Fossil evidence on origin of the mammalian brain

Many hypotheses have been postulated regarding the early evolution of the mammalian brain. Here, x-ray tomography of the Early Jurassic mammaliaforms Morganucodon and Hadrocodium sheds light on this history. We found that relative brain size expanded to mammalian levels, with enlarged olfactory bulbs, neocortex, olfactory (pyriform) cortex, and cerebellum, in two evolutionary pulses. The initial pulse was probably driven by increased resolution in olfaction and improvements in tactile sensitivity (from body hair) and neuromuscular coordination. A second pulse of olfactory enhancement then enlarged the brain to mammalian levels. The origin of crown Mammalia saw a third pulse of olfactory enhancement, with ossified ethmoid turbinals supporting an expansive olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, allowing full expression of a huge odorant receptor genome.     

单纯糖耐量受损者的内皮功能改变及危险因素分析

目的 探讨单纯糖耐量受损（I-IGT）者的内皮功能改变和危险因素的特点.方法 按2005年国际糖尿病联盟肥胖标准分肥胖和非肥胖组,选择I-IGT 83例（肥胖即D2亚组42例;非肥胖即D1亚组41例）,与糖耐量正常者142例（肥胖即N2亚组67例;非肥胖即N1亚组75例）作比较,做口服葡萄糖耐量试验及胰岛素释放试验,检测0nmin 、10 min、20 min、30 min、60 min、120 min血糖、免疫活性胰岛素,同时检测空腹血脂、游离脂肪酸、脂联素、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、血清内皮素（SET）,留取晨尿测定尿内皮素（UET）与尿微量白蛋白（U-MA）,记录糖尿病家族史并观察血压、身高和体重,测定肱动脉休息时、加压及服用硝酸甘油后的内径变化.结果 校正性别、年龄后I-IGT与糖耐量正常者、D2亚组与N2亚组以及D1亚组与N1亚组比较,U-MA、hs-CRP、UET和SET均有上升而内皮依赖性血管舒张功能和内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能下降有明显改变（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,D2亚组与D1亚组比较hs-CRP有显著改变（P＜0.01）;多元回归分析显示,以内皮指标为因变量能进入方程的有糖尿病家族史、肥胖、血压、脂代谢、血糖及胰岛分泌功能等指标.结论 I-IGT非肥胖者和肥胖者主要表现为大血管混合微血管内皮改变,肥胖者大血管内皮改变较为严重;内皮功能改变的危险因素与糖尿病家族史外,还与肥胖、血压增高、脂代谢紊乱、血糖增高及胰岛功能的改变等代谢性因素密切相关.     

糖尿病和空腹血糖受损患者平均血小板体积分布水平的观察

目的 了解糖尿病和空腹血糖受损(IFG)者平均血小板体积(MPV)分布水平.方法 观察120例糖尿病患者(糖尿病组)、120例IFG者(IFG组)和120例血糖正常者(健康组)的体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FPG)、MPV、血脂差异.结果 与健康组比较,糖尿病组、IFG组的BMI、FPG、MPV、血小板分布宽度、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均明显升高,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显下降(P＜0.01);MPV与BMI、FPG呈显著正相关,但与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈负相关(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 糖尿病和IFG者中MPV水平明显增高.     

Neuromagnetic evidence of spatially distributed sources underlying epileptiform spikes in the human brain

Neuromagnetic measurements were performed on 17 subjects with focal seizure disorders. In all of the subjects, the interictal spike in the scalp electroencephalogram was associated with an orderly extracranial magnetic field pattern. In eight of these subjects, multiple current sources underlay the magnetic spike complex. The multiple sources within a given subject displayed a fixed chronological sequence of discharge, demonstrating a high degree of spatial and temporal organization within the interictal focus.     

Reversible cryogenic blockade of neural function in the brain of unrestrained animals

Reversible cryogenic blockade of neural systems in the brain may be accomplished by local cooling. A small cryoprobe is described which may be implanted in the brain of an unrestrained, behaving animal. Cooling may be restricted to the tip of the cryoprobe and the temperature of the tip and the shaft may be regulated and monitored independently by miniature thermocouples and appropriate control and indicator devices. Electrophysiological results are presented which show that the cryogenic blocking effect may be localized to within a few millimeters of the tip of the cryoprobe and that the size of the region blocked is proportional to the tip temperature. The system described has been shown to be effective in both electrophysiological and behavioral studies.     

吡格列酮对冠心病合并糖耐量异常患者冠脉支架内再狭窄的影响

目的观察吡格列酮对冠心病合并糖耐量异常患者冠脉支架内再狭窄的影响。方法本组97例均为冠心病合并糖耐量异常在我院接受冠脉药物支架置入术的患者,随机分为两组：吡格列酮组（n=46）接受吡格列酮（15mg/d）和基础治疗;对照组（n=51）只接受基础治疗。两组术后均随访6个月,记录支架内再狭窄率和心血管事件发生率。结果在随访期内两组支架内再狭窄发生率,吡格列酮组为（0.51±0.11）%,对照组为（2.84±0.48）%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;心血管事件发生率,吡格列酮组也比对照组有显著降低。结论冠心病合并糖耐量异常患者置入支架后服用吡格列酮能有效降低支架内再狭窄和减少心血管事件的发生。     

Monosodium glutamate: lack of effects on brain and reproductive function in rats

Monosodium glutamate was injected subcutaneously in infant rats of both sexes. The lateral preoptic and arcuate nuclei and median eminence were examined by light and electron microscopy for possible monosodium glutamate effects. As adults, treated animals showed no adverse monosodium glutamate effects on the reproductive system and neural morphology.     

糖耐量减低患者的转归及影响因素的Logistic多元回归分析

目的观察糖耐量减低（IGT）患者中糖尿病发生率及其危险因素。方法收集2005至2006年糖耐量减低患者355例,随机分为干预治疗组（n=166）和非干预治疗组（n=189）,出院后随访3a,统计糖尿病（DM）发生率,用Logistic多元回归分析其危险因素。结果非干预治疗组中发生DM70例07．0％）,年转化率为12．3％;干预治疗组中发生DM24例（14．4％）,年转化率为4．8％;两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。糖尿病发病的危险因素主要与餐后2h血糖（OR=3．016）、家族史（OR=1．446）和年龄（OR=1．176）有关。结论IGT患者发生DM的主要危险因素为餐后2h血糖、家族史和年龄,早期干预可明显降低DM发生率。     

Reexamination of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the brain in vivo: no evidence for a futile cycle

Glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the rat brain in vivo was estimated by measuring the differential loss of tritium and carbon-14 from the glucose pool labeled by a mixture of [2-3H]glucose and [U-14C]glucose. The results provide no evidence of significant dephosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate and do not support the hypothesis of a futile cycle involving glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the brain.     

6-Hydroxydopa depletion of brain norepinephrine and the function of aggressive behavior

A significant increase in shock-induced aggression occurs in the rat 4 days after an intraventricular injection of 90 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopa. Both fluorescent histology and biochemical assay demonstrate that brain norepinephrine is reduced by 90 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopa, while brain dopamine remains unaltered. This suggests that one form of aggressive behavior (shock-induced aggression) is modulated through a central noradrenergic system.     

Gsα的过表达和缺失对果蝇大脑形态发育的影响

Gsα作为G蛋白复合体的重要组成部分,通过直接调控cAMP-PKA等信号通路参与调控细胞的生命活动。文章通过构建Gsα过量表达及失活突变体,研究Gsα的过量表达及失活对果蝇神经细胞发育的影响。结果表明,在25℃培养条件下,Gsα的过量表达对果蝇幼虫具有致死性。但Gsα的过量表达及失活对果蝇神经细胞的细胞周期和细胞极性没有显著影响。     

Anaerobic brain function: effects of stagnant and anoxic anoxia on persistence of breathing in reptiles

Turtles tolerate anoxic anoxia about 14 times longer than stagnant anoxia. In snakes and crocodiles this difference is much less marked. Apparently, the remarkable anaerobic viability of turtles is dependent on blood circulation, Analyses of plasma indicate that loss of brain function in anoxic crocodiles is not caused by systemic acidosis or hypoglycemia. It is suggested that the ability of the central nervous system of the turtle to function without oxygen is due to a comparatively high rate of anaerobic uptake or metabolism of glucose.     

Substance P analog, DiMe-C7: evidence for stability in rat brain and prolonged central actions

A metabolically protected analog of substance P, [pGlu5-MePhe8-MeGly9]SP(5-11) (DiMe-C7), was approximately equipotent with substance P in causing increased locomotor activity after microinfusion into the ventral tegmental area of rat brain, but the effects of DiMe-C7 on behavior were considerably prolonged. There was little metabolic degradation of tritiated DiMe-C7 for up to 1 hour after infusion, whereas tritiated substance P was completely degraded within 10 minutes.     

急性脑梗死患者血清胆红素和脂质变化分析

目的：观察急性脑梗死患者血清胆红素、脂质的变化情况及临床意义。方法：对89例急性脑梗死患者的血清胆红素、脂质、脂蛋白和载脂蛋白进行检测，并与65例健康对照者进行比较。结果：急性脑梗死患者的血清总胆红素、间接胆红素、高密度脂蛋白、载脂蛋白A较健康对照组低(P＜0．05或0．01)，血清直接胆红素、低密度脂蛋白、载脂蛋白B较健康对照组高(P＜0．05或0．01)，血清总胆固醇、甘油三脂两组差别无显著性(P＞0．05)。结论：血清间接胆红素、高密度脂蛋白和载脂蛋白A的下降，低密度脂蛋白和载脂蛋白B的升高可作为急性脑梗死的危险因素。     

Cytokine-induced expression of HIV-1 in a chronically infected promonocyte cell line

A model system for cytokine-induced up-regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression in chronically infected promonocyte clones was established. The parent promonocyte cell line U937 was chronically infected with HIV-1 and from this line a clone, U1, was derived. U1 showed minimal constitutive expression of HIV-1, but virus expression was markedly up-regulated by a phytohemagglutinin-induced supernatant containing multiple cytokines and by recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone. Recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not up-regulate virus expression. Concomitant with the cytokine-induced up-regulation of HIV-1, expression of membrane-bound IL-1 beta was selectively induced in U1 in the absence of induction of other surface membrane proteins. This cytokine up-regulation of IL-1 beta was not seen in the uninfected parent U937 cell line. These studies have implications for the understanding of the mechanism of progression from a latent or low-level HIV-1 infection to a productive infection with resulting immunosuppression. In addition, this model can be used to delineate the potential mechanisms whereby HIV-1 infection regulates cellular gene expression.     

替米沙坦对冠心病合并糖尿病肾病肾功能、心功能、 炎症反应及血管内皮功能的影响分析

目的 探讨替米沙坦治疗冠心病(CHD)合并糖尿病肾病(DN)患者的临床效果。方法 选取88例CHD合并DN患者,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各44例,两组患者的基础治疗均保持一致,观察组给予替米沙坦80 mg·d-1,对照组给予依那普利10 mg·d-1,疗程3个月。结果 治疗前,两组患者的血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)检测值均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组患者的ET-1、IL-6、MMP-9检测值均显著的低于对照组(P<0.05),NO检测值显著的高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗前,两组患者的左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组患者的LVEDd值显著的低于对照组(P<0.05),LVEF值显著的高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗前,两组患者的血肌酐(Scr)、24 h尿蛋白值均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组患者的Scr、24 h尿蛋白值均显著的低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 替米沙坦治疗CHD合并DN患者的效果优于依那普利,能够更显著的改善内皮功能、心功能及肾功能。