高剂量稀土La(Ⅲ)与酸雨对大豆幼苗生长的复合伤害效应及机理

稀土(RE)农用始于20世纪70年代[1].研究表明, 适宜浓度的RE可改善植物品质[2-3], 提高光合能力, 增强植株对营养元素的吸收及其抗逆性[4-5]等, 从而提高农作物产量.随着农业生产中大面积、高剂量RE的使用, 造成RE在土壤表层持留.     

养分胁迫引自由基对植物细胞膜伤害的机理

本文简述了各种营养胁迫引起植物细胞膜伤害的机理，重点讨论了营养胁迫对植物体生物自由基产生和清除系统的影响过程，以及这些过程与养分胁迫的关系。     

酸雨对陆生植物影响的探讨

本文阐述了酸雨对陆生物植物的影响，探讨了酸雨对植物危害的机量，分析了在酸雨危害植物过程中，物种（品种），生物学特性，酸雨特性及ＳＯ２，Ｏ３，病虫害等复合因子的作用。     

有色金属冶炼烟气对植物伤害反应的调查研究

某有色金属冶炼厂排放出的冶炼烟气中含有大量的ＳＯ２和Ｎｉ，Ｃｕ，Ｃｏ等金属粉尘，对周围树木及农作物造成不同程度的伤害，调查研究结果表明，冶炼烟气对厂区周围附近及不风向近郊农业区植物有明显的伤害反应，重植株枯死，轻叶片上出现枯死斑，影响光俣作用，其无明显的伤害症状，但叶片叶硫及重金属含量高于对照点。     

机理Ⅰ植物铁营养的吸收转运及信号调控机制研究进展

铁是植物正常生长发育必需的微量元素之一。在通气良好的碱性或石灰性土壤中,常常因铁有效性低而难以满足植物生长发育所需,缺铁已成为继缺氮和缺磷之后农业生产所面临的又一重要的营养障碍因子。与机理Ⅱ植物相比,机理Ⅰ植物更易缺铁,因此全面了解机理Ⅰ植物的铁吸收及利用机制是分子育种改良此类植物铁营养的重要基础。基于国内外的相关研究进展,从机理Ⅰ植物的根际铁活化、根系铁吸收、木质部和韧皮部中的铁运输以及胞外和胞内铁的再利用等几方面进行综述;在此基础上,从bHLH和MYB转录因子调控网络、蛋白的泛素化修饰以及小分子化学信号调控途径等几方面,重点阐述机理Ⅰ植物铁营养吸收、转运及稳态平衡过程的调控机制;同时,对研究中存在的部分问题及未来研究方向进行简要的讨论分析。     

农业环境保护中的酸雨监测技术

酸雨伤害植物的监测技术包括对植物叶片表观伤害监测与生理伤害监测,后者选择的参数主要有植物光合速率、气孔导度、细胞质膜透性、叶绿素含量消长、细胞pH变化、活性氧防御系统的应激反应等。本文在介绍测定方法同时,比较分析了各种方法的优点与不足,探讨了酸雨监测技术在农业环境监测、环境评价、酸沉降区域农业区划与环境保护中的作用,指出今后研究应重视完善监测体系和拓展监测对象。     

模拟酸雨对红壤稀土元素释放的影响研究

模拟酸雨作用下红壤中稀土元素的释放水平大小依次为Pr＞Ce＞Nd＞Tb＞Sm＞La＞Er＞Ho＞Gd＞Dy＞Eu＞Y＞Lu≈Yb,轻稀土元素的释放水平要高于重稀土元素.酸雨对稀土元素的释放有明显的促进作用,且不同元素的CAR1/CCK、CR2/CCK比较接近(CAR1、CAR2和CCK分别表示pH4.5的酸雨、pH3.5的酸雨和对照3种情况下淋出液中稀土元素的含量).CAR1/CCK介于1.43～1.93之间,平均为1.61;CAR2/CCK介于1.76～2.27之间,平均为2.06,经过9 150～10 650 mm的模拟酸雨淋溶以后,pH4.5的酸雨使稀土总累积释放量平均提高37.61%,pH3.5的酸雨使稀土总累积释放量平均提高78.05%.稀土总释放量与Fe、Mn的释放量相关分析表明:多数红壤稀土总释放量与Fe、Mn的释放量呈显著或极显著性相关.初步推断红壤中的稀土释放可能是由于吸附载体Fe-Mn氧化物因H 的输入而解离所致.     

硝酸对氧化乙酰对植物的伤害及防治

硝酸过氧化乙酰是光化学烟雾产生的次级污染成分之一，对。动植物有剧毒作用。本从生态重量学角度，就ＰＡＮ对植物的伤害征象，生化生理效应及影响因子进行了探讨，并对ＰＡＮ的防治策略提出浅见。     

镧—甘氨酸对酸雨胁迫下植物根系生长的影响

采用营养液培养法，研究了酸雨对大豆根系生长的影响。结果表明，pH3.0酸雨严重抑制大豆幼苗根系生长，损伤生理机能；La-Gly浸种的大豆植株，根系受酸雨的胁迫减轻，这同La-Gly稳定质膜结构和保护酶（CAT，POD）功能，降低丙二醛（MDA）含量，提高根系活力，促进根系生长等作用有关。     

酸雨对紫色土中镉、锌形态及植物有效性的影响

研究了在锅、锌单一污染及镉、锌复合污染的紫色土中,酸雨对镉、锌的形态及植物有效性的影响.结果表明,酸雨胁迫下复合镉、锌对作物的危害明显加重.酸雨胁迫不但改变了紫色土中可交换态镉、锌含量,而且使紫色土中镉、锌各形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和氧化锰结合态)发生相互转化.采用通径分析也表明,酸雨使各形态对植株镉、锌累积量的贡献系数发生改变,直接影响其植物有效性.镉、锌复合处理与镉单一处理相比较,低浓度锌可促进莴笋对镉的吸收,提高了镉的植物有效性,而高浓度锌时则相反.     

小麦与油菜种子萌发对酸雨胁迫的反应研究

用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.0模拟酸雨处理小麦和油菜种子试验结果表明,pH2.0时小麦和油菜种子不发芽,pH2.5时只有小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时小麦和油菜种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均与pH值显著正相关,小麦异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低。小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率、贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;小麦和油菜的根、芽长抑制指数均与pH值显著负相关,且小麦抗酸雨胁迫能力强于油菜。     

酸雨对菜地系统氮素收支的影响

分别在酸沉降重污染区、轻污染区和对照区选择代表性的蔬菜样地,对土壤、蔬菜、降水、施肥、渗滤水等的氮素动态进行为时一年的定位、定时监测,研究了不同酸雨影响区氮素在菜地系统中的收支平衡。结果表明:在相同的种植条件下,由于酸雨影响了蔬菜的正常生长,致使酸雨影响区菜地系统中氮素收支失衡,酸沉降重污染区和轻污染区菜地系统中氮素I/O值分别为1.27和1.19;而对照区菜地系统中氮素I/O值为1.08,收支基本平衡。在酸沉降重污染区,降水输入系统的氮远大于轻污染区和对照区(约3~4倍),同时因酸雨危害,蔬菜产量明显低于对照区,仅为对照区产量的60%,使系统中通过作物收获的氮输出减少,结果导致大量氮滞留于土壤中并以硝态氮等形态淋失,给水环境带来了氮污染风险。     

钐-甘氨酸-维生素B6对酸雨胁迫下大豆幼苗的影响

试验研究钐-甘氨酸-维生素B_6(Sm-Gly-VB_6)对模拟酸雨伤害大豆幼苗的防护作用结果表明,在pH2.5酸雨胁迫下大豆幼苗叶绿素含量减少,叶绿素a/b值下降,细胞质膜透性增加,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降。而同一强度酸雨胁迫下经50mg/kg Sm-Gly-VB_6预处理的大豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、细胞质膜透性与过氧化氢酶活性损伤较轻,对酸雨伤害大豆幼苗有一定缓解效应。     

稀土农膜转光材料合成与性质研究

采用乙醇 水溶液析出法合成了 1 1种以稀土三价铕离子为中心离子 ,以 β二酮 (α 噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮、二苯甲酰甲烷、苯甲酰丙酮 )和芳香羧酸 (肉桂酸、烟酸 )为主配体 ,有机胺类 (邻菲咯啉、三辛胺、三乙胺 )为协同配体的二元及三元配合物 ,通过荧光光谱和TG DTA谱线分析配合物荧光性能及热力学稳定性结果表明 ,所合成的配合物中仅三 (α 噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮根 ) (邻菲咯啉 )·合铕 (Ⅲ )和三 (二苯甲酰甲烷根 ) (邻菲咯啉 )·合铕 (Ⅲ )荧光强度高于对照 ,且依次为三 (α 噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮根 ) (邻菲咯啉 )·合铕 (Ⅲ ) >三 (二苯甲酰甲烷根 ) (邻菲咯啉 )·合铕 (Ⅲ ) >对照。三 (α 噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮根 ) (邻菲咯啉 )·合铕 (Ⅲ )和三 (二苯甲酰甲烷根 ) (邻菲咯啉 )·合铕 (Ⅲ )起始分解温度分别为 2 2 0℃和 2 5 0℃ ,高于膜的加工温度 ,可满足生产需要。而三 (二苯甲酰甲烷根 ) (邻菲咯啉 )·合铕 (Ⅲ )生产成本低于对照和三 (α 噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮根 ) (邻菲咯啉 )·合铕 (Ⅲ ) ,因而更具竞争优势     

模拟酸雨对亚热带阔叶树苗土壤呼吸的影响

通过利用pH2.5、4.0和5.6的模拟酸雨喷淋乐东拟单性木兰(Paramecia latungensis)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)3种浙江典型地带性阔叶植物幼苗-土壤系统(编号分别为PL、CG和EG),研究了模拟酸雨短期胁迫对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:(1)不同生长季,重度酸雨(pH2.5)对PL和CG植物下土壤呼吸E值影响显著,PL均低于对照(pH5.6),CG冬季低于对照而春夏较对照高,EG仅冬季变化显著。中度酸雨(pH4.0)对PL的E值作用显著,除2007年8月较对照高25.3%外,均低于对照。CG的E值于2006年12月和2007年8月分别受中度酸雨的显著影响,12月低于对照,而8月升高至1.96μmol m-2s-1。中度酸雨仅在2007年11月使EG的E值显著降低了18.0%。(2)在生长周期内,PL和EG的土壤呼吸对模拟酸雨无显著响应,CG虽分别升高了87.8%(重度酸雨组)和11.1%(中度酸雨组),但是仅重度酸雨作用显著。(3)影响PL及CG土壤呼吸的主要因素是土壤温度和模拟酸雨,EG以土壤温度为主因子。模拟酸雨对CG土壤呼吸的作用强于PL,CG土壤呼吸E值与酸雨pH负相关。     

Prolonged simulated acid rain treatment in the subarctic: Effect on the soil respiration rate and microbial biomass

Humus chemistry and respiration rate, ATP, ergosterol, and muramic acid concentration as measures of chemical properties, microbial activity, biomass, and indicators of fungal and bacterial biomass were studied in a long-term acid rain experiment in the far north of Finnish Lapland. The treatments used in this study were dry control, irrigated control (spring water, pH 6), and two levels of simulated acid rain (pH 4 and pH 3). Originally (1985–1988), simulated acid rain was prepared by adding both H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ (1.9:1 by weight). In 1989 the treatments were modified as follows. In subarea 1 the treatments continued unchanged (H₂SO₄+HNO₃ in rain to pH 4 and pH 3), but in subarea 2 only H₂SO₄ was applied. The plots were sampled in 1992. The acid application affected humus chemistry by lowering the pH, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation (due to a decrease in Ca and Mg) in the treatment with H₂SO₄+HNO₃ to pH 4 (total proton load over 8 years 2.92 kmol ha^-1), whereas the microbial variables were not affected at this proton load, and only the respiration rate decreased by 20% in the strongest simulated acid rain treatment (total proton load 14.9 kmol ha^-1). The different ratios of H₂SO₄+HNO₃ in subareas 1 and 2 did not affect the results.     

Effects of acid rain on leaf-litter decomposition in a beech forest on calcareous soil

Summary The effects of simulated acid rain on litter decomposition in a calcareous soil (pH_{H 2 O} 5.8) were studied. Litterbags (45 m and 1 mm mesh size) containing freshly fallen beech leaf litter were exposed to different concentrations of acid in a beech forest on limestone (Göttinger Wald. Germany) for 1 year. Loss of C, the ash content, and CO₂–C production were measured at the end of the experiment. Further tests measured the ability of the litter-colonizing microflora to metabolize ¹⁴C-labelled beech leaf litter and hyphae. The simulated acid rain strongly reduced CO₂–C and ¹⁴CO₂–C production in the litter. This depression in production was very strong when the input of protons was 1.5 times greater than the normal acid deposition, but comparatively low when the input was 32 times greater. acid deposition may thus cause a very strong accumulation of primary and secondary C compounds in the litter layer of base-rich soils, even with a moderate increase in proton input. The presence of mesofauna significantly reduced the ability of the acid rain to inhibit C mineralization. The ash content to the 1-mm litterbags indicated that this was largely due to transport of base-rich mineral soil into the litter.     

Effects of sulfuric,nitric, and mixed acid rain on litter decomposition,soil microbial biomass,and enzyme activities in subtropical forests of China

Acid rain pollution is changing gradually from sulfuric acid rain (SAR) to mixed acid rain (MAR) and then to nitric acid rain (NAR) with the rapidly growing number of motor vehicles. The influences of changed acid rain types on ecosystem functions, particularly on litter decomposition, remain unclear. Two dominant litter types from a coniferous forest and a broad-leaved forest were incubated in microcosms with original forest soils and treated by five types of acid rain with different SO₄²⁻ to NO₃⁻ ratios (1:0, 5:1, 1:1, 1:5, and 0:1). During a six-month incubation period, litter mass losses, soil microbial biomass, and enzyme activities were investigated. Results showed that various acid treatments inhibited litter decomposition, soil microbial biomass, and most enzyme activities, and the inhibitory effects of NAR were more significant than those of SAR and MAR. The resistance to external acid of microbial communities in broad-leaved forest was higher than that in coniferous forest. NAR and MAR treatments slowed down soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) mineralization by attenuating the correlations between litter mass losses and the enzymes involved in C, N, and P cycling. Results reveal that the ratio of SO₄²⁻ to NO₃⁻ in acid rain is an important factor which profoundly influences litter decomposition process. In the future, a decreasing ratio of SO₄²⁻ to NO₃⁻ in acid rain will be observed in subtropical forests. Thus, soil C would accumulate as a consequence of future acid precipitation, and this may seriously affect the balance of ecosystem C, N flux.     

模拟酸雨对龙眼落果及果实品质的影响研究

试验研究模拟酸雨对 8年生龙眼落果及果实品质的影响结果表明 ,pH≤ 3 5的酸雨处理显著增加落果率 ,果实可溶性固形物、固酸比和糖酸比显著下降。pH为 2 5的酸雨处理果实出现伤斑 ,单果重和可食率显著降低。     

柳州市中心酸雨化学特征与成因分析

对柳州市1996－2001年降水的化学特征进行了连续6年的监测。结果表明：柳州市中心降水的pH值平均为5．31，年度变幅为4．33－5．82，出现的酸雨频率平均为62．3％，变幅为41．7％－89．7％，其酸雨频率的年度变化呈跳跃式，且这一趋势相当剧烈。其降水酸度季节变化明显，春、夏两季较高，冬季次之，秋季较低。其酸雨化学特征受SO4^2-离子的影响最大，SO4^2-浓度占降水中离子总浓度的63．8％。酸雨出现的月频率随大气硫酸盐化速率的增大而增大，相关系数达0．98，属典型的硫酸型酸雨。减少SO2的排放量，是控制和治理柳州市酸雨污染的基本途径。