嫁接砧木对西瓜品质影响的研究进展

综述了西瓜嫁接技术的研究进展,详细论述了嫁接砧木的选育和西瓜品质的内涵与构成,分析了不同砧木对西瓜外观品质、营养品质和风味品质影响的研究概况,为西瓜嫁接砧木的合理利用和筛选以及对西瓜品质的改善提供参考。     

不同砧木品种对嫁接西瓜生长、产量和品质的影响

采用南瓜、瓠瓜和野生西瓜作砧木,早佳(84-24)西瓜为接穗,对大棚生产条件下不同砧木嫁接的西瓜嫁接苗成活率、植株生长、产量、果实品质等性状进行分析比较.结果表明,3种不同类型砧木中,瓠瓜砧木的嫁接西瓜成活率和果实品质表现较好,但南瓜砧木和野生西瓜砧木的嫁接西瓜在大棚生产条件下不易发生急性凋萎和早衰,总产量高于自根苗和瓠瓜嫁接西瓜.     

西瓜砧木断根嫁接技术研究

以济青七号为接穗,引进搜集国内外多种砧木进行试验,筛选出符合生产要求的优良砧木,并研究西瓜砧木断根嫁接技术对嫁接西瓜的成活率、生长势和产量的影响。结果表明,西瓜砧木断根嫁接技术明显提高了嫁接西瓜的成活率、生长势和产量。     

西瓜砧木断根嫁接技术研究

以济青七号为接穗,引进搜集国内外多种砧木进行试验,筛选出符合生产要求的优良砧木,并研究西瓜砧木断根嫁接技术对嫁接西瓜的成活率、生长势和产量的影响。结果表明,西瓜砧木断根嫁接技术明显提高了嫁接西瓜的成活率、生长势和产量。     

植物生长延缓剂对西瓜砧木和嫁接苗质量的影响

为了建立西瓜嫁接苗徒长控制技术,培育优质西瓜嫁接苗,以西瓜接穗品种早佳84-24,葫芦砧木品种强根为试材,研究了多效唑、比久、矮壮素、宇花灵3号等4种植物生长延缓剂不同浓度处理对砧木及西瓜嫁接苗生物学性状和叶片叶绿素含量的影响,并采用隶属函数法综合评价喷施生长延缓剂对西瓜砧木幼苗和嫁接苗质量的影响。结果表明,4种植物生长延缓剂不同浓度处理对西瓜砧木幼苗和西瓜嫁接苗生物学性状的影响差异较大。采用隶属函数法综合评价砧木幼苗和西瓜嫁接苗质量,发现30mg·L-1和50mg·L-1多效唑处理的砧木幼苗和西瓜嫁接苗隶属函数值均较高,砧木幼苗和西瓜嫁接苗叶片叶绿素含量也较高。由此可见,30~50mg·L-1多效唑处理可有效提高西瓜砧木质量,并改善西瓜嫁接苗质量。     

不同葫芦砧木对西瓜生长及产量的影响

<正> 西瓜嫁接栽培是防止枯萎病,提高西瓜产量的新途径。只有选择合适的砧木才能达到防病增产的目的。研究证明,用葫芦做砧木比用南瓜、冬瓜做砧木嫁接西瓜效果好,对果实的品质无不良影响,是嫁接西瓜应用较为普遍的砧木。但不同葫芦品种做砧木对嫁接西瓜的影响研究较少,为此,我们于1991—1992年进行了此项研究。     

砧木长势和花期对嫁接西瓜生长的影响

为研究砧木长势和花期对嫁接西瓜的影响,利用长势和花期存在较大差异的2份葫芦砧木‘A10’和‘A26’,2份南瓜砧木‘Z7’和‘Z10’分别嫁接西瓜‘早佳’(8424),以‘早佳’(8424)实生苗为对照,对砧木、嫁接西瓜以及西瓜实生苗主蔓长和花期进行分析。结果表明,以2种类型砧木嫁接西瓜均可以提高西瓜长势,最高可提高84.68%。砧木长势越强,则其嫁接西瓜长势也越强。嫁接西瓜延迟开花0~4 d,砧木花期越早,嫁接西瓜花期也越早。砧木间花期和长势差异越显著,嫁接西瓜花期和长势差异也越显著。本研究结果对嫁接西瓜砧木选择和育种具有一定指导价值。     

西瓜砧木超丰F_1的特征特性与表现

西瓜砧木新品种超丰Ｆ１是葫芦杂交种。嫁接西瓜高抗枯萎病，对促进西瓜幼苗生长、提前成熟和提高产量有明显效果；克服了用瓠瓜做砧木的某些缺点，表现出极强的杂种优势，是嫁接西瓜较理想的砧木品种。     

双砧木嫁接对西瓜生长及果实品质的影响

为了探索出一条改善嫁接西瓜品质的简便可行途径,笔者利用生产上常用的葫芦砧和南瓜砧采用贴接法进行双砧木嫁接,研究了双砧木嫁接、常规单砧木嫁接和自根嫁接西瓜生长与果实品质的差异。结果表明,采用贴接法进行的双砧木嫁接可显著提高西瓜植株主蔓长度、茎粗,双砧木嫁接西瓜的果实单瓜质量最高(1.34 kg),分别比自根嫁接(CK)及葫芦砧、南瓜砧嫁接西瓜增加91.43%、81.08%、50.56%,并可提高果实的可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量、番茄红素含量和游离氨基酸总量。双砧木嫁接能够综合单砧木的优势,增强嫁接西瓜生长势,显著增加嫁接西瓜单瓜质量,明显提高果实品质。     

砧木播种密度对西瓜断根嫁接苗生长的影响

为了确定生产中西瓜断根嫁接苗砧木最佳播种密度,采用50孔塑料穴盘,研究了砧木不同播种密度(每穴1粒、每穴2粒、每穴3粒)对砧木苗和西瓜断根嫁接苗生长的影响.结果表明,砧木每穴播种1粒.砧木苗和西瓜断根嫁接苗质量最高;随着播种密度的增加,砧木苗徒长,西瓜断根嫁接苗质量下降.综合考虑嫁接苗质量和育苗成本,认为对50孔穴盘而...     

自补给灌溉系统设计

在西北干旱地区,苦咸水可开采量为31.55亿m3[1]。宁夏是全国水资源最为紧缺的地区之一,根据宁夏水资源公报,宁夏多年平均地表水资源量9.493亿m3,地下水资源量30.73亿m3,人均当地水资源占有量仅为137m3,不到全国平均水平的1/10,不到世界平均水平的1/40。与地表水相比,宁夏可利用的地下水资源较为丰富,其苦咸水资源量占地下水的35.21%。苦咸水中Na+、Cl-含量高,水带咸味,而Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-含量高,水有涩味。[2]短根植物由于其根系短小且蒸腾速率高,水肥补给不足且缺失严重。短根植物有着自身生长发育对水肥的需求模式,依据其需水需肥规律进行灌溉施肥,才能较大限度地利用有效水源,真正实现抗旱节水。拟利用正渗透技术淡化本地区的苦咸水,并将其应用于短根植物节水自补给灌溉系统中的营养来源,以促进我国节水技术的发展和节水措施的应用,节约水资源,提高水资源的利用效率。     

菰黑粉菌不同菌株比较研究

从野生茭、单季茭、双季茭及灰茭中分离7个菌株,比较了其冬孢子的萌发率、菌落的形态、在不同温度下该菌的生长情况。研究表明,从野生茭和灰茭上分离的菌株与正常茭的菌株存在较大差异。初步认为灰茭和正常茭是由黑粉菌不同生理小种引起。     

Geostatistical scaling of canopy water content in a California salt marsh

Remote sensing data are typically collected at a scale which is larger in both grain and extent than traditional ecological measurements. To compare with remotely sensed data on a one-to-one basis, field measurements frequently must be rescaled to match the grain of image data. Once a one-to-one correspondence is established, it may be possible to extrapolate site based relationships over a wider extent. This paper presents a methodology for rescaling the grain of ecological field data to match the grain of remotely sensed data and gives an example of the method in verification of remote sensing estimates of canopy water content in a tidal salt marsh. We measured canopy water content at 169 points on a semi-regular grid in the Petaluma Marsh, CA. A variogram describing the spatial correlation structure of the canopy water content was calculated and modeled. Ordinary kriging estimates of the canopy water content were calculated over blocks corresponding to image pixels acquired by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A water content index was determined from the reflectance data by calculating the area of a water absorption feature at 970 nm. A regression developed between the blocks and the pixels at the site was extrapolated over the image to obtain an estimate of canopy water content for the entire marsh. The patterns of canopy water content at the site and landscape levels suggest that different processes are important for determining patterns of canopy water content at different spatial extents. The errors involved in the rescaling procedures and the remote sensing interpretation are discussed.     

From supply to social demand: a landscape-scale analysis of the water regulation service

Worldwide water managers and policy makers are faced by the increasing demands for limited and scarce water resources, particularly in semi-arid ecosystems. This study assesses water regulation service in semi-arid ecosystems of the southeastern Iberian Peninsula. Comparisons between the supply–demand sides were analyzed across different landscape units. We mapped the biophysical supply as the potential groundwater recharged by aquifers and water supplies from reservoirs. The social demand was focused on an analysis of water consumed or used for irrigation and the stakeholder’s perceptions regarding water regulation importance and vulnerability. Results show that some landscape units are able to maintain and conserve water regulation service when the volume of recharge water by aquifers and the water supply from reservoirs is greater than its consumption (e.g. rural landscape units). However, we also found potential social conflicts in landscape units where water consumption and use is much greater than the water recharge and supply. This particularly occurs in the non-protected littoral areas with the highest water consumption and where water is perceived as a non-important and vulnerable natural resource. Overall, our results emphasized the importance of assessing ecosystem services from both supply to demand sides, for identifying social conflicts and potential trade-offs, and to provide practical information about how to integrate the ecosystem service research into landscape management and planning.     

居住区人工湿地的设计

已建成居住区的部分亲水住区水环境出现不少问题,如人工砌筑太强,自然亲水性差,建设前没有充分考虑水质维护问题,导致住区景观水体发生藻类大量滋生,水质浑浊,气味难闻等现象.因此,通过分析湿地的功能,以及提出的一些合理的设计方法,认为在居住区水景内引入人工湿地能维持住区水体水质和丰富住区景观,并创造自然生态的住区环境.     

干旱过程中桃树茎和叶水势的变化

对田间生长的四年生桃树在充分灌水后的２２ ｄ 干旱周期内,分别在早上６∶００ 和中午１４∶００对茎、叶水势进行跟踪测定。同时测定了土壤充分湿润、中度水分亏缺及严重水分亏缺条件下上述指标的日变化。结果表明：在三种土壤水分条件下叶水势的变化幅度在０ ．２ ＭＰａ 左右,差异不明显;而午间茎水势则由土壤充分湿润时的－ ０．６ ＭＰａ 降至土壤水分严重亏缺时的－ １ ．８ ＭＰａ,下降了１ ．２ ＭＰａ。在整个干旱周期中,午间茎水势的变化虽受日蒸发量的影响,其变化趋势与土壤水势的变化趋势比较一致。随着干旱的加重,午间茎、叶水势之差即茎、叶水势梯度也出现极大变化。在土壤充分湿润时,茎叶水势梯度高达１ ．５ ＭＰａ,在土壤水分严重亏缺条件下,差异缩小为０。研究认为桃树外围新梢水势及茎、叶水势梯度的变化对土壤水分亏缺的反应比叶水势的变化更敏感,因此较适宜用作衡量果树水分亏缺程度的生理指标。     

The water requirement of the mushroom crop

Experiments are described in which it was attempted to quantify the water requirement of the mushroom crop for maximum yield.The amount of water applied was positively correlated with crop weight from about the second week of cropping and increasing the amount of water applied reduced the drying of the compost and casing during cropping. The watering treatments affected the character of the mushroom mycelium developing in the casing layer.The amount of water required to maintain the percentage water content of compost and casing unchanged throughout cropping can be calculated from an equation representing the overall balance of water applied to, and lost from, the mushroom trays.     

蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验对水质检测的研究

以南水北调中线水源区丹江口水库水体为检测对象和试验材料,在2007年6月选取3个采样点进行水体采集和理化检测,水体浓缩为低、中、高3个剂量组,以自来水处理为阴性对照组,以CrO3处理为阳性对照组,利用蚕豆根尖进行了5组不同的细胞微核试验。水体理化检测表明水质有一定的污染。微核试验表明,5组间都有显著差异。分析得出:蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验对水质检测是非常有效简单易行的方法,值得推广;丹江口水库水质有污染,但尚不严重,有待改善,并做好长期监测和研究。     

重水分胁迫下苹果树茎、叶水势的变化

对田间生长的3年生苹果树(红富士/M26/八棱海棠)在土壤干旱和湿润条件下的茎及叶片水势、气孔导度和净光合的日变化进行了测定。茎水势的测定采用外围新梢的直接取样测定法,以便同剪口处叶片的水势进行比较。测定结果表明,干旱土壤条件下的叶片水势稍低于土壤湿润的树,一般仅相差0.3MPa。而二个处理之间午间茎水势的差别则高达1～1.2MPa,表现出该指标对土壤干旱十分敏感。干旱条件下叶片气孔导度和净光合与土壤湿润的树也有明显差异。研究还发现,在水分严重亏缺条件下存在茎水势低于叶水势及一定压力下枝条木质部漏气现象。对这些现象的发生条件和可能原因进行了讨论。     

Diurnal and seasonal changes in the xylem water potentials of Grevillea and Myoporum plants during drought

Summary

Drought is an irregular feature of World climate and has adverse effects on ornamental plants growing in urban environments. Grevillea ‘Moonlight’ and Myoporum elipticum are attractive native Australian species that are commonly used in parks and gardens and are generally regarded as being drought-tolerant. Diurnal and seasonal water relations during a drought cycle of G. ‘Moonlight’ and M. elipticum, growing together in a non-irrigated garden bed, were monitored during a Summer (wetter)-to-Winter (dryer) transition period using a pressure chamber. G. ‘Moonlight’ generally maintained higher xylem water potentials than M. elipticum. Pre-dawn xylem water potentials in drought-affected M. elipticum dropped to around –2.5 MPa, while G. ‘Moonlight’ maintained pre-dawn xylem water potentials of around –1.0 MPa. This difference suggests that, because pre-dawn xylem water potentials reflect soil water potentials, G. ‘Moonlight’ accessed a different or additional source of soil water to M. elipticum. This study demonstrates the utility of the pressure chamber for describing the diurnal and seasonal water relations of ornamentals in a mixed planting in urban horticulture.