根瘤菌参比菌株23S rRNA基因数量和定位及其系统发育群

    为了明确23S rRNA基因数量和定位是否可更好地揭示根瘤菌参比菌株的系统发育关系,采用I-CeuI酶切和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)结合的方法,对根瘤菌株23S rRNA基因的数量和定位进行分析,并依据其相似性进行聚群.结果显示.根瘤菌参比菌株可聚为19个系统发育群.其中,在属的水平上,13个系统发育群与现行分类群(不包括依据16S rRNA基因序列分析结果)一致,6个不一致.在种的水平上,现行分类群中同种的根瘤菌可进一步细分为不同的系统发育群.这表明:I-CeuI酶切和PFGE结合的方法能从基因组特征角度对根瘤菌参比菌株进行更加细化的系统发育分类,并使其属种间的同质性更好.     

Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8

Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) serves as a danger signal associated with viral infection and leads to stimulation of innate immune cells. In contrast, the immunostimulatory potential of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) is poorly understood and innate immune receptors for ssRNA are unknown. We report that guanosine (G)- and uridine (U)-rich ssRNA oligonucleotides derived from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) stimulate dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages to secrete interferon-alpha and proinflammatory, as well as regulatory, cytokines. By using Toll-like receptor (TLR)-deficient mice and genetic complementation, we show that murine TLR7 and human TLR8 mediate species-specific recognition of GU-rich ssRNA. These data suggest that ssRNA represents a physiological ligand for TLR7 and TLR8.     

柑橘黄龙病病原菌非洲种和美洲种23S-5S rDNA序列的克隆及分析

 【目的】克隆柑橘黄龙病病原菌非洲种和美洲种23S-5S rDNA序列并和亚洲种相应区域进行比对,阐明黄龙病3个种核糖体RNA操纵子之间的关系。【方法】根据亚洲种23S-5S rRNA基因区域序列的保守性设计引物,在非洲种和美洲种DNA样品上扩增,对PCR产物进行克隆和测序,并对新获得的序列进行序列验证和分析。【结果】 非洲种获得了3 057 bp 序列包括23S rRNA 基因、细胞壁脱氢酶假基因和5S rRNA 基因;美洲种获得了3 033 bp序列包括23S rRNA 基因、glpK基因和5S rRNA 基因。3个种核糖体基因顺序分别是：亚洲种16S rRNA、tRNAIle、tRNAAla、23S rRNA、细胞壁脱氢酶假基因、5S rRNA 和 tRNAMet;非洲种16S rRNA、tRNAIle、tRNAAla、23S rRNA、细胞壁脱氢酶假基因和 5S rRNA;美洲种16S rRNA、tRNAIle、tRNAAla、23S rRNA、glpK 基因和5S rRNA。【结论】黄龙病病原菌核糖体RNA基因有特殊的排列方式,即在23S rRNA和5S rRNA基因区间均有反向编码的细胞壁脱氢酶基因,其中亚洲种和非洲种为假基因,美洲种为glpK基因。     

TLR11 activation of dendritic cells by a protozoan profilin-like protein

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate recognition of pathogens by dendritic cells (DCs). Although TLRs are clearly involved in the detection of bacteria and viruses, relatively little is known about their function in the innate response to eukaryotic microorganisms. Here we identify a profilin-like molecule from the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii that generates a potent interleukin-12 (IL-12) response in murine DCs that is dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 88. T. gondii profilin activates DCs through TLR11 and is the first chemically defined ligand for this TLR. Moreover, TLR11 is required in vivo for parasite-induced IL-12 production and optimal resistance to infection, thereby establishing a role for the receptor in host recognition of protozoan pathogens.     

The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota

Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4(+) T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization.     

Identification and characterization of a TLR13 gene homologue from Laodelphax striatellus involved in the immune response induced by rice stripe virus

Toll-like receptors(TLRs) are the critical superfamily homologues that initiate sensing of the invasion of pathogens by the Toll pathway. As one of several intracellular nucleic acid-sensing TLRs, TLR13 is activated by an unmethylated motif present in the large ribosomal subunit of bacterial RNA. However, little attention has been paid to the function of TLR13 gene homologue from Laodelphax striatellus(designated as LsToll-13) in the immune response to rice stripe virus(RSV). Herein, LsToll-13 was cloned and characterized using RACE-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LsToll-13 was clustered with the TLR13 from six insects. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression level of LsToll-13 was significantly reduced in L. striatellus with RSV infection compared with that in the naive strain. When the expression of LsToll-13 was significantly up-regulated at 6 h after bacterial infection, the expression of ribonucleoprotein(RNP) indicated that the RSV titer in the host insect was significantly suppressed. Upon knockdown of LsToll-13, using RNA interference(RNAi) in L. striatellus, the expression level of RNP was significantly increased with enhanced RSV accumulation, suggesting that LsToll-13 potentially protects L. striatellus from RSV infection. Taken together, our results indicated that LsToll-13 might be involved in the immune response of L. striatellus to RSV infection, and provided a new insight into further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of complex pathogen-host interactions and integrative pest management.     

花生根瘤菌遗传多样性的RFLP分析

利用16S rRNA PCR-RFLP和16S-23S rRNA IGS PCR-RFLP技术对分离自我国不同地区的55株花生慢生根瘤菌和6株参比菌株进行了遗传多样性研究.16S rRNA PCR-RFLP分析结果表明,在63%的相似性水平上,91%的供试花生幔生根瘤菌与B.japonicum和B.elkanii聚在一起;16S-23S rRNA IGS PCR-RFLP分析结果表明,供试花生慢生根瘤菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,在65.8%的相似性水平上可分为3大类群.     

中国近海13种对虾分子系统演化和近似种问题的研究

对中国沿海13种对虾科动物的16SrRNA基因（约371bp）和细胞色素氧化基因I（COI）部分序列（约385bp）进行了分析,并采用“最大简约法”、“最小进化法”和“最大似然法”构建了分子系统树。结果表明：在COI基因序列中,有113个位点存在变异（约为总位点数的31．8％）,高于16SrRNA基因序列的44个变异位点（约为总位点数的11．9％）;构建的分子系统树显示,所构建的NJ、ME和MP树的拓朴结构较为相似,但斑节对虾、日本对虾和缘沟对虾在3个树中相聚位置不同。中国沿海对虾科6属13种,形成3个明显的分支,这3支分别隶属新对虾属、仿对虾属和原对虾属。对虾属、新对虾属、仿对虾属的种间关系与分子系统发育分析结果与传统分类学相一致。16SrRNA序列可能更适用于对虾属以上阶元的遗传多样性分析;COI序列更适合对虾科种间和群体遗传多样性的研究。     

Crystal structure of human toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ectodomain

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in activating immune responses during infection. The human TLR3 ectodomain structure at 2.1 angstroms reveals a large horseshoe-shaped solenoid assembled from 23 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). Asparagines conserved in the 24-residue LRR motif contribute extensive hydrogen-bonding networks for solenoid stabilization. TLR3 is largely masked by carbohydrate, but one face is glycosylation-free, which suggests its potential role in ligand binding and oligomerization. Highly conserved surface residues and a TLR3-specific LRR insertion form a homodimer interface in the crystal, whereas two patches of positively charged residues and a second insertion would provide an appropriate binding site for double-stranded RNA.     

Autophagy-dependent viral recognition by plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) detect viruses in the acidified endosomes by means of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Yet, pDC responses to certain single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses occur only after live viral infection. We present evidence here that the recognition of such viruses by TLR7 requires transport of cytosolic viral replication intermediates into the lysosome by the process of autophagy. In addition, autophagy was found to be required for the production of interferon-alpha by pDCs. These results support a key role for autophagy in mediating ssRNA virus detection and interferon-alpha secretion by pDCs and suggest that cytosolic replication intermediates of viruses serve as pathogen signatures recognized by TLR7.     

A single adenosine with a neutral pKa in the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center

Biochemical and crystallographic evidence suggests that 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalyst of peptide bond formation. To explore the mechanism of this reaction, we screened for nucleotides in Escherichia coli 23S rRNA that may have a perturbed pKa (where Ka is the acid constant) based on the pH dependence of dimethylsulfate modification. A single universally conserved A (number 2451) within the central loop of domain V has a near neutral pKa of 7.6 +/- 0.2, which is about the same as that reported for the peptidyl transferase reaction. In vivo mutational analysis of this nucleotide indicates that it has an essential role in ribosomal function. These results are consistent with a mechanism wherein the nucleotide base of A2451 serves as a general acid base during peptide bond formation.     

rRNA基因间隔区序列用于亲缘关系密切的根瘤菌种群鉴定及系统发育分析

通过rRNA基因内转录间隔区的碱基序列分析,对中华根瘤菌属Sinorhizobium、慢生根瘤菌属Bradyrhizobium和中慢生根瘤菌属Mesorhizobium种间亲缘关系十分密切的菌株进行区分．结果表明,rRNA基因间隔区序列能很好地区分种间亲缘关系十分密切的菌株．用rRNA基因间隔区序列构建的系统发育树与rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树结果十分相似．     

Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA

Interferons (IFNs) are critical for protection from viral infection, but the pathways linking virus recognition to IFN induction remain poorly understood. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce vast amounts of IFN-alpha in response to the wild-type influenza virus. Here, we show that this requires endosomal recognition of influenza genomic RNA and signaling by means of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and MyD88. Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) molecules of nonviral origin also induce TLR7-dependent production of inflammatory cytokines. These results identify ssRNA as a ligand for TLR7 and suggest that cells of the innate immune system sense endosomal ssRNA to detect infection by RNA viruses.     

Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers activation of a common MyD88-dependent signaling pathway as well as a MyD88-independent pathway that is unique to TLR3 and TLR4 signaling pathways leading to interferon (IFN)-beta production. Here we disrupted the gene encoding a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor, TRIF. TRIF-deficient mice were defective in both TLR3- and TLR4-mediated expression of IFN-beta and activation of IRF-3. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine production in response to the TLR4 ligand, but not to other TLR ligands, was severely impaired in TRIF-deficient macrophages. Mice deficient in both MyD88 and TRIF showed complete loss of nuclear factor kappa B activation in response to TLR4 stimulation. These findings demonstrate that TRIF is essential for TLR3- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways facilitating mammalian antiviral host defense.     

Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors

The mammalian innate immune system retains from Drosophila a family of homologous Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that mediate responses to microbial ligands. Here, we show that TLR2 activation leads to killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in both mouse and human macrophages, through distinct mechanisms. In mouse macrophages, bacterial lipoprotein activation of TLR2 leads to a nitric oxide-dependent killing of intracellular tubercle bacilli, but in human monocytes and alveolar macrophages, this pathway was nitric oxide-independent. Thus, mammalian TLRs respond (as Drosophila Toll receptors do) to microbial ligands and also have the ability to activate antimicrobial effector pathways at the site of infection.     

育苗阶段虾夷扇贝幼体中可培养细菌的多样性

为了研究虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis育苗过程中5个发育时期(受精卵时期S1、担轮幼虫时期S2、D形幼虫时期S3、壳顶幼虫时期S4、稚贝时期S5)幼体所含可培养细菌的多样性,采用2216E平板涂布法,从每个发育时期的幼体样品中各分离出30株细菌,并对150株菌进行16S rRNA基因测序分析。结果表明:150株细菌归属于2门3纲8目12科16属39种;在门水平,5个时期幼体样品中变形菌门均为优势门,其次为厚壁菌门;在属水平,优势属为弧菌属(51/150)、假交替单胞菌属(43/150)、芽孢杆菌属(16/150)、交替单胞菌属(9/150),占总数的79.3%;其中弧菌属在S1(43.3%)、S2(36.7%)、S3(36.7%)时期均为优势属,在S1时期,次优势属依次为假交替单胞菌属(26.7%)、动性球菌属(10.0%)和枝芽孢杆菌属(6.7%),在S2时期,次优势属依次为假交替单胞菌属(23.3%)、亚硫酸杆菌属(20.0%)和芽孢杆菌属(13.3%),在S3时期,次优势属依次为假交替单胞菌(16.7%)、动性球菌属(13.3%)和交替单胞菌属(10.0%);假交替单胞菌在S4(36.7%)和S5(40.0%)时期均为优势属,在S4时期,次优势属依次为弧菌属(30.0%)、芽孢杆菌属(16.7%)和交替单胞菌属(10.0%),在S5时期,次优势属依次为弧菌属(23.3%)、芽孢杆菌属(16.7%)和Pontibacillus(10.0%)。研究表明,虾夷扇贝育苗过程中不同发育时期的幼体所含可培养细菌种类比较丰富,细菌群落结构存在较大差异。     

一株放线菌的分子鉴定与抗菌谱研究

[目的]对具有抗菌开发前景的放线菌Q13菌株进行分子鉴定和抗菌谱测定,为其进一步开发和利用提供理论依据。[方法]以Q13基因组为模板,分别利用大肠杆菌和链霉菌属16S rRNA基因特异引物,扩增其16S rRNA基因序列并测序,利用Blast、MEGA等软件进行序列与系统发育树分析,鉴定其分类地位;进一步利用平板对峙试验,测定Q13菌株对玉米小斑病菌等14种植物病原真菌、胡桃肉状菌等2种食用菌病原真菌和双孢蘑菇等10种食用菌的抑菌活性。[结果]获得3条16S rRNA基因序列,GenBank登录号分别为JN593095、JN593096和JN5930957;根据序列分析的结果,确定Q13菌株为Streptomyces flavotricini;Q13菌株对小麦赤霉病菌、稻瘟菌、油菜菌核和绿色木霉具有显著抗性,而对双孢蘑菇、蛹虫草、灰树花、香菇、姬菇和平菇等食用菌菌丝生长无抑制作用。[结论]为开发植物和食用菌病害生防菌提供了理论和试验支持。     

The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis

Using the atomic structures of the large ribosomal subunit from Haloarcula marismortui and its complexes with two substrate analogs, we establish that the ribosome is a ribozyme and address the catalytic properties of its all-RNA active site. Both substrate analogs are contacted exclusively by conserved ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residues from domain V of 23S rRNA; there are no protein side-chain atoms closer than about 18 angstroms to the peptide bond being synthesized. The mechanism of peptide bond synthesis appears to resemble the reverse of the acylation step in serine proteases, with the base of A2486 (A2451 in Escherichia coli) playing the same general base role as histidine-57 in chymotrypsin. The unusual pK(a) (where K(a) is the acid dissociation constant) required for A2486 to perform this function may derive in part from its hydrogen bonding to G2482 (G2447 in E. coli), which also interacts with a buried phosphate that could stabilize unusual tautomers of these two bases. The polypeptide exit tunnel is largely formed by RNA but has significant contributions from proteins L4, L22, and L39e, and its exit is encircled by proteins L19, L22, L23, L24, L29, and L31e.     

好氧堆肥微生物研究方法进展

在好氧堆肥微生物研究中,传统分离培养和显微技术以其简便易行的特点仍然在被继续使用,但是由于特定生境中大多数微生物处于"存活但不能培养"状态,所以对于好氧堆肥中的微生物进行研究时,就必须采用现代生物化学方法和分子生物学方法。回顾评述了醌类分析、磷脂脂肪酸分析和ATP分析这3类现代生物化学方法和16S rRNA和18S rRNA基因序列分析、16S~23S rDNA转录间隔区序列分析、DGGE变性梯度凝胶电泳和DNA微阵列这4类现代分子生物学方法,应用于堆肥过程中微生物研究的现状。最后指出不同的分子生物技术相结合,再辅以必要的传统方法,是将来堆肥微生物研究方法的发展方向和趋势。