WSSV-VP39基因克隆与结构分析

根据已公布的WSSV-VP39全基因序列(GenBank No.AAL89161)设计1对引物,经PCR扩增及琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,扩增出约898bp的特异条带,将其回收后克隆入pGAPZα-A载体中,并进行序列测定与分析。结果表明,扩增序列与Gene Bank登录序列(GenBank No.AAl89161)核苷酸同源性100%。序列分析表明,WSSV-VP39基因编码蛋白无跨膜区域,有多个蛋白激酶C、酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点和酪氨酸硫酸化位点,1个糖基化位点。蛋白序列比对结果表明,WSSV-VP39与WSSV-VP37具有较高的同源性,其在WSSV侵染中的作用值得关注。     

锦鲤疱疹病毒ORF72基因克隆及结构功能分析

于辽宁丹东采集感染锦鲤疱疹病毒的活鲤Cyprinus carpio样品,经DNA提取、PCR扩增、重组质粒构建步骤成功克隆锦鲤疱疹病毒ORF72基因,并利用生物信息学软件分析ORF72蛋白结构与功能,构建系统进化树。结果显示:ORF72基因开放阅读框共1113bp,编码蛋白由370个氨基酸组成,理论相对分子质量为40.5KD;ORF72蛋白主要由α螺旋、β折叠、无规则卷曲3种二级结构组成;N端35个氨基酸序列为信号肽序列。跨膜结构分析表明:ORF72蛋白无跨膜区,保守结构域预测表明ORF72含有一个保守结构域,抗原表位分析表明,抗原性较好。结构预测显示:ORF72氨基酸序列存在2个潜在的N-糖基化位点、1个潜在的O-糖基化位点、19个潜在的磷酸化位点。系统进化树分析发现,其与锦鲤疱疹病毒美国株、以色列株属同一分支。     

重组毕赤酵母SMD1168/pGAPZaA-VAP1稳定性及发酵表达WSSV-VAP1

研究发酵时间和接种量对WSSV-VAP1重组菌蛋白表达量的影响及重组毕赤酵母中外源基因的稳定性.结果表明,构建的重组菌SMD1168/pGAPZaA-VAP1在发酵72h后,蛋白表达量占总蛋白10.45%,控制接种量对基因工程菌Pichia pastoris表达WSSV-VAP1非常重要.外源基因的插入对宿主菌的生长未产生明显的影响,重组质粒在毕赤酵母SMD1168中很稳定.     

奥利亚罗非鱼DMT基因克隆与序列分析

利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)分离、克隆奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aurea)睾丸DMT(DM-do-main gene in testis)基因,并进行序列测定与分析。结果表明,该基因cDNA序列全长1 260 bp,包括74 bp 5’非翻译区,879 bp阅读框以及含poly(A)信号AATAAA的307 bp 3’非翻译区,阅读框共编码292个氨基酸。序列同源性分析表明,不同进化地位动物的DMRT1基因DM域编码序列存在高度同源性,显示DMRT1基因在系统进化上高度保守。生物信息学分析表明:DMT基因编码蛋白无信号肽,无跨膜区域,有多个蛋白激酶C、酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点和N-糖基化位点,推测其可能在细胞信号传导中发挥作用,且其生物活性可能接受信号途中多种信号的调控。该基因的成功克隆及生物信息学分析不仅为DMRT1基因的分子进化和相似性比较研究提供了新的材料,而且对进一步研究其编码蛋白的结构与功能以及其在鱼类性别调控中的作用具有重要意义。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):23-31]     

仿刺参超氧化物歧化酶基因cDNA全序列的克隆及其特征分析

以仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus为材料,利用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)方法首次得到仿刺参MnSOD的全长cDNA。该全长cDNA大小为955bp,其中5′端非编码区67bp,3′端非编码区216bp,开放阅读框(ORF)672bp,在3′端有多聚腺苷酸信号序列ATTTA,并有polyA加尾,符合有效翻译的基因全长cDNA的特征。MnSOD全长cDNA可编码223个氨基酸的前体蛋白,预测蛋白分子质量为24.64kD,理论等电点是6.66,为亲水性蛋白。该蛋白序列没有信号肽和跨膜结构,仅有一段线粒体导肽。其二级结构主要以α-螺旋为主,无规则卷曲和延伸链构成了蛋白中量最大的结构元件,不含β-折叠。仿刺参SOD的氨基酸序列与目前已报道的其他物种如人、牛、斑马鱼、原鸡、非洲爪蟾、中国对虾、皱纹盘鲍、海湾扇贝、果蝇等的MnSOD氨基酸序列进行序列比对的结果表明,相似性均在61%～69%之间,说明该基因在各物种间具有一定的保守性。该段氨基酸序列无N-糖基化位点,含有3个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点,1个酪氨酸蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点,5个肉豆蔻酰基化位点,还发现了1个SOD家族的特征肽段DVWEHAYY。对磷...     

广东佛山地区鸭圆环病毒分子流行株遗传变异分析

目的 研究广东佛山地区鸭圆环病毒(DuCV)流行毒株的遗传变异情况。方法 采用常规PCR方法，对采自广东佛山的3份阳性鸭组织样品中扩增Rep基因部分片段和Cap基因，进行核苷酸序列测序，并将Rep基因部分片段、Cap基因推导的氨基酸序列与30株参考序列进行同源性比较和遗传变化分析。结果 3份阳性样品分别扩增出相应的基因片段；Rep基因部分片段、Cap基因推导的氨基酸序列进化树和同源性分析显示，3株DuCV流行株与台湾株(AY3947213)在同一进化支，均属于DuCV-2型，与同分支的参考毒株相似性分别为97.2%～100%和96.9%～100%,2个基因型中Rep基因同源性高于Cap基因；氨基酸序列的变异分析表明，与中国台湾株(AY3947213)相比较，Rep部分氨基酸和Cap氨基酸分别发生相同位置的氨基酸置换和单独突变，Cap氨基酸突变位点多于Rep氨基酸。结论 研究测得的3株DuCV流行株均属于DuCV-2型，在广东地区有一定范围的流行，且CAP蛋白的变异程度高于REP蛋白，为鸭圆环病毒感染的监控和诊断提供了依据。     

嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白基因ompTS的克隆与序列分析

根据已发表的外膜蛋白基因ompⅡ的核苷酸序列设计引物，从分离 自患红底板病的中华鳖的嗜水气单胞菌中扩增得到了ompTS基因，对ompTS 基因进行序列分析，发现其与ompⅡ基因的核苷酸序列有83.5%的同源性。ompTS基因最长的开放阅读框（ORF）为1068nt，编码由355个氨基酸组成，分子量为38.9kDa的蛋白质OmpTS，其氨基酸序列的前20个氨基酸残基可能组成信号肽。由ompTS基因的编码氨基酸序列与其它细菌外膜蛋白的氨基酸序列的比较结果，进一步证实细菌外膜蛋白氨基酸序列的N端存在高度保守区。根据序列分析结果推测，ompTS基因很可能是一个新的基因，编码38.9kDa的嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白OmpTS，该蛋白质在膜中极有可能形成孔道，具备与孔蛋白相似的性质。     

以 WWSV ORF234片段诊断罗氏沼虾白斑病毒病及片段分析

根据GenBank中登录的对虾白斑综合症病毒(WSSV )全基因组序列中和ORF234相应的序列来设计1对引物, 从疑似病例的罗氏沼虾中提取总DNA, 并以此为模板, 经PCR扩增出约885 bp的特异性片段, 克隆进质粒载体pET- 28a( + ), 进行序列测定和分析。结果显示: 扩增序列共编码294个氨基酸, 预测的相对分子质量为34kDa, 与G enBank中登录序列的对应区域同源性达99%, 由此确认该罗氏沼虾患有白斑综合病毒病。该序列所编码的蛋白在22~ 96氨基酸位置有一段球状结构, 在142~ 272 氨基酸位置有一个与DUF1335 蛋白同源的将近130个氨基酸残基的保守区, 其功能未知。同时还对克隆出的片段进行序列分析和蛋白预测, 以进一步深入开展蛋白的功能及对该病毒病的防治的研究。     

急性病毒性坏死病毒魁蚶株IAP-86基因全长cDNA克隆和生物信息学分析

为深入探讨急性病毒性坏死病毒(Acute Viral Necrosis Virus, AVNV)魁蚶株的致病机理以及IAP-86蛋白的功能,从感染 AVNV 的濒死魁蚶外套膜中提取总 RNA,反转录获得 cDNA。根据 NCBI公布的 AVNV 全基因组序列中 ORF86序列设计两对反向套式引物,通过 cDNA 末端快速扩增(RACE)技术获得 ORF865￠端和3￠端的非编码区,拼接获得全长 cDNA 序列。Blast 序列比对显示,该基因与牡蛎疱疹病毒的同源性为100%,与栉孔扇贝 AVNV 的同源性为99%,并存在重叠基因。生物信息学分析预测,该蛋白不含信号肽,不存在跨膜区,最大疏水指数为1.800,最小疏水指数为–3.456。该蛋白存在8个潜在的磷酸化位点(包括5个丝氨酸、1个苏氨酸和2个酪氨酸),存在 1个潜在的 O-糖基化位点,不存在潜在的 N-糖基化位点;其抗原表位主要集中在8?11、14?16、28?39、75?76、88?95、97?100和147?158位氨基酸。推测该株病毒可能为牡蛎疱疹病毒的变异株,并且基因重叠在该类病毒进化过程中可能扮演重要角色。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.