新疆天山苔藓植物新记录及其地理分布

本文报道了新疆天山的１０种苔藓植物新记录：１．小叶管口苔Ｓｏｌｅｎｏｓｔｏｍａ ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ，２．短托柄花萼苔Ａｓｔｅｒｅｌｌａ ｙｏｓｈｉｍｎａｇａｎａ，３．大孢对叶藓Ｄｉｓｔｉｃｈｉｕｍ ｍａｃｒｏｐｏｒｕｍ。４．旱藓Ｉｎｄｕｓｉｅｌｌａ ｔｈｉａｎｓｃｈａｎｉｃａ。５．缨齿藓Ｊａｆｆｕｅｌｉｂｒｙｕｍ ｗｒｉｇｈｔｉｉ。６．钝叶紫萼藓Ｇｒｉｍｍｉａ ｏｂｔｕｓｉｆｏｌｉａ．７．陈     

十种藓类植物孢子萌发与原丝体发育的初步研究

对10种藓类植物（红蒴立碗藓、无疣墙藓、钟帽藓、短尖叶墙藓、中华细枝藓、柳叶藓、多褶青藓、狭叶绢藓、东亚绢藓）的成熟孢子在光照培养箱中进行人工培养，培养液为Knodson C培养液，对照组为自来水。在光学显微镜下描绘和照相记录了这10种藓类孢子萌发与原丝体发育的基本过程，并对孢子的萌发能力和时间，原丝体系统发育的类型、特点进行了分析和讨论。     

新疆天山大帽藓科植物的分类和分布

根据作者十余年来在新疆天山地区所采的标本,对大帽藓科植物进行整理研究,现知该地区有本科植物７种,高山大帽藓,尖叶大帽藓,剑叶大帽藓,西藏大帽藓,大帽藓,钝叶大帽藓和天山大帽藓（新拟）其中的天山大帽藓为近年在我国西北发现的一个新种,文中简要概述了每种的识别行征,生境和地理分布,并根据标本编制了新疆大帽藓属植物分种检索表,凭证标本中存于河北师范大学生物系植物标本室（ＨＢＮＵ）和新疆大学生物系植物标本室     

新疆阿尔金山真藓属植物蒴齿结构和孢子的形态观察

为探讨真藓属植物的蒴齿结构和孢子形态特征的分类学价值,本文通过扫描电子显微镜观察了采自阿尔金山国家级自然保护区18种真藓属植物的成熟孢蒴。结果表明：（1）外齿层齿片的形态、齿片外侧表面的纹饰、内齿层齿条的穿孔大小、基膜高低和齿毛发育程度等蒴齿结构特征以及孢子纹饰在真藓属的部分类群间具有较稳定的差异,又是种内相对稳定的性状,在属下类群的划分中具有重要的参考价值。（2）真藓属中发育较完全的蒴齿具相对较长的齿片、较高的基膜、较宽的齿条和带节瘤的齿毛,而较简单的蒴齿具较短的齿片、较低的基膜、较狭的齿条和退化的齿毛或无。（3）真藓属在阿尔金山较为丰富的物种多样性与该类群植物适于干燥环境中孢子散布和传播的蒴齿结构及孢子特征有密切关系。     

新疆丝瓜藓属(Pohlia Hedw.)的分类学修订

基于标本和文献,对新疆丝瓜藓属（Pohlia Hedw.）进行全面修订,更正了此前部分标本的错误鉴定,将卵蒴丝瓜藓(Pohlia proligera)和糙枝丝瓜藓(P.camptotrachela)从本区名录中移除,将多态丝瓜藓(P.minor)归并为丝瓜藓多态变种(P.elongata var.greenii)的异名,新增新疆丝瓜藓属新纪录2种：拟长蒴丝瓜藓(P.longicollis)和小丝瓜藓狭叶变种(P.crudoides var.revolvens)。[WTBZ]现已知新疆丝瓜藓属有8种,2变种,种数约占全国的1/3。通过分析各个种的识别特征、与相近种的区别和生境,编制了新疆丝瓜藓属分种检索表。     

新疆真藓属(Bryum Hedw.)新资料

通过经典分类学方法,对采自新疆各地的185号真藓属植物标本进行了整理、鉴定,报道新疆新记录2种:毛状真藓(Bryum apiculatum Schwaegr.)与近高山真藓(Bryum paradoxum Schwaegr.)。重新确定了曾有文献记载,但未见现存标本因而未加入新疆苔藓植物名录的:狭网真藓(Bryum algovicum Sendt.ex C.Müll.)与红蒴真藓(Bryum atrovirens Brid.)。并对新记录种的识别特征、生境及其地理分布作了阐述。根据识别特征绘制了狭网真藓、红蒴真藓与近高山真藓的墨线图。     

新疆苔藓植物的染色体观察

报道了进行苔藓植物细胞学研究的方法和５种新疆产的苔藓配子体生长点细胞有丝分裂中期的染色体数：（１）银藓Ａｎｏｍｏｂｒｙｕｍ ｆｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ（Ｄｉｃｋｓ．）Ｈｕｎｓｎ．,ｎ＝１０;（２）细叶真角藓Ｂｒｙｕｍ ｃａｐｉｌｌａｒｅ Ｌ．ｅｘＨｅｄｗ．,ｎ＝１０;（３）柔叶真藓Ｂｒｙｕｍ ｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｅ Ｈｏｏｋ．,ｎ＝１０;（４）牛角藓Ｃｒａｔｏｍｅｕｒｏｎ ｆｉｌｉｃｉｎｕｍ（Ｈｅｄｗ．）Ｓ     

进口朝鲜木料病害检疫及危险性评估

在进口朝鲜木料的检疫过程中，我们先后检出５种真菌病害：朽木镶孢霉Ｃｏｎｉｏｔｈｅｃｉｕｍｐｅｒｐｌｅｎｕｍ．葡萄孢菌Ｂｏｒｔｒｙｔｉｓｓｐ．、芽枝霉菌Ｃｌａｄｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｓｏ．、青霉菌Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍｓ．筒囊蓝污霉Ｃｅｒａｔｏｃｙｓｔｉｓｓｐ．。并且对货物的存放地点空气中孢子含量作了测定。这些虽属一般病害，但是由于病原菌基数很，２３小时每ｃｍ＾２孢子可侵染数量高达４４．６个。对存放地点的     

高粱霜霉病发生危害与病原菌鉴定

近年在宁夏高粱上发现一种新病害,经鉴定为大孢指疫霉引起的高粱霜霉病。与寄生在玉米、小麦、水稻上的大孢指疫霉３个变种Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａｍａｃｒｏｓｐｏｒａｖａｒ．ｍａｙｄｉｓｖａｒ．ｎｏｖ．,Ｓ．ｍａｃｒｏｓｐｏｒａｖａｒ．ｔｒｉｔｉｃｉｎａｖａｒ．ｎｏｖ和Ｓ．ｍａｃｒｏｓｐｏｒａｖａｒ．ｏｒｙｚａｅｖａｒ．ｎｏｖ．形态比较,寄生在高粱上的大孢指疫霉有性器官比寄生在玉米、小麦、水稻上３个变种都小,初步认为是一个新的变种。     

中国稗草病原真菌对稗草及水稻的致病性

从稗草病叶上分离到８种病原真菌,它们是：链格孢、棒弯孢、月弯孢、画眉草弯孢、橙黄树座霉、紫附球菌、Ｂｉｐｏｌａｒｉｓｓｃｈｏｅｍａｋｅｒ和尖角突脐孢。前４种病原菌对水稻有致病作用。在对水稻无致病作用的４种病原菌中,橙黄树座霉、紫附球菌和Ｂ．ｓｃｈｏｅｍａｋｅｒ对稗草的致病力弱,而尖角突脐孢对４．５叶期以下的稗草有极强的致病作用。寄主范围测定表明尖角突脐孢除了轻度侵染玉米幼苗,对其它主要作物如水稻、小麦、大豆、棉花、谷子、豌豆、芸豆、向日葵、芝麻、大麻无致病作用。本研究结果表明尖角突脐孢在我国可作为微生物除稗剂的候选菌     

Activity of extracts from Euphorbia species on the germination of Striga species

Aqueous extracts of fifteen Euphorbia species induced germination of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. seeds to varying extents. Extracts from E. supina Raf., E. pilulifera Jacq., E. acalyphoides Hochst. ex. Boiss, E. prunifolia (Jacq.) Hort. Schoent., E. hirta L., E. aegyptiaca Boiss, E. splendens Boj., and E. granulata Forsk, were the most active. Extracts from E. acalyphoides and E. pilulifera were inhibitory at high concentrations. Undiluted extracts from E. pilulifera, E. aegyptiaca and E. hirta induced haustorial initiation. The stimulatory substance(s) were widely distributed in plants of E. aegyptiaca. Extracts from E. aegyptiaca also stimulated seed germination and haustorial initiation in a range of Striga species and strains.     

Herbage mass, nutritive value and palatability of five grass weeds for cattle in the northern Tohoku region in Japan

The objective of this grazing study was to determine the herbage mass, nutritive value and palatability of five grass weed species ( Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Paspalum thunbergii Kunth, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. crus-galli ) as feeds compared with six forage cultivars ( Lolium perenne L., two Lolium multiflorum cultivars and three Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. cultivars). The herbage mass of weed species, with the exception of S. glauca , was most prevalent in August. The total amounts of herbage mass of weed species (except E. indica ) were close to those of the Lolium cultivars, but lower than those of the E. crus-galli cultivars. During the summer, weed species (except E. crus-galli var. crus-galli ) contained favorable levels of total digestible nutrients (TDN), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and mineral contents, and exhibited adequate calcium (Ca):phosphorus (P) ratios of 1:2. All weed species had the recommended ratios of potassium (K):(Ca + [magnesium] Mg) < 2.2:1. By autumn, the summertime levels of nutritive values (TDN, CP, ADF and NDF) in the weed species had severely deteriorated, in contrast with those of the forage cultivars. However, they maintained satisfactory mineral content levels and Ca:P and K:(Ca + Mg) ratios (with the exception of E. indica with poor Ca:P ratios and E. crus-galli var. crus-galli with poor P content and Ca:P ratios). All weed species were acceptable to cattle, although there were some differences in palatability among the species.     

柽柳属灌木集流造林技术研究

本文对兰州北山集流造林的九年生柽柳属十个种的保存率及生长状况进行了研究分析，筛选出适于当地生长的优良种为中国柽柳、多枝柽柳、密花柽柳、刚毛柽柳、异花柽柳和甘蒙柽柳共六种，为造林地树种选择提供了科学依据。     

我国主要的外来恶性杂草及防治技术

外来恶性杂草具有极强的适应能力、竞争能力和惊人的繁殖能力,一旦入侵,能排挤当地物种,蔓延迅速,很快成为优势种群。我国主要恶性杂草有紫茎泽兰、香泽兰、蔓泽兰、凤眼蓝、喜旱莲子草、刺花莲子草、大米草、豚草等。防治这些外来恶性杂草主要措施可以采用加强检疫、替代控制、农业及机械防除、人工防除、生物防治、化学防除,以及研究有害杂草的利用等手段进行综合治理。     

不同栽培方式对辣椒采后病害的影响

 比较了覆膜栽培与露地栽培对辣椒潜伏侵染病原菌种类及其在辣椒果实不同部位的分布,辣椒采后果实发病率,采后病害病原菌种类的影响。试验结果证明:覆膜栽培辣椒采前潜伏侵染带菌率比露地栽培降低了7.7倍;辣椒采前潜伏侵染菌在果柄、果蒂、果肉中均有分布,但以果蒂带菌率最高,发病率也以果蒂最高;辣椒贮前表面消毒可以显著降低辣椒采后病害的发生率;辣椒采后病害的病原菌有5种,即镰刀菌(Fusarium Link et Fr.)、交链孢菌(Alternaria alternata)、盘长孢状刺盘孢菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)、蔬菜软腐病菌(Erwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora)和黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus Link),其中主要病原菌为镰刀菌(Fusarium Link et Fr.)、盘长孢状刺盘孢菌(C.gloesporioides)和蔬菜软腐病菌(E.carotovora subsp.carotovora)。具有潜伏浸染特性的只有A.alternata、E.c.subsp.carotovora和C.gloeosporioides。     

A molecular phylogeny of wild and cultivated Echinochloa in East Asia inferred from non-coding region sequences of trnT-L-F

The phylogenetic relationship among 30 accessions belonging to nine species of the genus Echinochloa Beauv. was studied on the basis of the sequence of three non-coding regions ( trn T-L, trn L-F intergenic spacers, and trn L intron) of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). A strict consensus parsimonious tree of the three most parsimonious trees derived from 25 polymorphic sites (six indels and 19 substitutions) in the total sequences, ranging from 1715–1760 bp, represented five groups: (i) Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. and Echinochloa stagnina Beauv. from Thailand; (ii) Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. complex; (iii) Echinochloa crus-pavonis Schult; (iv) Echinochloa colonum Link. and Echinochloa frumentacea Link.; and (v) the African species, Echinochloa obtusiflora Stapf and Echinochloa stagnina . Japanese barnyard millet ( Echinochloa esculenta H. Scholz) and various weedy varieties of E. crus-galli and Echinochloa oryzoides Fritsch had quite similar sequences and formed the E. crus-galli complex, which was characterized by six substitutions. A cultivated form of E. oryzicola (Mosuo barnyard millet) and various morphological and agronomical forms of E. oryzicola were characterized by two indels. Indian barnyard millet ( E. frumentacea ) and its wild counterpart ( E. colonum ) were characterized by five substitutions. Domestication as millets and adaptation to paddy environments as mimic weeds might occur after the divergence of species in the Asian Echinochloa .     

Phytophthora species in oak ecosystems in Turkey and their association with declining oak trees

From 1999 to 2001, a survey on the occurrence of Phytophthora spp. in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and declining oak trees was conducted in 51 oak stands in Turkey. Seven Phytophthora spp. were recovered from six out of the nine oak species sampled: P .  cinnamomi , P .  citricola , P .  cryptogea , P .  gonapodyides , P .  quercina , Phytophthora sp. 1 and Phytophthora sp. 2. The most frequently isolated species, P .  quercina , was very common on slopes susceptible to drought. It occurred in four different climatic zones and on six Quercus spp., suggesting that it is native to oaks. The second most common species, P .  citricola , was separated into three subgroups: type C was recovered only in Anatolia, whereas A and B occurred only in the European part of Turkey. Phytophthora cinnamomi was recovered at one site only, and may not be involved in oak decline in Turkey. The other four species were recovered sporadically. On affected sites there was a significant association between deteriorating crown status and the presence of Phytophthora spp., particularly P .  quercina . The occurrence of Phytophthora species was significantly influenced by soil pH. Stem inoculation tests on oak seedlings revealed that Q .  petraea was the most susceptible species.     

基于高通量测序及分离培养初步研究美国大豆中真菌多样性

中国是全球最大的大豆进口国,进境大豆所携带的病原真菌传入我国的风险极高.基于高通量测序技术对6批美国大豆真菌多样性进行分析,同时采用分离培养获得单一菌株,依据菌落形态、显微结构及分子技术进行鉴定.高通量测序结果显示,大豆中所有真菌共计5门15纲35目63科112属155种,主要为链格孢属(Alternaria)、球腔菌...