金富36玉米新品种的选育

金富36玉米新品种是河南省驻马店市农业科学研究所育成的中晚熟品种。该品种在各级产量试验中表现为高产、稳产、抗病、高抗逆等特点，适宜河南省各玉米区种植。     

国审玉米新杂交种濮单6号的选育

濮单6号于1997年由河南省濮阳农科所育成,组合为P97×9444.2000～2002年在国家西南玉米区、西北春玉米区、东华北春玉米区和黄淮海夏玉米区的区试及生产试验中表现高产、稳产、优质、早熟、多抗,较对照农大108增产显著.适宜在我国西南、西北、东华北和黄淮海(河南、安徽、陕西等)玉米区推广种植。     

湖南省作物学会将于2015年起主持实施“湖南省玉米品种联合品比试验”

<正>本刊讯为促进湖南省玉米生产发展,湖南省作物学会根据玉米科研育种单位的要求,拟组织我省的玉米科研和承试单位,共同实施"湖南省玉米品种联合品比试验",以鉴定我省新选育和引进的玉米新品种,筛选一批优良品种向管理机构优先推荐参加省区试。玉米联合品比试验采取"自愿申请参加、公开公正试验,试验方案科学、监督管理到位,严格经费预算、收支基本平衡"的原则进行。2015年湖南省玉米品种联合品比试验方案已经制定,需要参试的单位     

玉米新品种豫玉31的丰产稳产性分析

对1997～1999年河南省玉米区试、生产试验结果分析表明,豫玉31属高产、稳产型玉米新杂交种,广泛适宜于黄淮海夏玉米区推广种植.由于其子粒品质优良,推广开发前景十分广阔。     

高产、优质、多抗玉米新杂交种济单94-2选育及推广应用

济单94-2是河南省济源市农业科学研究所于1994年以自育系济533为母本，外引系选京02为父本组配而成的玉米单交种。该品种属中秆大穗中熟品种，1997～2001年在河南省、国家区域试验、生产试验中表现出高产、稳产、优质、多抗、适应性强等特点。一般产量在7500kg／hm^2以上，适宜在黄淮海夏玉米区和西北春玉米区种植。     

玉米杂交新品种金富36的选育及栽培技术

金富36是驻马店市农业科学研究所2002年利用自选系驻14与驻12组配而成的杂交新品种,2008年3月通过河南省农作物品种审定委员会审定(豫审玉2008011).该品种生育期98 d,抗逆抗病性强,品质优良,适应性广.一般单产9 000～10 500 kg/hm2,适宜河南省各地春夏播玉米区种植.     

玉米新品种漯单9号的高产稳产性分析

对2002～2004年河南省玉米区域试验、生产试验及黄淮海夏玉米区域试验结果分析表明,漯单9号属高产、稳产型玉米新杂交种,广泛适宜于黄淮海夏玉米区推广种植。由于其子粒品质优良,推广开发前景十分广阔。     

优质青贮玉米中北410的选育及栽培技术

优质青贮玉米中北410是山西北方种业优质玉米所以SN915为母本,YH-1为父本杂交育成的单交种。该品种从出苗到适宜收获期(乳熟后期至蜡熟前期)需有效积温3 081.2℃.d左右,东北华北春玉米地区出苗至青贮收获111 d,比对照农大108晚3～5 d。在各级试验中表现为优质、高产、稳产、抗病、抗逆性强等特点。青贮玉米中北410适宜在北京、天津、河北北部、山西北部春玉米区及河北中南部夏播玉米区、福建中北部用作专用青贮玉米种植。矮花叶病高发区慎用。     

豫审濮单5号玉米的选育及特征特性

濮单5号(濮3612)是河南省濮阳农科所育成的玉米新杂交种,组合为P36×9212.该杂交种属中熟品种,表现高产、稳产、优质、多抗,需≥10℃积温2 400℃·d左右.1996～2001年在河南省各级产量试验中,产量较对照种增产9.0%～28.7%.该品种适宜在河南省夏玉米产区种植,种植密度以每公顷5.25万株左右为宜。     

高产、优质、多抗玉米新品种豫玉31的选育与示范推广

豫玉31(漯单97-1)是河南省漯河农科所用自选系漯12作母本,外引系丹340作父本育成的竖叶大穗中早熟玉米单交种.该品种夏播生育期96d.1997～1998年河南省夏玉米区域试验平均单产7695.0kg/hm²,比对照种豫玉12增产13.5%.两年20点次试验证明,该品种表现高产、稳产、优质、多抗、适应性广、增产潜力大,适宜在黄淮海夏玉米区套种或直播种植.种植密度45000～60000株/hm².制种时父母本同期播种或父本浸种后与母本同期播种,行比1:5～6。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).