17β-Estradiol Regulates Cultured Immature Boar Sertoli Cell Proliferation via the cAMP-ERK1/2 Pathway and the Estrogen Receptor β

Estrogen plays an important role in regulating Sertoli cell number in the testis. The objective of the study was to identify whether 17β-estradiol affected the proliferation of cultured, immature boar Sertoli cells via the estrogen receptor β （ERβ） and the cAMP-extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK1/2） pathway. Low levels （10-10-10-8 mol L-1） of 17β-estradiol increased cell number, but high levels （10-7-10-6 mol L-1） decreased it （P〈0.05）. Sertoli cell number began to recover for an additional 24 h in the medium without 17β-estradiol （10-6 mol L-l） （P〉0.05）. The effects of 17β-estradiol （10-9 mol L-1） peaked at the first 24 h （P〈0.05）. 17β-estradiol activated ERK1/2 from 5 min to 24 h, but the activiy of ERK1/2 began to decrease after 4 h. Both PD98059 and U0126, two ERK inhibitors, blocked cell division （P〈0.05）. 17β-estradiol （10-10-10-6 mol L-1） dose-dependently increased cAMP production （P 〈 0.05）, and both 17β-estradiol （10-9 mol L-1） and forskolin, which increases cAMP levels, induced cell proliferation and activated ERK1/2 （P〈 0.05）. Rp-cAMP, an antagonist of cAMP, blocked this 17β-estradiol activity （P〈 0.05）. Two estrogen receptor antagonists, ICI 182780 and ERβ antagonist （ERβAnt）, reduced Sertoli cell number, cAMP production and ERK1/2 activation （P〈 0.05）, but ERaAnt did not （P〉 0.05）. Therefore, 17β- estradiol mainly promotes pig Sertoli cell proliferation via ERβ to induce cAMP production and ERK activation to promote cell proliferation.     

FSH和17β-雌二醇联合作用对仔猪睾丸 支持细胞Skp2表达的调节

 【目的】确定FSH和雌激素联合作用是否可通过ERK1/2级联调节培养条件下未成熟仔猪睾丸支持细胞中Skp2的表达。【方法】以培养的仔猪睾丸支持细胞为试验材料,通过添加各种信号通路的抑制剂,应用Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR检测Skp2蛋白、mRNA的表达。【结果】FSH（50 ng·mL-1）和17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）联合作用时以时间依赖的方式促进了Skp2蛋白和mRNA的表达（P＜0.05）,这一作用在30 min时到达高峰;FSH（50 ng·mL-1）、17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）和forskolin单独作用均促进了Skp2蛋白和mRNA的表达（P＜0.05）,FSH（50 ng·mL-1）和17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）联合作用对Skp2表达的影响与FSH或17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）单独作用无显著差异（P≥0.05）,而环磷酸腺苷抑制剂（Rp-cAMP）、蛋白激酶A（PKA）抑制剂（H-89）、L-Ca2+离子通道抑制剂（verapamil）和ERK1/2抑制剂（U0126）单独作用时对Skp2蛋白和mRNA的表达与空白对照相比无显著影响（P＞0.05）,但都抑制了FSH（50 ng·mL-1）与17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）联合作用对Skp2蛋白和mRNA表达的影响（P＜0.05）。H-89、verapamil单独作用对ERK1/2（细胞外信号调节的蛋白激酶1/2）活性没有影响,但降低了FSH（50 ng·mL-1）和17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）联合作用对ERK1/2活性的影响。【结论】 FSH与17β-雌二醇联合作用激活了cAMP-PKA级联和Ca2+内流,而PKA和Ca2+内流又通过影响ERK1/2的活性进而影响Skp2的表达。     

17β-Estradiol Regulates SKP2 Expression in Cultured Immature Boar Sertoli Cells Mainly via Estrogen Receptor β, cAMP-PKA and ERK1/2

Estrogen plays an important role in regulating testicular Sertoli cell number. Furthermore, S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 （SKP2） plays a central role in mammalian cell cycle progression. The objective of this study was to determine whether 17β-estradiol can regulate the expression of SKP2, and the Sertoli cell cycle, via estrogen receptor β （ERβ）, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）-protein kinase A （PKA） and extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK1/2） pathway. When cultured immature boar Sertoli cells were treated with 17β-estradiol, a time-dependent increase in SKP2 mRNA and protein level was observed by real-time PCR and Western blot, and 17β-estradiol activity peaked at 30 min. Treatment with ICI182780 and ERβ antagonist reduced 17β-estradiol-induced expression of SKP2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）, while increasing the protein concentration of p27kip1. However, the effect of ERa antagonist on these parameters was lower than that of ICI 182780 and ERβ. Forskolin had a similar effect as 17β-estradiol on the expression of SKP2, PCNA and p27kip1, Rp-cAMP, H-89 and U0126 treatment reduced 17β-estradiol-induced changes, while H-89 also inhibited ERK1/2 activation. Therefore, 17β-estradiol mainly regulates SKP2 mRNA and protein expression via ERβ-cAMP-PKA and ERK1/2 activation. SKP2 and PCNA expression were positively correlated, while increased SKP2 expression likely resulted in p27kip1 degradation.     

解毒化瘀方对凝血酶合并缺氧诱导PC12细胞损伤ERK1/2信号通路表达的影响

目的 探讨急性缺血性中风（AIS）瘀毒病机的分子机制及解毒化瘀方对凝血酶合并缺氧损伤的保护作用。方法 （1）用凝血酶合并缺氧损伤PC12细胞,模拟急性缺血性中风的体外细胞模型。（2）将细胞分为空白组,模型组,解毒化瘀方含药血浆组和PD98059组（MEK抑制剂组）,应用荧光定量实时RT-PCR方法检测MEK1、PAR-1及ERK1/2的mRNA表达,应用免疫荧光法检测ERK1/2、P-ERK1/2的蛋白表达。结果 PCR结果提示：模型组MEK1、PAR-1及ERK1/2的mRNA表达与空白对照组相比显著升高（P<0.01）,解毒化瘀方组和PD98059组MEK1、PAR-1及ERK1/2的mRNA表达较模型组显著降低（P<0.01）,免疫荧光结果提示：解毒化瘀方组和PD98059组ERK1/2、P-ERK1/2的蛋白表达较模型组显著降低（P<0.01）。结论 解毒化瘀方以凝血酶为作用的分子靶点,能够显著降低ERK1/2信号通路在缺血性中风体外细胞模型中的表达。     

肉仔鸡卫星细胞氧化应激时MAPK信号通路

 【目的】在地塞米松(DEX)诱导骨骼肌卫星细胞氧化应激的体外条件下,筛选丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)信号系统中起关键作用的信号通路。【方法】 将体外培养的肉仔鸡胸肌骨骼肌卫星细胞(SCs)分别进行处理：Ⅰ、对照组;Ⅱ、DEX;Ⅲ、p38 MAPK抑制剂;Ⅳ、DEX+p38 MAPK抑制剂;Ⅴ、JNK抑制剂;Ⅵ、DEX+JNK抑制剂;Ⅶ、ERK5抑制剂;Ⅷ、DEX+ERK5抑制剂;Ⅸ、ERK1/2抑制剂;Ⅹ、DEX+ERK 1/2抑制剂。除处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ外,其它处理首先用抑制剂预处理30 min,弃去培养基后,再按处理设置分别加入含DEX的培养基或者正常培养基继续处理24 h。处理结束后,分别测定细胞培养液中丙二醛(MDA)、活性氧自由基(ROS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转酶(GST)含量或活性;同时采用RT-PCR方法检测通路蛋白及SOD与GST基因表达量。【结果】 抑制剂单独处理组MDA和ROS的产生量显著低于DEX处理(P＜0.05);DEX+ERK5抑制剂处理与DEX+ERK 1/2抑制剂处理的MDA和ROS产生量显著高于ERK 5抑制剂处理和ERK1/2抑制剂处理(P＜0.05); DEX+p38 MAPK抑制剂处理与 DEX+JNK抑制剂处理组的MDA和ROS产生量与p38 MAPK处理和JNK处理的差异不显著(P＞0.05)。抑制剂单独处理组的SOD和GST活性比DEX处理高(P＜0.01);DEX+ERK5抑制剂处理与 DEX+ERK 1/2抑制剂处理的SOD和GST活性极显著低于ERK5抑制剂处理组和ERK1/2抑制剂处理组(P＜0.01),DEX+p38 MAPK抑制剂处理与DEX+JNK抑制剂处理的SOD和GST活性与p38 MAPK抑制剂处理和 JNK抑制剂处理的差异不显著(P＞0.05)。基因表达结果表明,DEX能够抑制GST和SOD基因的表达,抑制率达37%以上。与抑制ERK5和ERK1/2通路不同,抑制p38 MAPK和JNK通路后,DEX对GST和SOD基因的表达无明显抑制作用。【结论】 在DEX诱导的肉仔鸡胸肌骨骼肌SCs产生的氧化应激过程中,p38 MAPK和JNK通路起着关键作用。     

In vivo receptor-mediated phosphorylation of a G protein in Dictyostelium

Extracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) serves multiple roles in Dictyostelium development, acting as a chemoattractant, a cell-cell signaling molecule, and an inducer of differentiation. The Dictyostelium G-protein alpha subunit G alpha 2 appears to be the major transducer linking the surface cAMP receptor to these intracellular responses. On stimulation of cells with cAMP, G alpha 2 is phosphorylated on one or more serine residues, resulting in an alteration of its electrophoretic mobility. Phosphorylation of G alpha 2 is triggered by increased occupancy of the surface cAMP receptor and is rapid and transient, coinciding with the time course of activation of physiological responses.     

Coherent atomic motions in a nanostructure studied by femtosecond X-ray diffraction

Reversible structural changes of a nanostructure were measured nondestructively with subpicometer spatial and subpicosecond temporal resolution via x-ray diffraction (XRD). The spatially periodic femtosecond excitation of a gallium arsenide/aluminum gallium arsenide superlattice results in coherent lattice motions with a 3.5-picosecond period, which was directly monitored by femtosecond x-ray pulses at a 1-kilohertz repetition rate. Small changes (DeltaR/R = 0.01) of weak Bragg reflexes (R = 0.005) were detected. The phase and amplitude of the oscillatory XRD signal around a new equilibrium demonstrate that displacive excitation of the zone-folded acoustic phonons is the dominant mechanism for strong excitation.     

Periodical cicadas as resource pulses in North American forests

Resource pulses are occasional events of ephemeral resource superabundance that occur in many ecosystems. Aboveground consumers in diverse communities often respond strongly to resource pulses, but few studies have investigated the belowground consequences of resource pulses in natural ecosystems. This study shows that resource pulses of 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) directly increase microbial biomass and nitrogen availability in forest soils, with indirect effects on growth and reproduction in forest plants. These findings suggest that pulses of periodical cicadas create "bottom-up cascades," resulting in strong and reciprocal links between the aboveground and belowground components of a North American forest ecosystem.     

Targeting of cyclic AMP degradation to beta 2-adrenergic receptors by beta-arrestins

Catecholamines signal through the beta2-adrenergic receptor by promoting production of the second messenger adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). The magnitude of this signal is restricted by desensitization of the receptors through their binding to beta-arrestins and by cAMP degradation by phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes. We show that beta-arrestins coordinate both processes by recruiting PDEs to activated beta2-adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. In doing so, the beta-arrestins limit activation of membrane-associated cAMP-activated protein kinase by simultaneously slowing the rate of cAMP production through receptor desensitization and increasing the rate of its degradation at the membrane.     

方波脉冲电场增强乳酸菌细胞通透性的条件优化

利用方波脉冲电场增强乳酸菌细胞通透性,通过将乳酸菌细胞离心,制成浓度为108cfu.mL-1菌悬液,采用不同方波电脉冲条件对其进行处理。结果表明,在0.5 mol.L-1蔗糖的等渗脉冲介质中,电场强度2.25kV.cm-1,脉冲宽度15μs,脉冲数5,间隔时间2 s,此时,乳酸菌细胞的存活率平均为78.24%,细胞内平均荧光强度为5 480。表明脉冲电场可有效增强乳酸菌细胞通透性。     

DISC1 and PDE4B are interacting genetic factors in schizophrenia that regulate cAMP signaling

The disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene is a candidate susceptibility factor for schizophrenia, but its mechanistic role in the disorder is unknown. Here we report that the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) is disrupted by a balanced translocation in a subject diagnosed with schizophrenia and a relative with chronic psychiatric illness. The PDEs inactivate adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), a second messenger implicated in learning, memory, and mood. We show that DISC1 interacts with the UCR2 domain of PDE4B and that elevation of cellular cAMP leads to dissociation of PDE4B from DISC1 and an increase in PDE4B activity. We propose a mechanistic model whereby DISC1 sequesters PDE4B in resting cells and releases it in an activated state in response to elevated cAMP.     

猪繁殖候选基因JERK2的电子克隆与生物信息学分析

利用生物信息学和比较基因组学方法对猪细胞外信号调节激酶2(Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2.ERK2)基因的结构、表达和功能进行了分析,结果表明:(1)电子克隆获得的猪ERK2基因cDNA全长1 803 bp,包括1 080bp的编码区和200 bp 5'UTR、523 bp 3'UTR,编码合成359个氨基酸的多肽;(2)猪ERK2基因CDS序列与人、小鼠和大鼠的同源性分别为94.6%、91.6%和91.3%,编码合成的猪ERK2与人、小鼠和大鼠之间的同源性也高达99.4%、98.9%和98.9%;(3)猪ERK2蛋白的相对分子质量为41 303.69 Da,不含信号肽,具有ATP结合位点、MAP激酶保守位点和丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶活性位点等结构域;(4)基于cDNA及EST数据库的检索显示,猪ERK2基因在卵巢、睾丸、肾上腺、眼、肺、淋巴、关节囊、副乳、未成熟的树突状细胞和脂肪细胞等组织和细胞中表达.     

An insulin-stimulated protein kinase similar to yeast kinases involved in cell cycle control

A protein kinase characterized by its ability to phosphorylate microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2), is thought to be an early intermediate in an insulin-stimulated phosphorylation cascade and in a variety of other mammalian cell responses to extracellular signals. A complementary DNA that encodes this protein serine-threonine kinase has been cloned, and the protein designated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1). ERK1 has striking similarity to two protein kinases, KSS1 and FUS3, from yeast. The yeast kinases function in an antagonistic manner to regulate the cell cycle in response to mating factors. Thus, ERK1 and the two yeast kinases constitute a family of evolutionarily conserved enzymes involved in regulating the response of eukaryotic cells to extracellular signals.     

2-辛亚砜-5,8-二甲氧基-1,4萘醌通过ROS/Akt通路诱导HepG2细胞凋亡

为研究修饰后的萘醌类衍生物对人肝癌细胞株HepG2诱导细胞凋亡作用及其机制。采用MTT、流式和Western blot方法观察2-辛亚砜-5,8-二甲氧基-1,4萘醌对人肝癌细胞的生长作用。结果表明:2-辛亚砜-5,8-二甲氧基-1,4萘醌可通过促进早期ROS水平升高,抑制Akt的磷酸化水平,并选择性地激活p38,ERK信号通路,从而抑制肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞的增殖并诱导其发生凋亡。     

猪繁殖候选基因ERK2的克隆、表达及基因多态分析

 【目的】ERK2基因在细胞增殖和分化调控以及启动卵巢排卵的分子信号等过程中发挥重要作用,是影响猪繁殖性状的重要候选基因。本试验对猪ERK2基因序列、基因结构、基因多态性及其表达规律进行初步研究。【方法】以大白猪为材料,采用RT-PCR方法克隆了猪ERK2基因,Real-Time PCR测定该基因在猪各组织器官中的分布,并对该基因的结构和多态性进行分析。【结果】从猪卵巢组织中克隆获得ERK2基因部分cDNA序列,长1 888 bp,包括一个1 080 bp的开放阅读框,编码359个氨基酸与预测的猪ERK2基因、已报道的人和小鼠等的ERK2基因高度相似;猪ERK2基因在各组织中表达广泛,其中脾脏是表达量最高的组织,在脂肪组织、前后腿肌中基本不表达;猪ERK2基因定位于14号染色体,全长在22 kb以上,包含9个外显子和8个内含子;对第2—9外显子及内含子外显子交界处的内含子序列进行序列突变检测,共检测到11个SNPs和1个插入缺失突变,但绝大部分的变异都是在内含子区域,仅有1个SNP发生于3′UTR区域。【结论】猪ERK2基因cDNA为1 888 bp,编码359个氨基酸残基;在猪各组织中广泛分布,以脾脏的表达量最高;该基因由9个外显子和8个内含子组成,基因保守性较高,共检测到11个SNP和1个插入缺失突变均不在编码区中。     

γ-亚麻酸在RAW264.7细胞中的抗炎症作用机制

[目的]探讨γ-亚麻酸（GLA）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的RAW264.7细胞产生炎症介质的影响及其机制。[方法]以体外培养的巨噬细胞系RAW264.7细胞为研究对象,待细胞生长至融合状态后加入不同浓度（0、12.5、25、50μmol/L）的GLA预孵4 h,利用100 ng/m l的脂多糖（LPS）刺激12.0 h或0.5 h,同时设空白对照和LPS对照,利用蛋白印迹法检测诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、环加氧酶-2（COX-2）蛋白的表达以及对IκBα、p-JNK/SAPK（Thr183/Tyr185）、p38 MAPK、p-p38 MAPK（Thr 180/Tyr182）、ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2的影响。[结果]GLA可以显著抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中iNOS和COX-2的蛋白表达（P〈0.05）,且在0~50μmol/L GLA浓度范围内存在剂量依赖关系。GLA可以显著抑制IκBα的降解（P〈0.05）,从而抑制NFκ-B的激活。GLA可以显著抑制LPS诱导的JNK1/2以及ERK1/2的磷酸化（P〈0.05）,对p38的磷酸化没有显著影响。[结论]GLA具有很好的消炎功效。抑制JNK1/2和ERK1/2的磷酸化、抑制NF-κB的激活可能是GLA发挥生物学效应的重要机制。     

Intracellular injection of cAMP induces a long-term reduction of neuronal K+ currents

Intracellular signals that trigger long-term (24-hour) changes in membrane currents in identified neurons of Aplysia have been examined in order to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying long-term sensitization. Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) was directly injected into individual sensory neurons to mimic the effects of sensitization training at the single cell level. Potassium currents of these cells were reduced 24 hours after injection of cAMP; these currents were similar to those reduced 24 hours after behavioral sensitization. These results suggest that cAMP is part of the intracellular signal that induces long-term sensitization in Aplysia.