水稻秸秆燃烧对土壤有机质组成的影响研究

研究生物质(水稻秸秆)燃烧行为对土壤有机质含量和组成的影响,探讨不同燃烧次数下土壤中胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、水溶性有机质(DOM)的含量和结构特征的变化情况。结果表明:土壤有机碳的变化仅在土壤表层几厘米以内,随燃烧频次增加土壤有机碳含量减少量增加,而水溶性有机质及组分则呈现不断增加的趋势。不同来源土壤的腐殖物质对生物质燃烧作用的响应不同,3种供试土样中腐殖物质随不同次数同强度秸秆燃烧并未呈现较一致的变化趋势,但每一种土壤的HA和FA含量及HA/FA、E4/E6值均随燃烧频次的增加呈现规律性的升高或者降低,而且FA含量的变化是影响HA/FA值大小的主导因素。此外,通过红外光谱图可知,随燃烧频次增加,FA中芳香性成分和含脂肪族C—OH、C—O物质增加,而HA由于本身芳香缩和度高而无明显变化。     

不同生物质材料对蕉园土壤有机质组成的影响

为探究不同生物质材料对蕉园土壤有机质及组成的影响,以木炭、椰壳炭、椰糠炭和与椰糠炭等碳量的椰糠为材料,分别以质量分数为2%和4%的用量加入土壤中,于室内常温培养并保持土壤含水量不变。在第15、30、60、90、120和180 d采集土壤,分析不同生物质材料对土壤有机质、胡敏酸、富里酸和土壤胡敏酸/富里酸的影响。结果表明:添加木炭、椰壳炭、椰糠炭和椰糠均能提高土壤有机质含量,并随添加量的增加而升高;添加木炭、椰壳炭、椰糠炭和椰糠均能加速土壤有机质的分解,添加椰壳炭对土壤有机质分解的影响相对较小。椰糠的添加主要是同时增加了土壤胡敏酸和富里酸碳含量,生物炭(木炭、椰壳炭和椰糠炭)的添加主要是影响了土壤胡敏酸与富里酸的相互转化。     

土壤中水溶性有机质的结构特征及其与富里酸、胡敏酸的比较

采用元素分析、1HNMR和FTIR研究了黄泥土中水溶性有机质组成及结构特征,并与富里酸、胡敏酸进行比较。结果表明:胡敏酸含有大量的芳香族不饱和物质,烷基链烃多,支链长;富里酸以含有大量的羧基为主要结构特征;水溶性有机质主要由碳水化合物组成,含有大量的羟基,芳香族不饱和物质少。     

长期施用有机肥和磷肥对潮褐土土壤有机质及腐殖质组成的影响

采用长期肥料定位试验,研究了施用有机肥和磷肥对土壤有机质、腐殖质含量与组成的影响。结果表明:与本试验布置时的基础土样相比,连续10年隔年施用有机肥、有机肥和磷肥配施使土壤有机质增加了8.4%~17.3%,单施磷肥土壤有机质下降了7.8%~10.7%,其差异均达显著水平;与P0M0相比,单施磷肥、有机肥、有机肥和磷肥配施处理的土壤中有机质分别增加了2.9%~6.2%、24.8%~29.8%、25.2%~35.1%;土壤腐植酸总量及胡敏酸含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关关系;施用磷肥利于土壤富里酸的积累,并影响土壤胡富比。     

气候因素对土壤有机质组成和性质的影响

云南省哀牢山徐家坝自然保护区不同海拔的土壤有机质组成和性质与气候因素的相关分析结果表明，土壤有机质的组成（Ｈ／Ｆ），胡敏酸的光学特征（Ｅ４／Ｅ６）和ＣａＣｌ２的絮凝极限（ＦＬ值），除ＦＬ和Ｅ４／Ｅ６与年均降雨量不呈显著的相关关系外，其它数值均与年均温，≥１０℃积温和年均降雨量呈著（ｐ＜０．０１，ｎ＝７）的相关关系，并服从一元二方程Ｙ＝Ａ＋ＢＸ＋ＣＸ＾２。由此证明了气候因素对土壤有机质组成和胡敏酸的     

土壤腐殖质组成对大气二氧化碳浓度升高的响应

为了探求大气CO2浓度升高对土壤腐殖质及其组成的影响，为大气CO2浓度升高条件下土壤生物化学过程的变化提供依据，通过稻-麦轮作FACE（Free-air CO2 enrichment）平台研究了正常施氮水平下水稻土壤有机碳及其各组分对大气CO2浓度升高的响应。研究结果表明：不同土层的腐殖质组分含量有所差异，表层（0～15cm）土壤腐殖化程度较高，表层的土壤有机碳（SOC）、水溶性碳（WSOC）、胡敏酸（HA）、富里酸（FA）、胡敏素（HM）数量均高于下层（15～30cm）。大气CO2浓度升高，增加了表层和下层的SOC，促进了土壤有机质的积累；使表层WSOC有增加趋势，但对下层没有显著影响；降低了土壤中可提取腐殖物质中HA的比例（PQ），土壤的腐殖化度下降，有利于HA的分解与转化和FA的积累；对土壤HM没有显著影响。     

不同来源腐殖酸的组成和性质的研究

本研究从三种有机物料草炭、褐煤、风化煤中提取腐殖酸,对其组成和性质进行了测定,同时对胡敏酸进行酒精沉淀分级。研究结果表明:褐煤胡敏酸氧化度和芳香度最高,其次为风化煤胡敏酸,最后是草炭胡敏酸;风化煤富里酸的氧化度和芳香度最高,其次为褐煤富里酸和草炭富里酸。胡敏酸各级分的回收率均随着级分数的升高而增加。回收率以风化煤胡敏酸最高,依次为褐煤胡敏酸、草炭胡敏酸。     

不同种植年限设施菜地土壤有机质组成与结构变化

试验采集不同种植年限设施菜地土壤样品,测定土壤有机质(SOM)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物商(C_(mic)-to-C_(org))、C矿化和E4/E6值等指标,结合傅立叶变换红外光谱技术解析不同种植年限土壤有机质组成与结构变化的规律。结果显示,随着种植年限的增加,SOM、DOC、HA、HA/FA、MBC、C_(mic)-to-C_(org)、E4/E6值、C矿化率和CO_2释放速率均出现明显下降趋势,其中MBC、C_(mic)-to-C_(org)、C矿化率、CO_2释放速率和HA/FA在种植6 a时下降最明显,之后变化缓慢。与露天农田土壤(CK)相比,设施菜地呈现较高的SOM、DOC、Humus、HA、FA、HA/FA和E4/E6。胡敏酸红外光谱图谱显示设施菜地种植20 a处理土壤芳构化程度高,结构稳定,难以降解,其他三种种植年限(3 a、6 a和10 a)的芳构化程度相对较低,脂肪族成分相对较高。综上可知,设施菜地土壤有机质组成与结构随着种植年限的增加具有规律性变化,结果加深了对设施菜地土壤有机质演变规律的认知。     

北方典型水稻土有机质及其组分演变特征

【目的】探究我国北方淹育型水稻土在开垦耕种过程中土壤有机质及其组分的演变特征,为提高水稻土有机质的品质、合理利用水稻土及提高其生产潜力、建设高产稳产稻田提供理论依据和数据支撑。【方法】本研究以辽宁省各地棕壤和草甸土上发育的不同开垦年限淹育型水稻土为研究对象,通过野外调查、田间定点试验及室内测试分析等手段,研究了开垦年限对水稻土有机质含量与组成及其腐殖质特性的影响。【结果】水稻土耕层有机质总量 (SOM) 随开垦年限的增加维持在18.60～26.30 g/kg之间,与开垦年限无显著相关关系 (P > 0.05),但易氧化有机质含量占有机质总量的比例 (ROM/SOM) 均在50%以上,并且随水稻土开垦年限增加而下降,降幅为18%～20%;有机质氧化稳定系数 (Kos) 均在1.2以下,随着水稻土开垦年限增加呈上升趋势,增幅为52%～57%,胡富比 (HA/FA) 及胡敏酸相对色度 (RF) 随开垦年限增加而增大,但胡敏酸活化度 (AD) 和土壤腐殖质的松/紧 (LCH/TCH) 明显下降。【结论】北方水稻土随着开垦年限的增加,土壤中的有机质稳定性增加,活性降低,耕层土壤对养分的供、贮能力减弱,土壤肥力水平下降,限制了北方水稻土生产潜力的发挥,应通过耕作管理和有机无机肥料配施来防止或减缓水稻土肥力的下降。     

泥炭和褐煤对土壤有机碳和腐殖物质组成的影响

在相同温湿度环境条件下,研究泥炭和褐煤与土壤混合后对土壤有机碳及其腐殖物质组成变化的影响,为改善耕地土壤有机碳库的管理提供理论依据。结果表明:随着培养时间的延长,添加褐煤、木本泥炭的土壤有机碳含量分别上升了0.66%和17.41%,添加草本泥炭的土壤有机碳含量下降了3.15%;胡敏酸含碳量呈逐渐增加的趋势,富里酸含碳量呈逐渐减小的趋势;添加草本泥炭的胡敏素含碳量呈下降趋势,添加褐煤和木本泥炭的土壤胡敏素含碳量呈逐渐上升趋势。土壤胡富比和PQ值整体上都表现出随着培养时间的延长而逐渐增加的趋势。由此可知,泥炭和褐煤能提高土壤有机碳,改良土壤腐殖物质组分,且添加木本泥炭的土壤有机质含量和腐殖物质组分改善效果最好。     

Biochemical properties and biodegradation of dissolved organic matter from soils

Various biologically mediated processes are involved in the turnover of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil; however, relatively little is known about the dynamics of either the microbial community or the individual classes of organic molecules during the decomposition of DOM. We examined the net loss of DOC, the mineralisation of C to CO₂ and the degradation of DOC from six different soils by soil microorganisms. We also quantified the changes in the concentrations of protein, carbohydrate and amino acid C during microbial biodegradation. Over a 70-day incubation period at 20°C, the mineralisation of DOC to CO₂ was described by a double exponential model with a labile pool (half-life, 3–8 days) and a stable pool (half-life, 0.4–6 years). However, in nearly all cases, the mass loss of DOC exceeded the C released as CO₂ with significant deviations from the double exponential model. Comparison of mass DOC loss, CO₂ production and microbial cell counts, determined by epifluorescence microscopy, showed that a proportion of the lost DOC mass could be accounted for by microbial assimilation. Carbohydrate and protein C concentrations fluctuated throughout the incubation with a net change of between 3 to 13 and −30 to 22.4% initial DOC, respectively. No amino acid C was detected during the incubation period (level of detection, 0.01 mg C l⁻¹).     

Effect of cover crop management on soil organic matter

Characterization of soil organic matter (SOM) is important for determining the overall quality of soils, and cover crop system may change SOM characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cover crops on the chemical and structural composition of SOM. We isolated humic substances (HS) from soils with the following cover crop treatments: (a) vetch (Vicia Villosa Roth.)/rye (Sesale cereale L.), (b) rye alone, and (c) check (no cover crops) that were treated with various nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates. CPMAS-TOSS (cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning and total sideband suppression) ¹³C NMR results indicated that humic acids (HA) from soils under rye only were more aromatic and less aliphatic in character than the other two cover crop systems without fertilizer N treatment. Based on the DRIFT (diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared) spectra peak O/R ratios, the intensities of oxygen-containing functional groups to aliphatic and aromatic (referred to as recalcitrant) groups, the highest ratio was found in the HA from the vetch/rye system with fertilizer N. The lowest ratio occurred at the vetch/rye system without fertilizer N treatment. The O/R ratio of fulvic acids (FA) can be ranked as: vetch/rye without fertilizer>vetch/rye with fertilizer>no cover crop without fertilizer>rye alone (with or without fertilizer) soils. Both organic carbon (OC) and light fraction (LF) contents were higher in soils under cover crop treatments with and without fertilizer N than soils with no cover crop. These chemical and spectroscopic data show that cover crops had a profound influence on the SOM and LF characteristics.     

连续施用不同比例鸡粪氮对水稻土有机质积累及土壤酸化的影响

【目的】土壤酸化是自然过程。随着农业集约化发展,土壤酸化在部分农田呈加速趋势,而施肥是目前农田土壤酸化加速的重要诱因,研究有机肥和化肥对土壤酸化的作用差异及机理,对合理指导施肥及耕地保育有重要的意义。【方法】通过测定不同施肥处理的不同组分有机质含量及酸碱缓冲容量,探明不同施肥处理的酸化影响,从土壤有机质和盐基累积角度对有机-无机肥料不同比例配施条件下土壤酸化特征进行了研究。【结果】① 连续5年在等氮量（N 270 kg/hm2）且有机－无机肥料不同配施比例的处理中,水稻产量以有机肥比例为25%~50%的处理最高,其平均产量比单施化肥处理提高了5.1%,比对照提高44.9%。但处理间无显著性差异;② 土壤各活性有机质及总有机质等指标中仅总有机质含量随鸡粪施用比例的增加而持续增加,不同比例有机无机肥配合施用后,土壤的高活性有机质及低活性有机质均高于CK和纯化肥氮处理,但随着有机肥投入比例的升高,除中活性有机质和水稻产量之间呈显著的正相关外（P=0.0067**）,高活性有机质、活性有机质及总有机质含量与水稻产量之间的相关性不显著（对应的概率值分别为P=0.192,P=0.208,P=0.160）;③ 施肥提高了土壤的碳库管理指数（CPMI）,且其随有机肥施用比例的上升呈增加趋势。增施鸡粪提高土壤的交换性盐基离子（Ca2+、 Mg2+、 K+、 Na+）含量,导致阳离子代换量（CEC）和pH随鸡粪施用比例的提高而升高。供试土壤酸碱缓冲容量为2.07~2.36 cmol/kg,随鸡粪施用比例的上升而增加,其与土壤阳离子代换量及有机质含量呈显著正相关。表明增施鸡粪可使土壤pH及酸碱缓冲容量上升,与鸡粪使土壤盐基累积量及有机质含量的提高有关。【结论】连续有机-无机肥施用下,土壤pH上升和酸碱缓冲容量的提高可能与该试验点下盐基离子和有机质含量随鸡粪施用比例上升有关,但其最终上升幅度及平衡点尚需进一步研究。鸡粪氮替代化肥氮比例为25%~50%时,土壤性质最优,水稻产量最高。     

Involvement of soluble organic matter in increased plant growth in solarized soils

 Although soil solarization is used to control soil-borne pests, it also results in increased growth response (IGR) of plants, beyond the effect of pest control. IGR is attributed to various abiotic factors (e.g. increased mineral nutrient concentrations) and biotic factors. In this work, we studied the role played by dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil extracts in the IGR. DOM concentrations were about twice as high in solarized soil than in untreated soil. In two out of three soils, solarization appeared to increase amino acid synthesis, indicating that it had a favorable effect on microbial activity. Elemental composition, carbohydrate levels, E₄ : E₆ ratios and FTIR spectra did not differentiate between DOM extracted from solarized soils and DOM extracted from untreated soils. Growth of corn plants increased with increasing concentrations of DOM. Addition to the soil of DOM extracted from leonardite increased populations of fluorescent pseudomonads, known as beneficial bacteria, and reduced fungal populations. We conclude that the increase in DOM concentration following soil solarization is a potentially positive plant-growth-enhancement factor. Received: 21 June 1999     

Carbon and nitrogen in operationally defined soil organic matter pools

Humic substances [humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and insoluble humin], particulate organic matter (POM), and glomalin comprise the majority (ca 75%) of operationally defined extractable soil organic matter (SOM). The purpose of this work was to compare amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in HA, FA, POM, and glomalin pools in six undisturbed soils. POM, glomalin, HA, and FA in POM, and glomalin, HA, and FA in POM-free soil were extracted in the following sequence: (1) POM fraction separation from the soil, (2) glomalin extraction from the POM fraction and POM-free soil, and (3) co-extraction of HA and FA from the POM fraction and POM-free soil. Only trace amounts of HA and FA were present in the POM fraction, while POM-associated glomalin (POM-glomalin) and POM alone contributed 2 and 12%, respectively, of the total C in the soil. Mean combined weights for chemically extracted pools from POM and from POM-free soil were 9.92 g glomalin, 1.12 g HA, and 0.88 g FA kg⁻¹ soil. Total protein and C, N, and H concentrations showed that glomalin and HA were, for the most part, separate pools, although protein was detected in HA extracts. Even though percentage carbon was higher in HA than in glomalin, glomalin was a larger (almost nine times) operationally defined pool of soil organic C. Glomalin was also the largest pool of soil N of all the pools isolated, but all pools combined only contained 31% of the total N in the soil.     

Dissolved organic matter enhances the sorption of atrazine by soil

The influence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the sorption of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopylamino-1,3,5-triazine) by ten soils was investigated. Batch sorption isotherm techniques were used to evaluate the important physiochemical properties of soil determining the sorption of atrazine in the presence of DOM. The sorption of atrazine as a representative of nonionic organic contaminants (NOCs) by soil with and without DOM could be well described by the Linear and Freundlich models. The n values of the Freundlich model were generally near to 1, indicating that linear partitioning was the major mechanism of atrazine sorption by soil samples. The apparent distribution coefficient, value, for atrazine sorption in the presence of DOM initially increased and decreased thereafter as the DOM concentration increased in the equilibrium solution. DOM at relatively lower concentrations significantly enhanced the sorption of atrazine by soil, while it inhibited the atrazine sorption at higher concentrations. For all the soil samples, the maximum of was 1.1~3.1 times higher than its corresponding K _d value for the control (without DOM). The maximum enhancement of the distribution coefficient () in the presence of DOM was negatively correlated with the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and positively correlated with the clay content. The critical concentration of DOM, below which DOM would enhance atrazine sorption, was negatively correlated with SOC. The influence of DOM on atrazine sorption could be approximately considered as the net effect of the cumulative sorption and association of atrazine with DOM in solution. Results of this study provide an insight into the retention and mobility of a NOC in the soil environment.     

Quantification of long‐chain fatty acids in dissolved organic matter and soils

The objective was to develop and adapt a versatile analytical method for the quantification of solvent extractable, saturated long‐chain fatty acids in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Fulvic (FA) and humic (HA) acids, dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water, as well as organic matter in whole soils (SOM) of different horizons were investigated. The proposed methodology comprised extraction by dichloromethane/acetone and derivatization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and library searches. The C_10:0 to C_34:0 methyl esters of n‐alkyl fatty acids were used as external standards for calibration. The total concentrations of C_14:0 to C_28:0 n‐alkyl fatty acids were determined in DOM obtained by reverse‐osmosis of Suwannee river water (309.3 μg g^—1), in freeze‐dried brown lake water (180.6 μg g^—1), its DOM concentrate (93.0 μg g^—1), humic acid (43.1 μg g^—1), and fulvic acid (42.5 μg g^—1). The concentrations of the methylated fatty acids (n‐C_16:0 to n‐C_28:0) were significantly (r² = 0.9999) correlated with the proportions of marker signals (% total ion intensity (TII), m/z 256 to m/z 508) in the corresponding pyrolysis‐field ionization (FI) mass spectra. The concentrations of terrestrial C_10:0 to C_34:0 n‐alkyl fatty acids from four soil samples ranged from 0.02 μg g^—1 to 11 μg g^—1. The total concentrations of the extractable fatty acids were quantified from a Podzol Bh horizon (26.2 μg g^—1), Phaeozem Ap unfertilized (48.1 μg g^—1), Phaeozem Ap fertilized (57.7 μg g^—1), and Gleysol Ap (66.7 μg g^—1). Our results demonstrate that the method is well suited to investigate the role of long‐chain fatty acids in humic fractions, whole soils and their particle‐size fractions and can be serve for the differentiation of plant growth and soil management.     

Biological, chemical and thermal indices of soil organic matter stability in four grassland soils

The various ecosystem functions of soil organic matter (SOM) depend on both its quantity and stability. Numerous fractionation techniques have been developed to characterize SOM stability, and thermal analysis techniques have shown promising results to describe the complete continuum of SOM in whole soil samples. However, the potential link between SOM thermal stability and biological or chemical stability has not yet been adequately explored. The objective of this study was to compare conventional chemical and biological methods used to characterize SOM stability with results obtained by thermal analysis techniques. Surface soil samples were collected from four North American grassland sites along a continental mean annual temperature gradient, each with a native and cultivated land use. Soil organic C concentrations ranged from 6.8 to 33 g C kg⁻¹ soil. Soils were incubated for 588 days at 35 °C, and C mineralization rates were determined periodically throughout the incubation by measuring CO₂ concentration using an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) to calculate biological indices of SOM stability. Hot-water extractable organic C (HWEOC) contents were determined before and after incubation as chemical indices. Finally, samples from before and after incubation were analyzed by simultaneous thermal analysis (i.e., thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) to determine thermal indices of SOM stability. Long-term incubation resulted in the mineralization of up to 33% of initial soil C. The number of days required to respire 5% of initial soil organic carbon (SOC), ranged from 27 to 115 days, and is proposed as a standardized biological index of SOM stability. The number of days was greater for cultivated soils compared to soils under native vegetation, and generally decreased with increasing site mean annual temperature. HWEOC (as % of initial SOC) did not show consistent responses to land use, but was significantly lower after long-term incubation. Energy density (J mg⁻¹ OM) was greater for soils under native vegetation compared to cultivated soils, and long-term incubation also decreased energy density. The temperatures at which half of the mass loss or energy release occurred typically showed larger responses to land use change than to incubation. Strong correlations demonstrated a link between the thermal and biogeochemical stability of SOM, but the interpretation of the thermal behavior of SOM in bulk soil samples remains equivocal because of the role the mineral component and organo-mineral interactions.