苜蓿草捆含水量、密度及尿素对其质量的影响

研究不同含水量、密度和尿素处理对苜蓿草捆质量的影响,结果表明:第一茬苜蓿打捆贮藏100 d后,在苜蓿含水量为33.08%条件下,随草捆密度减少,其酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、粗纤维含量降低;在苜蓿含水量为21.16%条件下,随草捆密度减少,其酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、粗纤维含量升高。苜蓿含水量33.08%的不同处理草捆都有升温现象,草捆温度随密度增加而升高;高温持续时间也不同,密度增加高温持续时间长;添加尿素具有降低草捆温度并缩短高温持续时间的作用。苜蓿含水量22.16%的不同处理草捆都无升温现象发生。为了获得优质苜蓿草捆,应以制作高水分低密度加尿素(33.08%、250.3kg/m³、2.5%)和低水分高密度(21.16%、393.6 kg/m³)草捆为主。     

复合型天然防霉剂对苜蓿干草贮藏期营养价值的影响

为探索苜蓿(Medicago sativa)干草捆贮藏的最佳方式,以氧化钙(CaO)、陈皮、沸石粉为原料配制复合型天然防霉剂,并以草原2号苜蓿为材料,对复合型天然防霉剂在苜蓿干草贮藏期营养价值的影响进行了研究.结果表明:在整个贮藏过程中,FR处理(压扁结合喷施2.%碳酸钾进行田间晒制,干草含水量为28%～30%,添加复合型天然防霉剂)较其他各处理其营养成分含量损失较少,粗蛋白(Crude protein,CP)含量由打捆初期的19.21%降至18.17%,整个贮藏过程中CP含量仅下降了 1.04%,较其他各处理CP损失最少;中性洗涤纤维(Nutral deter-gent fibre,NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fibre,ADF)在贮藏后含量为1.13%,39.4%,显著低于其他各处理,粗脂肪(Ether extract,EE)、粗纤维(Curde fiber,CF)在贮藏过程中变化相对较小.     

近红外光谱法预测紫花苜蓿草捆的营养品质和消化率

优质牧草苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品质的优劣和消化率的高低能在很大程度上影响畜牧业的发展。为探讨近红外光谱技术(NIRS)预测苜蓿草捆中营养成分和消化率的可行性,本试验采集来自我国苜蓿主产区的苜蓿草捆样品229份,利用改进的偏最小二乘法(MPLS),结合不同光谱处理和数学参数设置,建立苜蓿营养品质和消化率的近红外预测模型。结果表明:相对饲喂价值(relative feed value,RFV),中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF),酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)和粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)的模型能用于实际含量的分析;半纤维素(Hemicellulose)和干物质体外消化率(In vitro dry matter disappearance,IVDMD)的交叉验证相对分析误差(relative prediction deviation for cross validation,RPDCV)值介于2.5~3之间,能够用于粗略分析,需要对定标集样品进一步扩充和完善以提高预测的准确度。试验初步建立了苜蓿草捆品质的定量分析模型,补充了我国苜蓿草捆营养品质数据库,为苜蓿草产品的生产、流通及动物饲料配方的制定提供了数据支持。     

沿海滩涂地区不同栽培措施对禾本科牧草产量及品质的影响

为探讨沿海滩涂地区牧草高产栽培技术,以4种禾本科牧草为材料,研究了3种不同的栽培措施对不同饲草品种的饲草产量和品质的影响.结果表明:覆秸秆与添加保水剂处理饲草的产量和叶/茎比显著高于对照(P＜0.05).同一品种,覆秸秆处理饲草的可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、粗蛋白(CP)、干物质体外消化率(IVDMD)和体外可消化干物质产量最高,粗灰分(Ash)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量最低,品质最好,其次是添加保水剂处理,对照最差.不同品种之间的饲草产量和品质差异显著(P＜0.05),其中青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)和高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum s     

施肥对野生大豆饲草产量和品质的影响

研究N、P、K肥单施与混施对野生大豆(Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.)生长发育、饲草产量和品质的影响。结果表明:单施与混施者,野生大豆干草产量比对照分别高34.5%和77.3%;单施干草产量比对照分别提高31.7%、48.2%和23.5%;N、P、K混施或N、P混施,分别比对照提高104.6%和93.2%;单施P、K,株高分别为27.3和25.3cm,冠高分别比单施N肥高11.3和11 cm;单施N、P、K,饲草粗蛋白质(CP)含量在现蕾期和盛花期与对照间差异不显著,但结荚期则差异显著(P<0.05);中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量与对照间差异不显著;N、P、K混施则能显著提高饲草CP含量,比对照提高21%,而NDF和ADF含量则分别下降12%和11%;综上所述,N、P、K混施比单施更有利于提高野生大豆的饲草产量和品质。     

柠檬酸对苜蓿干草捆营养品质与霉菌数量的动态影响

为探讨添加柠檬酸对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)干草防霉效果的影响,并确定其最佳用量,本试验以翻晒过后的苜蓿干草为材料,添加不同量的柠檬酸(0%,1%,2%与3%),晾晒至20%含水量后打捆贮藏,于贮藏0,20,30,40,50与60 d取样测定其营养品质与霉菌数量的变化。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长,粗蛋白质(Crude protein, CP)、可溶性碳水化合物(Water soluble carbohydrate, WSC)、粗脂肪(Ether extract, EE)含量和相对饲喂价值(Relative feeding value, RFV)呈逐渐降低的趋势,中性洗涤纤维(Neutral detergent fiber, NDF)与酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fiber, ADF)含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,霉菌数量呈抛物线升高趋势。与对照组相比,添加2%与3%柠檬酸,贮藏60 d的CP含量和RFV值显著增加(P<0.05),不同贮藏时期的霉菌数量显著降低(P<0.05)。通过隶属函数综合评价发现,贮藏期为60 d时,3%柠檬酸处理的综合价值最高。...     

3种胡枝子牧草品质评价

尖叶胡枝子、达乌里胡枝子和二色胡枝子分枝期——结实期茎叶比分别为1：2．48～1：0．73、1：2．44～1：0．66和1：1．34～1：0．57；开花期蛋白质含量分别为11．33％～12．84％、11．66％～12．75％和6．81％～10．47％；粗纤维分别为33．87％～37．09％、34．26％～35．04％和37．76％～45．47％；尖叶胡枝子的分枝、孕蕾、开花和结实4个时期粗蛋白质含量为11．12％～15．08％、粗脂肪为1．69％～2．48％、粗纤维22．83％～33．87％、无氮浸出物37．61％～49．13％、钙1．61％～1．98％、磷0．88％～1．22％、胡萝卜素20．75～94．47mg／kg。     

Effect of Yeast Culture Supplementation on Digestibility of Varying Forage Quality in Mature Horses

Supplementation of yeast culture to equine diets has improved digestion of nutrients in some studies but not others. Improving the digestibility of lower-quality forages could be advantageous both for the producer and for the horse's health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of yeast culture on digestibility of high- and low-quality forage in mature horses. Sixteen geldings (483.6 ± 25.5 kg and 6.8 ± 3.2 years), of Quarter Horse (n = 14) and Thoroughbred (n = 2) breeding, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-day treatment periods. Russell Bermuda grass hay of either high (13.1% crude protein (CP), 73.1% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 35.3% acid detergent fiber (ADF), and 6.0% ash) or low (8.1% CP, 75.3% NDF, 37.6% ADF, and 4.3% ash) quality was offered at 1.35% of body weight (BW, dry matter [DM] basis). Diets consisted of high-quality forage with the addition of yeast culture (HY), high-quality forage without yeast culture (HC), low-quality forage with the addition of yeast culture (LY), and low-quality forage without yeast culture (LC). All horses were fed a commercial grain mix (12.6% CP, 25.4% NDF, 12.1% ADF, and 4.0% ash) offered at 0.45% of BW (DM basis) daily. Yeast culture was added to the grain mix during the morning feeding at a rate of 56 g per horse. Body weight was measured weekly and feed intake was adjusted accordingly. Fecal samples were obtained every 6 hours on the last 3 days of each treatment period. Horses receiving low-quality hay (LY and LC) had greater (P < .01) intake expressed as a percentage of BW compared with horses receiving high-quality hay (HY and HC). No influence of yeast culture supplementation was seen on intake of grain or forage (P < .23 and P < .62, respectively). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), CP, and NDF were greater (P < .01, P < .01, P < .01, and P < .01, respectively) for the diets with high-quality forage compared with the diets with low-quality forage. Dry matter, CP, and NDF digestibilities were greater (P < .09, P < .03, and P < .05, respectively) for horses receiving LY compared with LC. Supplementation of yeast culture to mature horses improved digestibility of lower-quality Bermuda grass hay.     

模拟氮沉降和收获期对秋萌东方旱麦草生长与饲用品质的影响

短命植物东方旱麦草(Eremopyrum orientale)广泛分布于新疆北部,适时萌发,有助于缓解春季饲草短缺。为探究氮沉降和收获期对秋萌东方旱麦草生长与饲用品质的影响,本试验采用人工模拟方式,设置0 kg·ha^-1·a^-1,30 kg·ha^-1·a^-1,60 kg·ha^-1·a^-13个氮添加处理和2个收获时期(拔节孕穗期和开花期),分析不同处理下秋萌东方旱麦草生长指标和饲用品质指标变化。结果表明：在30 kg·ha^-1·a^-1,60 kg·ha^-1·a^-1氮添加条件下,秋萌东方旱麦草的株高、叶长、叶宽、分蘖数、茎粗、平均地上鲜重、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均高于0 kg·ha^-1·a^-1;同时,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量降低。与第一收获期相比,第二收获期东方旱麦草粗蛋白含量显著降低,中、酸性洗涤纤维与粗脂肪含量升高,平均地上生物量无差异。综合考虑东方旱麦草秋萌株的生长与饲用品质,在第一收获期(拔节孕穗期)和60 kg·ha^-1·a^-1氮添加下可获得最优饲草,但30 kg·ha^-1·a^-1较低水平氮沉降也能显著提升其生产力与饲用品质。     

饲用谷子在环渤海盐碱旱地的生产性能及饲用品质评价

为揭示环渤海盐碱旱地不同饲用谷子（Setaria italica）的生产潜力,本研究通过2年的栽培试验,比较了23个饲用谷子的产量性状、农艺性状、营养成分指标,并采用标准差系数赋予权重法及粗饲料分级指数（Grading index,GI）对不同饲用谷子进行了综合评价分析。结果表明,不同饲用谷子品种间的各性状指标均存在显著差异。‘武安莠谷杂交-1-1’、‘HG001’、‘印90-39’、‘古川粟’、‘邯郸莠谷-11’、‘印度0907’干草产量能达到11 000 kg·hm^-2及以上;‘承03-992’、‘饲草4号-4’、‘衡谷15号’、‘豫谷18号’、‘大同37号’、‘邯郸莠谷-11’、‘K3201’粗饲料分级指数在12.45以上,饲用品质优良;结合抗倒性综合评价,以‘邯郸莠谷-11’、‘衡谷15号’、‘印度0906’、‘太选2号’较好。因此,在环渤海盐碱旱地种植饲用谷子具有可行性,可优先推广‘邯郸莠谷-11’、‘衡谷15号’、‘印度0906’和‘太选2号’。     

补播禾草对退化苜蓿草地生产性能及牧草品质的影响

针对宁夏半干旱区7龄以上苜蓿(Medicago sativa)草地退化导致的牧草产量低、品质差等问题,本试验采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、披碱草(Elymus nutans)、苇状羊茅(Festuca arundi-nacea)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、鸭...     

Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Simple Sugar and Fructan Composition of Orchardgrass Pasture and Hay in the Piedmont Region of the United States

Seasonal and diurnal changes in water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (ESC), as well as in chromatographic profiles of the sugars comprising these categories, were studied in orchardgrass pastures at one location in the Piedmont region of Virginia. Grass from four experimental plots was sampled weekly in the morning and afternoon over an 8-week period (early to late spring). Tissue was air-dried to simulate hay, or frozen to preserve the sugar profiles of fresh pasture. WSC and ESC were assayed colorimetrically. To profile sugars, boiled-water extracts were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to pulsed amperometric detection. Fructan, glucose, fructose, and sucrose were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. All sugar concentrations were highest in the early spring in both fresh and dried tissue. Fructan chain length was highest in early spring as well. Significant diurnal differences were observed for WSC and fructan, on some dates (P < .0001 and P = .024, respectively), and for ESC, glucose, and sucrose averaged over the entire period (P = .0002, .004, and <.0001, respectively). Sucrose was barely detectable in fresh tissue but reached 1.6% to 12% dry matter in dried tissue. These results demonstrate changes in orchardgrass carbohydrates over a season, within a day, and between dried and fresh herbage. Understanding these changes may be helpful in the management of horses with a history of insulin resistance and laminitis.     

高寒地区优良牧草引种试验研究

通过对日本燕麦、哈尔曼燕麦、野燕麦、大麦、青稞、小麦等品种的引进对比试验,选出了适应巴音布鲁克高寒地区的优质、高产草种。     

不同耕作方式对麦茬复种饲草干草产量的影响

在山西小麦主产区临汾市、晋中市采用免耕和传统耕作方式,麦茬复种饲用玉米、高丹草及饲用高粱等10个品种,通过其生产性能分析确定麦茬饲草的种植模式。结果表明,利用麦茬休闲地种植饲料作物,其生育期一般都较春播的时间短,且各个生育期间隔时间也缩短。在免耕条件下,10种饲草的平均干草产量显著高于传统耕作的干草产量,临汾试验区和晋中试验区其干草产量分别增产1747kg/hm2和2939kg/hm2。     

不同干燥失水方式对牧草营养品质影响的研究

以内蒙古温带典型草原羊草、紫花苜蓿和混合种为研究对象,分析了不同干燥失水方式对不同刈割期牧草营养品质的影响.结果表明从粗蛋白质、胡萝卜素营养上看,以人工快速干燥失水方式最佳,其次为风干失水方式,平摊晒干失水方式最差;从可溶性糖营养上看,以人工快速干燥失水方式最佳,其次为平摊晒干失水方式,风干失水方式最差.     

不同干燥失水方式对云南温带优良牧草营养品质的影响研究

采用迅速烘干、太阳晒干和缓慢烘干3种处理对云南温带21个牧草品种的鲜草进行干燥处理,分别测定干草的营养成分。结果表明:以干草的粗蛋白含量为指标,干燥方法以迅速烘干为佳,其次是太阳晒干,最差是缓慢烘干;从干草的粗脂肪考虑,其变化无规律,因牧草品种的不同而不同;其余指标变化不大。     

不同基肥对弃荒地牧草产量和质量的影响

在贪瘠的弃荒地使用不同组合的基肥探讨对牧草产量和质量的影响。结果表明,在相同的肥水管理条件下,以“复合肥 牛粪 石灰”基肥组合(A处理),可使多花黑麦草(特高)、多年生黑麦草(保利)的年产草量分别比“猪粪 牛粪 石灰”的基肥组合(B处理)提高10.6%和29.2%,差异显著(p<0.05);粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分分别有所提高;粗纤维、无氮浸出物有所降低。     

The Effect of Moisture Addition with a Mold Inhibitor on Pellet Quality,Feed Manufacture,and Broiler Performance

Three different inclusion levels of a moisture-mold inhibitor mixture (0, 1, and 2%) were added to corn- and soybean-based diets at the mixer as top-dressing additions, and diets were processed at a commercial and a pilot milling facility. Diets were then evaluated according to feed manufacturing variables, pellet quality, broiler performance, and TME_n. Moisture-mold inhibitor additions resulted in an increase in moisture percentages directly after manufacture. After a 2-d storage period, no differences in moisture percentage were detected in diets manufactured at the pilot mill; however, this was not true for diets manufactured commercially. Pellet durability was increased with moisture-mold inhibitor inclusion for the feed processed at the commercial mill, but not for the feed processed at the pilot mill. Relative electrical energy use decreased numerically with increasing levels of moisture-mold inhibitor added to feed processed at the pilot mill. The 1 and 2% diets manufactured commercially resulted in improvements in BW, live weight gain, and FCR, but not the diets manufactured at the pilot mill. There were no differences in TME_n values among treatments, regardless of the manufacturing location. These findings indicate that moisture-mold inhibitor addition has the potential to improve broiler performance and decrease production costs, but improvement depends on the milling technique.     

不同种牧草的产量和品质

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸定位站以一年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、小黑麦(Triticale hexaploide)、燕麦(Avena sativa)和垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)为研究对象,对其产草量、牧草营养品质进行测定,以探讨不同牧草的产量和品质。结果表明:小黑麦干草产量为1345.50 g·m^-2,显著高于一年生黑麦草(974.93 g·m^-2)、垂穗披碱草(301.75 g·m^-2)和燕麦(329.60 g·m^-2)。小黑麦产量是垂穗披碱草和燕麦干草产量的4~4.5倍,是黑麦草干草产量的1.4倍。垂穗披碱草粗蛋白(CP)含量显著高于一年生黑麦草和小黑麦(P<0.05),一年生黑麦草粗蛋白(CP)含量最小。单位面积粗蛋白(CP)产量、粗脂肪(EE)产量、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)产量和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)产量以一年生黑麦草最高,显著高于小黑麦、垂穗披碱草和燕麦(P<0.05)。     

不同刈割期对饲用小黑麦草产量和营养品质的影响

为了筛选湖南地区饲用小黑麦（Triticale Wittmack）的最佳刈割时期,本试验研究了2个小黑麦品种（‘中饲1048’,‘冀饲2号’）和2个小黑麦新品系（‘中饲3297’,‘中饲1257’）在3个刈割期（拔节期,灌浆期,成熟期）的农艺性状、草产量和营养品质。结果表明：不同刈割期小黑麦的株高、分蘖数、绿叶数、鲜草和干草产量均存在显著差异,灌浆期的鲜草和干草产量（46.92和12.97 t·hm^-2）最高,拔节期的绿叶数（4.10片）最多,成熟期的株高（176.76 cm）最高,分蘖数（329.17万个·hm^-2）最多。不同刈割期小黑麦的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、中（酸）性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素和可溶性糖含量均存在显著差异,随着刈割期的推迟,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量逐渐下降,中（酸）性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素含量逐渐增加,可溶性糖含量逐渐下降。综合分析表明,饲用小黑麦的最佳刈割时期为灌浆期,此时鲜（干）草产量最高,营养品质较高。