绿色木霉固体发酵产孢子的条件优化

为研究工业生产中利用廉价的原料发酵绿色木霉生产孢子的问题,以稻壳粉、麦麸及玉米粉为主要载体,对影响绿色木霉固态发酵产孢子的条件进行筛选,并通过单因素试验研究固体载体的比例、碳源、氮源、无机盐对绿色木霉固态发酵产孢子的影响。通过4因素3水平正交试验,优化出最佳培养基配方。研究发现,绿色木霉固体发酵产孢子的最佳条件为温度28℃,接种量15%,料水比1:0.70,pH值自然;最佳培养基配方为麸皮50%,稻壳粉30%,玉米粉20%,硫酸铵1%,玉米浆干粉2%、黄豆饼粉2%、碳酸钙0.5%。发酵7天,孢子量可达7.62×10 ⁹个/g,自然晾干至水分10%以下,孢子量为1.286×10 ¹⁰个/g。     

好食脉孢菌发酵醋糟产类胡萝卜素的工艺研究

以原本废弃的醋糟为主要原料,通过好食脉孢菌发酵醋糟产类胡萝卜素,从而提高醋糟的营养价值,使其成为可食用的饲料,继而达到废物利用的效果。先确定醋糟的主要营养成分,再以类胡萝卜素含量为测定指标,考查了不同发酵条件对好食脉孢菌发酵醋糟产类胡萝卜素的影响,分别筛选出培养基中最佳氮源及最佳氮源的添加量、确定最佳的水分添加量、培养基最佳pH值、培养基最优初装量及接种量。在单因素试验的基础上,经正交试验优化培养条件,确定最佳反应条件为氮源豆渣添加量12%,水添加量9 mL/12 g,培养基pH值6,培养基初装量12 g/250 mL,接种量4 mL,在此条件下类胡萝卜素含量可达117.68μg/g。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B03液体发酵条件的优化

利用单因素筛选和均匀设计试验对拮抗性枯草芽孢杆菌B03发酵生产活菌体的液体培养基和发酵条件进行了研究,优化出了以经济、易得的玉米粉和豆饼粉为碳、氮源的最佳摇瓶发酵培养基,其配方为:玉米粉3.0%,豆饼粉6.0%,K2HPO4.3H2O 0.3%;最佳发酵条件为:种龄21~24 h,接种量5%,500 mL三角瓶装液量50 mL,初始pH值6.0,发酵温度35℃,摇床转速180 r/min,发酵周期60~66 h。利用优化后的培养基和发酵条件进行验证试验,获得了104.24×108~105.75×108cfu/mL的活菌体产量,较原始基础发酵培养基在常规培养条件下的菌体产量提高了96%以上。     

盾壳霉固态发酵基质筛选和发酵条件优化

为了探索盾壳霉固体发酵的条件,提高其生防效果,比较了6种天然培养基对盾壳霉固体发酵的影响,测定了在不同发酵培养基、温度、初始湿度、接种比例条件下盾壳霉的产孢量。结果表明：盾壳霉在麦粒和谷粒培养基上产孢量最大;而在麸皮和棉籽培养基上生长和产孢也较好,且成本低,成为后续试验的发酵材料。在含麦麸、棉籽壳及无机盐的培养料作为基质时,采用温度为20℃,发酵料初始湿度为60%,接种比例为7%,最终孢子含量可达109个/g以上。同时对发酵的条件做了进一步优化,发现麦粒与谷粒的混合比例、光照条件、甘露糖和甘氨酸含量对盾壳霉产孢量的影响较大。     

好食脉孢菌和红酵母协同发酵秸秆产类胡萝卜素的研究

以好食脉孢菌和红酵母为发酵菌种,通过固态发酵玉米秸秆生产类胡萝卜素。将类胡萝卜素产量作为发酵指标,通过对培养基含水量、培养基初始pH值、氮源添加量、碳源添加量、无机盐添加量、培养基装量的单因素试验和正交试验确定最优培养基条件:秸秆用量10 g,干豆渣(氮源)用量3 g,麸皮(碳源)用量4 g,MgSO4添加量0.4%(与秸秆量比W/W),pH值约为5.5,培养基含水量为60%,培养基装量为12.5 g/250 mL,最佳发酵条件为接种量20%(好食脉孢菌∶红酵母=1∶1),培养温度28℃,培养时间96 h。通过优化后的类胡萝卜素产量为224.75μg/g。     

拟康氏木霉产胞外多糖发酵培养基及培养条件的研究

以生物量和胞外多糖产量为指标,采用单因素和正交试验对摇瓶培养的拟康氏木霉(Tricho-dermapseudokoning)的液态发酵条件进行优化。优化后的拟康氏木霉发酵控制参数为:最佳培养基配方为麦麸30g/L,玉米粉30g/L,葡萄糖7.5g/L,KH2PO41g/L;发酵培养时间为6d;培养基的初始pH值为5.0～6.0;发酵温度为30±1℃。最佳培养条件下菌丝干重及胞外多糖的产量分别5.272g/L、0.622g/L。     

长枝木霉T6生防菌剂对辣椒立枯病具有良好的防治效果

正为优化拮抗菌长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6生防菌剂的固体发酵条件,甘肃农业大学植物保护学院/甘肃省农作物病虫害生物防治工程实验室等单位合作以生产中的废弃物草炭、蛭石、牛粪为主要培养基成分,采用单因素试验和响应面法,对长枝木霉T6生防菌剂在不同发酵条件下的产孢量进行测定并优化,分析了含水量、接种量、透气性     

长枝木霉TS-1的分离鉴定、拮抗作用及固体发酵条件初探

为筛选能有效抑制常见植物病害的生防真菌,从甘肃省景泰县马铃薯连作田植株根际土壤中分离获得一株木霉菌株TS-1。通过形态学特征和EF-1α序列分析,将其鉴定为长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum。采用对峙培养法测定TS-1对6种病原菌的抑制作用,并利用该菌株不同浓度的分生孢子悬浮液处理小麦种子,分析种子形态学指标的变化。以产孢量为指标,采用单因素实验进行发酵条件的初探。结果表明：长枝木霉菌株TS-1对茄病镰孢(Fusarium solani)、接骨木镰孢(F. sambucinum)和灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)的抑菌率均在70%以上,抑菌效果较好。与对照相比,该菌株对小麦种子有一定的促生作用。通过对该菌株固体发酵条件初探,发现发酵培养基主要成分秸秆和麸皮的最佳配比为9:1、大麦添加量10%、碳氮源分别为乳糖和硫酸铵时产孢量最大。上述试验证明,长枝木霉TS-1具有较好的生防应用潜力,可进一步扩大培养。     

影响放线菌H菌株抗菌活性发酵条件的研究

采用单因素试验及正交试验,对放线菌H菌株的发酵条件进行了初步研究,确定了其最佳发酵培养基的组成及基本培养条件。以玉米粉、蛋白胨、K2HPO4,MgSO4,NaCl,CaCO3为基本培养基,3.6%玉米粉为碳源,0.5%蛋白胨为氮源,起始pH值为7.5,最佳装瓶量为50mL/500mL,在28℃,转速为200r/min下,摇床培养120h,所获得的发酵滤液的抑菌作用最强,滤纸片法测定其对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌活性,抑菌圈直径达24.6mm。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌固体发酵条件及其优化研究

为了优化纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵条件及确定适宜固态发酵培养基,以芽孢数为指标,采用固体发酵方法,研究了培养基组成、固液比、接种量、pH、培养基装量和发酵时间等发酵条件对芽孢数的影响,并通过响应面分析法确定了纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵的最佳发酵条件。结果表明：适宜的发酵条件为：麦麸58%、沸石粉34%、豆饼粉5.35%、葡萄糖2%、KH₂PO₄0.5%、MgSO₄?7H₂O0.15%、pH 7.56、固液比1:1.1、装量50.39g/250mL三角瓶、接种量4.16%、发酵时间4d。在此条件下,芽孢数达到6.48×10₁₀cfu/g。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.