鱼的捕捞强度。     

Effects of codend circumference and twine diameter on selection in south-eastern Australian fish trawls

Two experiments, done in a south-eastern Australian trawl fishery targeting school whiting (Sillago flindersi: Sillaginidae), examined the relative efficiencies and selectivities of five codends and extension sections made from double-twine, 90-mm (inside stretched length) mesh netting. All extension sections were made from 3-mm diameter twine and were 100 meshes long and 100 meshes in circumference, while the codends were 25 meshes in length. The first experiment tested three codends made from 4-mm diameter twine: one with a circumference of 100 meshes and two of 200-mesh circumference, with one of the latter incorporating two cross-sectional joins in its extension piece. The second experiment compared two 200-mesh circumference codends, one constructed from 3-mm diameter twine and the other from 5-mm diameter twine. The codends were alternately fished with a small-meshed control. The results showed a general trend of reduced selection by the 200-mesh circumference and thicker twined codends, and especially by the industry-preferred 200-mesh circumference codend constructed from 5-mm diameter twine. Experiment 1 found that the 100-mesh codend caught significantly fewer school whiting, retained catch and total catch than did the two 200-mesh codends, and the 200-mesh codend with the modified extension section caught significantly fewer school whiting and retained catch than did the 200-mesh codend with the straight extension. In the second experiment, the 200-mesh 5-mm twine codend caught significantly more total and retained catch, school whiting, and longspine flathead (Platycephalus longispinis: Platycephalidae) than did the 200-mesh 3-mm twine codend. Across all codends, the smallest lengths at 50% probability of retention (L₅₀) were estimated for longspine flathead, redfish (Centroberyx affinis: Berycidae) and longfin gurnard (Lepidotrigla argus: Triglidae) in the 5-mm 200-mesh codend. The limited size range of school whiting resulted in unreliable estimation of selectivity in the 200-mesh 5-mm twine codend, but this design was the only one that retained a substantial proportion of individuals below the minimum marketable length (15 cm fork length). While the 200-mesh 5-mm twine codend retained commercial quantities of school whiting, it seems far from optimal. It is suggested that a more efficient design comprising possibly smaller, square-shaped meshes should be developed and used in conjunction with temporal, spatial and catch restrictions.